Micro- and Nanostructured Multiphase Polymer Blend Systems: Phase Morphology and Interfaces

Front Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
Contents......Page 12
1.1 Introduction......Page 14
1.2.1.1 Droplet and Matrix Morphology......Page 17
1.2.1.2 Fibrillar Morphology......Page 22
1.2.1.3 Droplet in Droplet Morphology......Page 23
1.2.2 Cocontinuous Phase Morphology......Page 24
1.3.1 Morphology and Impact Properties......Page 26
1.3.2 Morphology and Other Ultimate Mechanical Properties......Page 33
1.4 Recent Advances in Nanostructured Polymer Blend Systems......Page 36
1.5 Future Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities......Page 41
References......Page 46
2.1 Introduction......Page 56
2.2 Prediction of the Type of Phase Structure Formed during Mixing of Polymer Blends......Page 58
2.3 Droplet Deformation and Breakup in Flow Fields......Page 61
2.4 Flow Induced Coalescence......Page 69
2.5 Competition between Droplet Breakup and Coalescence......Page 77
2.6 The Phase Structure Evolution in Quiescent Polymer Blends......Page 84
2.7 Effect of a Compatibilizer on the Phase Structure Development......Page 89
2.8 Conclusions......Page 97
References......Page 98
Cocontinuous Phase Morphologies: Predictions, Generation, and Practical Applications......Page 104
3.2 Cocontinuous Phase Morphology in Partially Miscible Blends......Page 105
3.3 Cocontinuous Phase Morphology in Melt-Mixed Immiscible Polymer Blend......Page 109
3.3.1.1 Avgeropoulos’s Model......Page 111
3.3.1.3 Metelkin and Blekht’s Model......Page 113
3.3.1.4 Willemse’s Model......Page 114
3.3.1.5 Lyngaae-Jorgensen and Utracki’s Model......Page 116
3.3.2 Methods of Cocontinuous Morphologies Characterization......Page 117
3.3.2.1 Direct Methods......Page 118
3.3.2.2 Indirect Methods......Page 119
3.4 Role of Compatibilization in the Development and Stability of Cocontinuous Phase Morphologies......Page 126
3.5 Practical Aspects and Applications......Page 131
3.5.1.1 Immiscible Polymer Blends......Page 132
3.5.2.2 Curing and Reactive Extrusion......Page 133
3.5.2.4 In Situ Polymerization......Page 134
3.5.3.2 Medical and Biomedical Applications......Page 135
3.5.3.4 Automotive Applications and Enhanced Physical Properties......Page 136
3.6 Conclusions......Page 137
References......Page 138
4.1 Introduction......Page 146
4.2 Experimental Methods......Page 147
4.3 Morphology Development......Page 153
4.3.1 Initial Morphology......Page 156
4.3.2 Processing Phase Inversion......Page 157
4.3.3.1 Breakup and Coalescence Balance......Page 160
4.3.3.2 Effect of Copolymer on Coalescence......Page 161
4.3.4 Effect of Processing and Material Parameters on Morphology......Page 162
4.3.4.1 Effect of Composition......Page 164
4.3.4.3 Effect of Mixing Time......Page 165
4.3.4.6 Miniature Mixers......Page 166
4.4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 167
References......Page 169
5.1 Introduction......Page 178
5.2 Experimental......Page 180
5.3.1 Morphology, Phase Diagram, and Interface Formation of Poly(Styrene-B-Butyl Methacylate) Diblock Copolymers......Page 181
5.3.2 Influence of Phase Morphology and Interfacial Width on Tensile Properties of Diblock Copolymers......Page 187
5.3.3 Influence of Molecular Architecture of Block Copolymers on Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior......Page 194
5.4.1 Morphology Development in Binary Block Copolymer Blends......Page 201
5.4.2 Mechanical Properties and Toughness of Binary Block Copolymer Blends......Page 206
Acknowledgments......Page 212
References......Page 213
6.1 Introduction......Page 220
6.2.1 Helfand-Tagami’s Self-Consistent Field......Page 221
6.2.2 Numerical Self-Consistent Field......Page 225
6.3 Reinforcements of Interfaces by Block Copolymers......Page 229
6.3.1 Segregation of Copolymers......Page 230
6.3.2 Diffusion of Block Copolymers in Homopolymers......Page 233
6.3.3 Mechanical Strength of Polymer/Polymer Interfaces......Page 238
6.4 Interfacial Reaction of Polymers......Page 240
References......Page 243
Phase Morphology and Solidification under Shear in Immiscible Polymer Blends......Page 250
7.1 Introduction......Page 251
7.2 Droplet Deformation......Page 254
7.2.3 Viscoelastic Phases with a = 0......Page 255
7.2.4 Solid-Viscoelastic Phase Dispersed in a Newtonian Matrix......Page 256
7.3.1 Deformation of an Amorphous Phase......Page 257
7.3.2 Deformation of a Cross-Linked Phase......Page 260
7.3.2.2 Beyond the Gel Point......Page 263
7.4 Solidification of a Dispersed Phase......Page 265
7.4.1 Solidification of an Amorphous Phase......Page 266
7.4.2 Crystallization of a Semicrystalline Phase......Page 267
7.4.2.1 Static Crystallization......Page 269
7.4.2.2 Dynamic Crystallization......Page 271
7.4.3 Cross-Linking of a Reactive Phase......Page 272
