Microbial Bioreactors for Industrial Molecules

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Microbial Bioreactors: An Introduction
	1.1 Microbial Bioresources
	1.2 Microbial Bioresources for the Production of Enzymes
	1.3 Microbial Bioresources for Therapeutic Application
	1.4 Microbial Bioresources for Biogenesis
	1.5 Microbial Fermentation
	1.6 Microbial Biodegradation
	1.7 Microbioresources for High-Value Metabolites
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 2 Microbial Bioresource for the Production of Marine Enzymes
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Prokaryotes
		2.2.1 Amylases
		2.2.2 Proteases
		2.2.3 Bactericide
		2.2.4 l-Asparaginase
		2.2.5 Carbohydrases
	2.3 Marine Archaea
	2.4 Eukaryotes
		2.4.1 Yeasts
		2.4.2 Enzymes from Marine-Derived Fungi
	References
Chapter 3 Lactic Acid Production Using Microbial Bioreactors
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Microbial Lactic Acid Producers
		3.2.1 Bacteria
		3.2.2 Fungi and Yeast
		3.2.3 Microalgae
	3.3 Alternative Substrates for Lactic Acid Production
	3.4 Fermentation Process Parameters
	3.5 Mode Improvement of Lactic Acid and Reactor Configuration
	3.6 Challenges
	3.7 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 4 Advancement in the Research and Development of Synbiotic Products
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics
		4.2.1 Probiotics
		4.2.2 Requirements and Selection Criteria for Probiotic Strains
	4.3 Prebiotics
		4.3.1 Requirements and Selection Criteria for Prebiotic Strains
	4.4 Synbiotics
		4.4.1 Synbiotic Selection Criteria
		4.4.2 Mechanism of Action of Synbiotics
	4.5 Health Benefits from Synbiotics
	4.6 Bioreactor Design for Synbiotic Production
	4.7 Microencapsulation and Nanotechnology to Ensure Their Viability
	4.8 Nanoparticles
	4.9 Applications in Various Fields such as Dermatological Diseases, Animal Feed, and Functional Foods
		4.9.1 Dermatological Diseases
		4.9.2 Functional Foods
		4.9.3 Animal Feed
	4.10 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 5 Microbial Asparaginase and Its Bioprocessing Significance
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Classification of l-Asparaginase
	5.3 Bioprocessing
		5.3.1 Sources of microbial l-Asparaginase
		5.3.2 Upstream Bioprocessing
		5.3.3 Downstream Bioprocessing
	5.4 Scaled Up to Bioreactor
	5.5 Characterization of l-Asparaginase
	5.6 Applications of l-Asparaginase
		5.6.1 Pharmaceutical Industry
	5.7 Conclusions
	5.6.2 Food Industry
	References
Chapter 6 Bioreactor-Scale Strategy for Pectinase Production
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Pectinase Classification and Origin Sources
		6.2.1 Pectinases
		6.2.2 Origin Source of Production of Microbial Pectinase
	6.3 Substrates Used for Pectinase Production
	6.4 Fermentation Strategies
		6.4.1 Solid-State Fermentation
		6.4.2 Submerged Fermentation
	6.5 Bioreactor-Scale Strategies
	6.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7 Microbes as a Bio-Factory for Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biopolymer Production
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Microbial Polyhydroxyalkanoates as a Novel Alternative to Substitute Petroleum-Derived Plastics
	7.3 Microbial PHAs Classification, Synthesis, and Producing Microorganisms
		7.3.1 PHAs Classification
		7.3.2 Biosynthetic Pathways for PHAs Production
		7.3.3 PHAs Producing Strains
		7.3.4 Bacteria as the Main Species for the PHA Production
		7.3.5 Algae as a Feasible Alternative for PHA Production
	7.4 Trends and Challenges in the PHAs Synthesis Process
		7.4.1 Upstream Processing Trends and Challenges
		7.4.2 Downstream Processing, Trends and Challenges
	7.5 Process Economics and Perspectives Toward Industrial Implementation
	7.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 8 Microbial Production of Critical Enzymes of Lignolytic Functions
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Sources of Lignolytic Enzymes
		8.2.1 Plants
		8.2.2 Insects
		8.2.3 Bacteria
		8.2.4 Fungi
		8.2.5 Actinomycetes
		8.2.6 Extremophiles
	8.3 Lignolytic Enzymes
		8.3.1 Lignin Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14)
		8.3.2 Manganese Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13)
		8.3.3 Versatile Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.16)
