Metathesis and unmetathesis in Amarasi

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations and symbols
1 Introduction
	1.1 Overview
	1.2 Language background
		1.2.1 Affiliation
		1.2.2 Amarasi
	1.3 Previous work
	1.4 Data for this work
	1.5 Presentation of data and notational conventions
	1.6 Goals and the use of theory
	1.7 Terminology
2 Synchronic metathesis from a cross-linguistic perspective
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Kinds of synchronic metathesis
		2.2.1 Phonologically conditioned metathesis
		2.2.2 Morphemically conditioned metathesis
		2.2.3 Morphological metathesis
	2.3 Survey of languages with synchronic metathesis
		2.3.1 Kwara\'ae
			2.3.1.1 Forms
				2.3.1.1.1 Glide formation
				2.3.1.1.2 Vowel deletion
				2.3.1.1.3 Vowel shift
				2.3.1.1.4 Long vowels
				2.3.1.1.5 Voiceless vowels
				2.3.1.1.6 Summary
			2.3.1.2 Distribution of metathesis
		2.3.2 Rotuman
			2.3.2.1 Forms
				2.3.2.1.1 Vowel shortening/diphthongisation
				2.3.2.1.2 Metathesis
				2.3.2.1.3 Umlaut
				2.3.2.1.4 Apocope
				2.3.2.1.5 No change
				2.3.2.1.6 Summary of forms
			2.3.2.2 Distribution of metathesis
				2.3.2.2.1 Phonologically conditioned M/forms
				2.3.2.2.2 Morphemically conditioned M/forms
				2.3.2.2.3 Morphological M/forms
		2.3.3 Wersing
		2.3.4 Bunak
		2.3.5 Luang
		2.3.6 Leti
			2.3.6.1 Forms
				2.3.6.1.1 No change
				2.3.6.1.2 Glide formation
				2.3.6.1.3 Internal metathesis
				2.3.6.1.4 External metathesis
				2.3.6.1.5 Apocope
				2.3.6.1.6 Summary
			2.3.6.2 Functions
				2.3.6.2.1 Attributive modification
				2.3.6.2.2 Indefinite
		2.3.7 Roma
			2.3.7.1 Forms
			2.3.7.2 Functions
		2.3.8 Mambae
			2.3.8.1 Forms
			2.3.8.2 Functions
				2.3.8.2.1 Derivation
				2.3.8.2.2 Phrase formation
				2.3.8.2.3 Direct possession
			2.3.8.3 Other varieties of Mambae
			2.3.8.4 Summary
		2.3.9 Helong
			2.3.9.1 Forms
			2.3.9.2 Functions
				2.3.9.2.1 Nominal metathesis
				2.3.9.2.2 Verbal metathesis
				2.3.9.2.3 Metathesis with other word classes
			2.3.9.3 Summary
	2.4 Origins of synchronic metathesis
		2.4.1 Origins of umlaut
		2.4.2 Historic origins of morphological metathesis
			2.4.2.1 Epenthesis and apocope
			2.4.2.2 Compensatory metathesis
	2.5 Forms of synchronic metathesis
		2.5.1 Consonant-vowel metathesis
		2.5.2 Associated phonological processes
	2.6 Functions of morphological metathesis
		2.6.1 Metathesis as a construct form
	2.7 Conclusions
3 Phonology and phonotactics
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Segmental inventory
		3.2.1 Vowel inventory
			3.2.1.1 Mid vowels
			3.2.1.2 High vowels
			3.2.1.3 Vowel type frequencies
			3.2.1.4 Vowel sequences
				3.2.1.4.1 Double Vowels
				3.2.1.4.2 Kotos height dissimilation
				3.2.1.4.3 Quantification of vowel sequence length
			3.2.1.5 Loan vowel nativisation
		3.2.2 Consonant inventory
			3.2.2.1 Voiced obstruents
			3.2.2.2 Consonant frequencies
			3.2.2.3 Loan consonant naturalisation
	3.3 Prosodic structures
		3.3.1 The CVC syllable
		3.3.2 The CVCVC foot
		3.3.3 prosodic word
		3.3.4 Stress
		3.3.5 Reduplication
		3.3.6 Glottal stop insertion
			3.3.6.1 Glottal stop insertion foot initially
			3.3.6.2 Word-initial glottal stop insertion
		3.3.7 Empty C-Slots
			3.3.7.1 Glottal stop infixation
			3.3.7.2 Consonant insertion
			3.3.7.3 Vowel assimilation after consonant insertion
			3.3.7.4 /ʤ/ in native vocabulary
			3.3.7.5 Glottal stop insertion
			3.3.7.6 Comparative support
				3.3.7.6.1 Word-final consonant insertion
				3.3.7.6.2 Non-etymological glottal stops
			3.3.7.7 Summary
	3.4 Root structure
		3.4.1 Roots with one foot (root → Ft)
			3.4.1.1 Surface VVCV(C)# words
			3.4.1.2 Ro\'is Amarasi diphthongisation
		3.4.2 Roots with a consonant cluster (root → C|Ft)
			3.4.2.1 Root-initial consonant clusters
		3.4.3 Roots with a foot and syllable (Root → σ|Ft)
		3.4.4 Roots with two feet
		3.4.5 Monosyllabic roots
		3.4.6 Root-final consonants
		3.4.7 Phonotactic nativisation of loan words
	3.5 Epenthesis
		3.5.1 Frequency of epenthesis
	3.6 Consonant deletion
		3.6.1 Consonant coalescence
	3.7 Enclitics
		3.7.1 Vowel-initial enclitics
		3.7.2 Plural enclitic
		3.7.3 Sentence enclitics
4 Structure of metathesis
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Basic M/form
		4.2.1 Metathesis
		4.2.2 Vowel assimilation
