Methodology of Teaching Science

Cover
Contents
Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1: Science as a School Subject
	Introduction
	Nature of Science
		Science as a Process
		Science as a Product
	Importance and Values of Science
	Science Education in India
	Summary
	Questions
Chapter 2: Aims and Objectives of Teaching Science
	Introduction
	Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
		I. Cognitive Domain (Knowledge and Intellectual Skill)
		II. Affective Domain
		III. Psychomotor Domain
	Writing the Teaching Objectives in Behavioural Terms
		Behavioural Objectives in Cognitive Domain
		Behavioural Objectives in Affective Domain
		Behavioural Objectives in Psychomotor Domain
	The Importance and Need for Writing the Objectives in Behavioural Terms
	Summary
	Questions
Chapter 3: Instructional Planning in Science Teaching
	Introduction
	Need for Instructional Planning
	Types of Instructional Planning
	Steps in Instructional Planning
		1. Content Analysis
		2. Presentation of the Content
		3. Teaching Aids
		4. Specific Tasks for One Period
	Summary
	Questions
Chapter 4: Methods of Teaching Science
	Introduction
	Selection of an Appropriate Method
	Methods of Teaching Science
		1. Lecture Method
		2. Demonstration Method
		3. Lecture-cum-Demonstration Method
		4. Laboratory Method
		5. Heuristic Method
		6. Project Method
		7. Problem Solving Method
		8. Assignment Method
		9. Question Answer Method
		10. Role Playing Method
		11. Brain Storming Method
	Summary
	Questions
Chapter 5: Unit Planning and Lesson Planning
	Introduction
	Unit Planning
	Lesson Planning
	Summary
	Questions
Chapter 6: Teaching Aids in Science
	Introduction
	Need and Importance of Teaching Aids
	Types of Teaching Aids
		I. On the Basis of the Sense Organs Involved
		II. On the Basis of the Size of learner Groups
		III. On the Basis of Learners’ Control over Teaching Aids
		IV. On the Basis of the Experience Provided by an Aid
	Dale’s Cone of Experience
	Effective Use of Teaching Aids
	Summary
	Questions
Chapter 7: Curriculum in Science
	Introduction
	Aims of Science Education and Curriculum Organization—Critical Analysis
		I. Primary Stage
		II. Middle Stage
		III. Secondary Stage
		IV. Senior Secondary Stage
	Principles of Curriculum Construction
		I. Principle of Child Centeredness
		II. Principle of Integration of Science
		III. Principle of Flexibility
		IV. Principle of Community Centeredness
		V. Principle of Activity Centeredness
		VI. Principle of Creativity
		VII. Principle of Preservation of Culture
	Summary
	Questions
Chapter 8: Science Laboratory
	Introduction
	Importance of a Science Laboratory
	Characteristics of a Good Science Laboratory
	Ideal Science Laboratory Design
	Guidelines for Teachers
	Maintenance of Records
	Laboratory Discipline
	Common Accidents and Their Remedies
		1. Burns
		2. Cuts
		3. Eye Injuries
		4. Poison
		5. Inhalation of Gases
		6. Fire
	Precautions in a Science Laboratory
	Summary
	Questions
Chapter 9: Evaluation in Science
	Introduction
	Measurement Versus Assessment Versus Evaluation
		I. Measurement
		II. Assessment
		III. Evaluation
	Purpose of Evaluation
	Techniques of Evaluation
		I. Tools to Measure Cognitive Outcomes
		II. Tools to Measure Non-cognitive Outcomes
	How to Construct a Test?
		I. Planning the Test
		II. Framing the Questions
		III. Administering and Scoring the Test
	Types of Evaluation
		I. Diagnostic Test
		II. Remedial Teaching
	Summary
	Questions
Chapter 10: Science Textbook
	Introduction
	The Need of the Science Textbook
	Features of a Good Textbook of Science
		I. External Features
		II. Internal Features
	Evaluation of a Science Textbook
		Textbook Evaluation by Rating Scale
	Summary
	Questions
Chapter 11: Science Teacher
	Introduction
	What Does a Science Teacher Do?
	How to Be an Effective Science Teacher?
	Summary
	Questions
Chapter 12: Co-curricular Activities in Science
	Introduction
	Science Fairs/Exhibition
		I. Objectives of Science Fairs
		II. Organization of a Science Fair
	Science Museums
		I. Objectives of a Science Museum
		II. Organization of a Science Museum
	Science Clubs
		I. Objectives of Science Clubs
		II. Organization of a Science Club
		III. Activities of a Science Club
		IV. Some Investigatory Projects of a Science Club
	Science Educational Tour
		I. Objectives of Science Educational Tours
		II. Organization of a Science Educational Tour
	Important Considerations for Planning Co-curricular Activities
	Role of a Teacher in Science Co-curricular Activities
	Summary
	Questions
Appendices
	Appendix 1—Some Important Recommendations of National Policy on Education (NPE) 1986 on Science and Related Aspects with Modifications Undertaken in 1992
		The Essence and Role of Education
		National System of Education
		Child-Centred Approach
		Technical and Management Educations
		Books and Libraries
		Media and Educational Technology
		Education and Environment
		Mathematics Teaching
		Science Education
		The Evaluation Process and Examination Reform
		The Teacher
		Teacher Education
	Appendix 2—Summary of National Curriculum Framework, 2005
		Summary of NCF 2005
	Appendix 3—National Curriculum Framework on Science
		Science
	Appendix 4—List of Equipments for Physics Laboratory
	Appendix 5—List of Equipments for Chemistry Laboratory
	Appendix 6—List of Equipments for Biology Laboratory
	Appendix 7—Lesson Plan (Lecture-cum-Demonstration Method)
		Introduction
		Statement of Aim
		Revision questions
		Recapitulation
		Home assignment
	Appendix 8—Lesson Plan (Lecture-cum-Demonstration Method)
		Introduction
		Statement of the Aim
		Revision questions
		Recapitulation
		Home Assignment
	Appendix 9—Lesson Plan (Laboratory/Activity Method)
		Introduction
		Statement of the Aim
		Revision questions
		Recapitulation
		Home Assignment
	Appendix 10—Lesson Plan (Question–Answer Method)
		Introduction
		Statement of the Aim
		Home Assignment
	Appendix 11—Lesson Plan (Role Play Method)
		Introduction
		Statement of Aim
		Revision Questions
		Home Assignment
	Appendix 12—Lesson Plan (Assignment Method)
		Introduction
		Statement of the Aim
		Presentation
		Theoretical Assignment
		Suggested Readings
		Revision Questions
		Recapitulation
	Appendix 13—Sample Test Paper: Biology
	Appendix 14—Sample Test Paper: Chemistry
	Appendix 15—Sample Test Paper: Physics
Index