		8.3.4 Dye Decolorizing Peroxidases (DyPs) (EC 1.11.1.19)
		8.3.5 Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2)
		8.3.6 Feruloyl Esterase (EC.3.1.1.73)
		8.3.7 Aryl Alcohol Oxidase (EC 1.1.3.7)
		8.3.8 Pyranose-2-Oxidase (EC 1.1.3.10)
		8.3.9 Vanillyl Alcohol Oxidase (EC 1.1.3.38)
		8.3.10 Quinone Reductase (EC 1.6.5.5)
	8.4 Microbial Production of Lignolytic Enzymes
	8.5 Mechanism of Action of Lignolytic Enzymes
	8.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 9 Microbial Bioreactors for Biofuels
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 General Classification of Bioreactor
	9.3 Liquid-Phase Bioreactor
		9.3.1 Cell-Free
		9.3.2 Immobilized Cell
	9.4 Reactors for Solid-State Cultures
	9.5 Bioreactor Operation Mode
	9.6 Biofuels
		9.6.1 Bioethanol
		9.6.2 Biodiesel
		9.6.3 Butanol
		9.6.4 Biogas and Methane
		9.6.5 Hydrogen
		9.6.6 Biohythane
	9.7 Considerations and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 10 Potential Microbial Bioresources for Functional Sugar Molecules
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 d-Allulose
	10.3 d-Tagatose
	10.4 Trehalose
	10.5 Turanose
	10.6 Trehalulose
	10.7 d-Allose
	10.8 d-Talose
	10.9 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 11 Microbial Production of Bioactive Peptides
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Microbial Production of Peptides with Antioxidant Activity
	11.3 Microbial Production of Peptides with Antimicrobial Activity
	11.4 Microbial Production of Peptides with Antihypertensive Activity
	11.5 Microbial Production of Peptides with Antidiabetic Activity
	11.6 Microbial Production of Peptides with Immunomodulatory Activities
	11.7 Microbial Production of Peptides with Antitumoral Activity
	11.8 Microbial Production of Peptides with Opioid Activity
	11.9 Microbial Production of Peptides with Antithrombotic Activity
	11.10 Production of Recombinant Peptides in Microbial Expression Systems
	11.11 Purification and Identification of Microbial Bioactive Peptides
	11.12 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Chapter 12 Trends in Microbial Sources of Oils, Fats, and Fatty Acids for Industrial Use
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Microbial Sources
		12.2.1 Microalgal Sources
		12.2.2 Bacterial Sources
		12.2.3 Fungal and Yeast Sources
	12.3 Application in Food and Health
	12.4 Opportunities and Prospective Future
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13 Microbial Bioreactors for Secondary Metabolite Production
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Design of Bioreactors
	13.3 Types of Bioreactors for Secondary Metabolite Production
		13.3.1 Stirred Tank Bioreactor (STB)
		13.3.2 Bubble Column
		13.3.3 Air-Lift
		13.3.4 Biofilm Bioreactor
		13.3.5 Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) Bioreactors
		13.3.6 Tray Bioreactor
		13.3.7 Packed Bed Bioreactor
		13.3.8 Stirred and Rotating Drum Bioreactor
	13.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 14 Microbial Cell Factories for Nitrilase Productionand Its Applications
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Nitrilase Categorization, Sources, Metabolism, and Production Process
		14.2.1 Nitrilase Categorization
		14.2.2 Nitrilase Sources
		14.2.3 Nitrilase in the Metabolism of Nitriles
		14.2.4 Isolation and Screening of Nitrilase-Producing Microorganisms
		14.2.5 Cultivation of Nitrilase-Producing Microbes
		14.2.6 Nitrilase Production in Bioreactor
	14.3 Nitrilase in the Biotransformation of Nitriles
		14.3.1 Aliphatic Acids
		14.3.2 Aromatic Acids
		14.3.3 Arylacetic Acids
	14.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15 Chemistry and Sources of Lactase Enzyme with an Emphasis on Microbial Biotransformation in Milk
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Lactase Enzyme
	15.3 Sources of Lactase
		15.3.1 Plants
		15.3.2 Bacteria
		15.3.3 Yeasts
		15.3.4 Molds
	15.4 Microbial Biotransformation of Lactase Enzyme
		15.4.1 Improvement of Microbial Strains
		15.4.2 Galactooligosaccharide Synthesis and Transglycosylation
		15.4.3 Lactose Intolerance
	15.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16 Microbial Biogas Production: Challenges and Opportunities
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Generalities of Biogas Production: the Process and Its Yields