7.5.1 Microfibrillar Composites......Page 273
7.5.2 Dynamic Quenching Process......Page 275
7.5.3 Cross-Linked Blend System......Page 278
7.6 Conclusions......Page 279
References......Page 281
8.1 Introduction......Page 286
8.2 Interpenetrated Thermosets......Page 287
8.3 Selection Criteria for Vinylester/Epoxy Hybrids......Page 289
8.4.1 Morphology......Page 290
8.4.2 Properties and Their Modification......Page 292
8.4.3 Cross-Linking and Chemorheology......Page 294
8.5.1 Flax Fiber Mat Reinforcement......Page 296
8.5.2 Ceramic and Basalt Fiber Mat Reinforcements......Page 298
8.5.3 Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Reinforcement......Page 300
8.6 Summary and Future Outlook......Page 301
References......Page 303
Phase Morphology of Dynamically Vulcanized Thermoplastic Vulcanizates......Page 308
9.1 Introduction......Page 309
9.2.2.1 Thermodynamic Principles of Polymer Blending......Page 311
9.2.2.2 Rheological Principles and Microrheology of Blends......Page 313
9.2.3 Morphology Formation Model for Dynamic Vulcanizates......Page 324
9.2.4.1 Visualization and Control of Phase Morphology Formation in Discontinuous Internal Mixers......Page 327
9.2.4.2 Visualization and Control of Phase Morphology Formation in Continuous Twin-Screw Kneaders......Page 330
9.2.5 Morphology Refinement of Incompatible Dynamic Vulcanizates......Page 333
9.2.5.1 Dynamic Vulcanization and Reactive Compatibilization......Page 334
9.2.5.2 Morphology-Property Relationship of Compatibilized Dynamic Vulcanizates......Page 336
9.2.6 Dilution of Dynamic Vulcanizates......Page 338
9.3 Summary......Page 339
References......Page 340
Nanostructuring of In Situ Formed ABC Triblock Copolymers for Rubber Toughening of Thermoplastics......Page 344
10.1 Deformation Mechanisms in Polymers......Page 345
10.2.1 Nanostructuring with Block Copolymers Starting from the Liquid State......Page 346
10.2.2 Production of Block Copolymers by Reactive Melt-Blending......Page 349
10.3 Objectives......Page 350
10.4.1 Nanostructuring Using a Symmetric Reactive Block Copolymer......Page 351
10.4.2 Effect of the Functionality and the Location of the End Group on the Nanostructuring......Page 354
10.4.3 Nanostructuring Using an Asymmetric Reactive Block Copolymer......Page 356
10.4.4 Transition from Nanovesicles to Cucumber-Like Core-Shell Nanoobjects......Page 357
10.4.5 Mechanical Properties......Page 361
10.4.5.1 PA12/EPR-g-MA Blends......Page 362
10.4.5.2 PA12/PS-b-PIP-anh Blends: Vesicular Nanostructures......Page 363
10.5 Conclusions and Outlook......Page 365
Acknowledgments......Page 366
References......Page 367
11.1 Introduction......Page 372
11.2 Nanostructure Formation in The Course of Polymerization......Page 373
11.2.2 Phase Separation Driven by Thermodynamic Factors......Page 374
11.3 Self-Assembly before Polymerization and Fixation by Cross-linking......Page 379
11.4 Use of Functionalized Nanoparticles......Page 387
11.5 Nanostructure Formation after Network Formation......Page 395
11.6 Concluding Remarks......Page 397
References......Page 398
Relationship between Phase Morphology, Crystallization, and Semicrystalline Structure in Immiscible Polymer Blends......Page 404
12.1 Introduction......Page 405
12.2.1 Confined Crystallization Phenomena in Liquid, Metal, and Polymer Dispersions......Page 406
12.2.2 Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Nucleation Kinetics......Page 410
12.3.1 Droplet Size and Droplet Size Distribution......Page 413
12.3.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation Density......Page 415
12.3.3 Effect of the Second Blend Component on the Crystallization Behavior of the Dispersed Component in Immiscible Polymer Blends......Page 417
12.3.4 Effect of Compatibilization on the Crystallization of the Dispersed Component in Immiscible Polymer Blends......Page 420
12.4.1 Crystallinity and Semicrystalline Structure Ascertained by DSC, SAXS, and/or WAXD......Page 424
12.4.2 Metastable Crystal Structures Formed at Lower Temperatures: Reorganization Phenomena......Page 425
12.5 Conclusions......Page 427
Acknowledgments......Page 428
References......Page 429
13.1 Introduction......Page 434
13.2.1 Deformation and Breakup......Page 436
13.2.2 Coalescence in Compatibilized Blends......Page 438
13.2.3 Rheology of Compatibilized Blends......Page 440
13.3.1 Effect of Component Elasticity on Deformation and Breakup......Page 441
13.3.2 Effect of Component Elastictiy on the Coalescence......Page 443
13.4 Concentration Effects on the Rheology-Morphology Relation......Page 444
13.4.1 Rheology of Concentrated Blends......Page 445
13.4.2 Relaxation after Cessation of Flow......Page 446
13.5 Conclusions......Page 447
References......Page 448
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