دسته بندی: پزشکی
ویرایش:  
 
سری:  
 
ناشر:  
سال نشر:  
تعداد صفحات: 275 
زبان: English 
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
حجم فایل: 2 مگابایت 

قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 55,000

Fifth Edition. – Washington, Dc: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, October 2002. – 275 P. This manual describes acute toxicity tests for use in the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permits Program to identify effluents and receiving waters containing toxic materials in acutely toxic concentrations. They are also suitable for determining the toxicity of specific compounds contained in discharges. The tests may be conducted in a central laboratory or on-site, by the regulatory agency or the permittee. The Holmesimysis costataAcute Test is specific to Pacific Coast waters and is not listed at 40 Cfr part 136 for nationwide use. This method has been proposed but not yet approved at 40 Cfr part 136.
These methods are restricted to use by, or under the supervision of, analysts experience in the use or conduct of, and interpretation of data from, aquatic toxicity tests. Each analyst must demonstrate the ability to generate acceptable test results with the methods using the procedures described in this methods manual.
This manual was prepared in the established Emsl-cincinnati format.. CONTENTS.
Page.
Figures.
Tables1.
Introduction.
Types of Tests.
Health and Safety.
General Precautions.
Safety Equipment.
General Laboratory and Field Operation.
Disease Prevention.
Safety Manuals.
Waste Disposal.
Quality Assurance.
Introduction.
Facilities, Equipment, and Test Chambers.
Test Organisms.
Laboratory Water Used for Culturing and Test Dilution Water.
Effluent Sampling and Sample Handling.
Test Conditions.
Quality of Test Organisms.
Food Quality.
Acceptability of Acute Toxicity Test Results.
Analytical Methods.
Calibration and Standardization.
Replication and Test Sensitivity.
Variability in Toxicity Test Results.
Demonstrating Acceptable Laboratory Performance.
Documenting Ongoing Laboratory Performance.
Reference Toxicants.
Record Keeping.
Facilities and Equipment.
General Requirements.
Cleaning Test Chambers and Laboratory Apparatus.
Apparatus and Equipment for Culturing and Toxicity Tests.
Reagents and Consumable Materials.
Test Organisms.
Test Organisms.
Test Species.
Sources of Test Organisms.
Life Stage.
Laboratory Culturing.
Holding and Handling Test Organisms.
Transportation to the Test Site.
Test Organism Disposal.
Dilution Water.
Types of Dilution Water.
Standard, Synthetic Dilution Water.
Use of Receiving Water as Dilution Water.
Use of Tap Water as Dilution Water.
Dilution Water Holding.
Effluent and Receiving Water Sampling and Sample Handling.
Effluent Sampling.
Effluent Sample Types.
Effluent Sampling Recommendations.
Receiving Water Sampling.
Effluent and Receiving Water SampleHandling, Preservation, and Shipping.
Sample Receiving.
Persistence of Effluent Toxicity During Sample Shipment and Holding.
Acute Toxicity Test Procedures.
Preliminary Toxicity Range-finding Tests.
Multi-Concentration (Definitive) Effluent Toxicity Tests.
Receiving Water Tests.
Static Tests.
Flow-Through Tests.
Number of Test Organisms.
Replicate Test Chambers.
Loading of Test Organisms.
Illumination.
Feeding.
Test Temperature.
Stress.
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration.
Test Duration.
Acceptability of Test Results.
Summary of Test Conditions for the Principal Test Organisms.
Test Data.
Biological Data.
Chemical and Physical Data.
Acute Toxicity Data Analysis.
Introduction.
Determination of the Lc50 from Definitive, Multi-Effluent-Concentration.
Acute Toxicity Tests.
The Graphical Method.
The Spearman-Karber Method.
The Trimmed Spearman-Karber Method.
The Probit Method.
Determination of No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Concentration (NOAEC) from Multi-Concentration Tests, and Determination of Pass or Fail (Pass/Fail) for Single-Concentration (Paired) Tests.
General Procedure.
Single Concentration Test.
Multi-Concentration Test.
Report Preparation and Test Review.
Report Preparation.
Introduction.
Plant Operations.
Source of Effluent, Receiving Water, and Dilution Water.
Test Conditions.
Test Organisms.
Quality Assurance.
Results.
Conclusions and Recommendations.
Test Review.
Sampling and Handling.
Test Acceptability Criteria.
Test Conditions.
Statistical Methods.
Concentration-Response Relationships.
Reference Toxicant Testing.
Test Variability.
Cited References.
Bibliography.
Appendices.
Distribution, Life Cycle,Taxonomy, and Culture Methods.
Ceriodaphnia dubia.
Daphnia (D. magnaand D. pulex).
Mysids (Mysidopsis bahiaand Holmesimysis costata).
Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina).
Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas).
Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykissand Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis.
Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus).
Silversides: Inland Silverside (Mendia beryllina), Atlantic Silverside (M. menidia), and Tidewater Silverside (M. peninsulae).
Supplemental List of Acute Toxicity Test Species.
Dilutor Systems.
Plans for Mobile Toxicity Test Laboratory.
Tandem-Axle Trailer.
Fifth Wheel Trailer.
Check Lists and Information Sheets.
Toxicity Test Field Equipment List.
Information Check List for On-Site Industrial or Municipal Toxicity Test.
Daily Events Log.
Dilutor Calibration Form.
Daily Dilutor Calibration Check.