	16.3 Feedstocks Used in Biogas Production and Their Characteristics
	16.4 Microbial Biodiversity in Biogas Production
		16.4.1 Generalities
		16.4.2 Anaerobic Fungi in Biogas Production
		16.4.3 Anaerobic Bacteria in Biogas Production
		16.4.4 Methanogenic Archaeal and Algae in Biogas Production
	16.5 The Role of the Enzymes in Biogas Production
	16.6 Challenges and Opportunities in Biogas Production
		16.6.1 Challenges for Biogas Production
		16.6.2 Opportunities for Biogas Production
	References
Chapter 17 Molecular Farming and Anticancer Vaccine: Current Opportunities and Openings
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Vaccines and the Possibility in Noncommunicable Diseases
	17.3 Vaccine Production
		17.3.1 Cancer Vaccine
	17.4 Types of Cancer Vaccine
	17.5 Microbial Production of Anticancer Vaccine: Challenges and Opportunities
		17.5.1 Yeast-Based Cancer Vaccine (YBCV)
		17.5.2 Bacteria-Based Cancer Vaccine (BBCV)
	17.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18 Microbial Bioreactors at Different Scales for the Alginate Production by Azotobacter vinelandii
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Bacterial Alginate
		18.2.1 Compositions and Structures
		18.2.2 Applications
	18.3 Alginate Biosynthesis and Genetic Regulation
	18.4 Production of Bacterial Alginate on a Bioreactor Scale
		18.4.1 Cultivation Modality for Alginate Production
		18.4.2 Influence of Oxygen on Alginate Production
		18.4.3 Influence of Cultivation Modality on the Molecular Weight of Alginate
	18.5 Chemical Characterization of Alginate Quality
		18.5.1 Scale-up of Alginate Production
	18.6 Prospects and Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 19 Environment-Friendly Microbial Bioremediation
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Principle of Bioremediation
	19.3 Typesof Bioremediations
		19.3.1 Biostimulation
		19.3.2 Bioattenuation
		19.3.3 Bioaugmentation
		19.3.4 Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMs)
	19.4 Factors Affecting Microbial Bioremediation
		19.4.1 Biological Factors
		19.4.2 Environmental Factors
	19.5 Bioremediation Techniques
	19.6 Methodsfor Ex Situ Bioremediation
		19.6.1 Solid Phase Treatment
		19.6.2 Engineered Bioremediation
	19.7 Bioremediation Using Microbial Enzymes
		19.7.1 Laccases
		19.7.2 Lipases
		19.7.3 Proteases
		19.7.4 Peroxidases
		19.7.5 Hydrolytic Enzymes
		19.7.6 Oxidoreductases
	19.8 Bioremediation Prospects
	19.9 Future Prospective
	19.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 20 Microbial Bioresource for Plastic-Degrading Enzymes
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Classification of Plastics: Biobased, Biodegradable, and Fossil-Based Plastics
		20.2.1 Fossil-Based Plastics
		20.2.2 Biobased Plastics
		20.2.3 Biodegradable Plastics
	20.3 General Mechanism of Plastic Biodegradation
	20.4 Microbial Sources of Plastic-Degrading Enzymes
		20.4.1 Actinomycetes
		20.4.2 Algae
		20.4.3 Bacteria
		20.4.4 Fungi
	20.5 Biotechnological Strategies for Identifying/Improving Microbial Enzymes and Their Sources for Plastic Biodegradation
		20.5.1 Conventional Culturing Approach
		20.5.2 Metagenomics
		20.5.3 Recombinant Technology
		20.5.4 Protein Engineering
	20.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 21 Strategies, Trends, and Technological Advancements in Microbial Bioreactor System for Probiotic Products
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Bioreactors and Production of Probiotics
		21.2.1 Conventional Batch Bioreactor System
		21.2.2 Membrane Bioreactor System
		21.2.3 Co-culture Fermentation
		21.2.4 Recent Methods for Producing Multiple Probiotic Strains
	21.3 Strategies Employed for Harvesting and Drying Probiotic Cells
	21.4 Final Remarks and Possible Directions for the Future
	Abbreviations
	References
Chapter 22 Microbial Bioproduction of Antiaging Molecules
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 The Aging Process: An Overview
	22.3 Human Health and the Aging Gut Microbiome
	22.4 The Antiaging Bioproducts from Microbes
		22.4.1 Bacteria
		22.4.2 Fungi
		22.4.3 Algae
	22.5 The Impact of Microbial Bioproducts on Gut Diversity
	22.6 Microbial Bioproduction of Extremolytes
	22.7 The Role of Antiaging and Antioxidant Molecules
	22.8 Conclusions
	References
Index
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