			4.2.2.1 Mid vowel assimilation
			4.2.2.2 Assimilation of /a/
			4.2.2.3 Quantification of M/forms ending in VαVαC
		4.2.3 Consonant deletion
			4.2.3.1 Metathesis and consonant deletion
			4.2.3.2 Consonant deletion
		4.2.4 Vowel deletion
		4.2.5 Irregular M/forms and U/forms
		4.2.6 No change
	4.3 Unified analysis
		4.3.1 Obligatory CVCVC Foot
		4.3.2 The morphological rule: metathesis
			4.3.2.1 Metathesis and mid vowel assimilation
			4.3.2.2 Metathesis and vowel deletion
		4.3.3 The morphemically conditioned rule: assimilation of /a/
		4.3.4 Summary
	4.4 Alternate approaches
		4.4.1 Prosodic morphology
			4.4.1.1 Rotuman
			4.4.1.2 Kwara\'ae
			4.4.1.3 Amarasi
		4.4.2 Phonologically conditioned metathesis
			4.4.2.1 Metathesis conditioned by intonation
		4.4.3 Affixation of consonant-vowel melody
	4.5 Origins of Amarasi metathesis
		4.5.1 First intermediate stage
		4.5.2 Second intermediate stage
		4.5.3 Loss of final consonants
		4.5.4 Morphologisation of metathesis
	4.6 M/forms before consonant clusters
		4.6.1 Consonant deletion
		4.6.2 No change
		4.6.3 Ro\'is Amarasi modifiers with an initial cluster
5 Phonologically conditioned metathesis and associated processes
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Metathesis
	5.3 Consonant insertion
		5.3.1 Location of the inserted consonant
	5.4 Vowel assimilation
		5.4.1 Clitic hosts with final VVCV#
	5.5 Clitic hosts with final /a/
		5.5.1 Clitic hosts with final /Va/
		5.5.2 Fo\'asa\' consonant insertion
	5.6 The plural enclitic
		5.6.1 Consonant insertion after =n
		5.6.2 Analysis of /ɡw/ insertion after VV=n
	5.7 Multiple enclitics
	5.8 Historical development
	5.9 Conclusion
6 Syntactically driven metathesis
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The nominal word class
		6.2.1 Base for verbal derivation
		6.2.2 Subject and object
			6.2.2.1 Pronominal subjects and objects
		6.2.3 Determiners
			6.2.3.1 Function of determiners
		6.2.4 Number enclitics
			6.2.4.1 The polyfunctional form ees
	6.3 Attributive modification
		6.3.1 Loan nominals
			6.3.1.1 Loans without M/forms
		6.3.2 Proper names
		6.3.3 Lexicalised attribution
		6.3.4 Multiple modifiers
		6.3.5 Ordinal numbers
		6.3.6 Summary
	6.4 Possession
		6.4.1 Possessum determiners
		6.4.2 Genitive suffixes
		6.4.3 Syntax of possession
	6.5 Modifiers which are not nominals
		6.5.1 Number phrase
			6.5.1.1 Number enclitics
		6.5.2 Determiner phrase
		6.5.3 Quantifier phrase
			6.5.3.1 Post-nominal quantifiers
			6.5.3.2 Pre-nominal quantifiers
	6.6 Equative clauses
		6.6.1 Pronominal equative clauses
	6.7 Serial verb constructions
		6.7.1 Phonological restrictions on M/forms in SVCs
	6.8 A prosodic analysis
		6.8.1 Summary
	6.9 Conclusion
7 Discourse-driven metathesis
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Syntactically and discourse-driven metathesis
	7.3 Default M/form
	7.4 Phonotactic constraints
		7.4.1 Vowel-initial enclitics
		7.4.2 Consonant-final U/forms
		7.4.3 U/forms before consonant clusters
			7.4.3.1 Consonant-final stems before consonant clusters
		7.4.4 Summary
	7.5 Discourse structures in Amarasi
	7.6 Dependent coordination
		7.6.1 Dependent coordination with =ma `and\'
			7.6.1.1 M/forms before =ma `and\'
			7.6.1.2 Large numerals
		7.6.2 Dependent coordination with =te `set\'
			7.6.2.1 rari =te `after that\'
		7.6.3 Dependent coordination with no connector
		7.6.4 Place names
	7.7 Tail-Head linkage
		7.7.1 M/form tail and U/form head
		7.7.2 U/form tail with M/form head
		7.7.3 U/form tail with U/form head
		7.7.4 Elaboration between tail and head
			7.7.4.1 U/form tail … M/form head
			7.7.4.2 M/form tail … U/form head
		7.7.5 Semantically parallel verbs
	7.8 Poetic parallelism
	7.9 Centre of chiasmus
	7.10 Interactional metathesis alternations
		7.10.1 Question and answer
		7.10.2 Maintaining interaction
		7.10.3 Frequency of U/forms in conversation
		7.10.4 Other interactional resources
			7.10.4.1 Addressee particle tua
			7.10.4.2 Question particles
		7.10.5 Summary
	7.11 Discourse-driven metathesis in Ro\'is Amarasi
		7.11.1 M/forms with final consonant clusters
			7.11.1.1 Verbs
			7.11.1.2 Nouns
		7.11.2 Dependent coordination
		7.11.3 Negation
	7.12 Conclusion
8 Contributions and conclusions
	8.1 Metathesis in linguistics
	8.2 Metathesis and identity
		8.2.1 Realisation of U/forms and M/forms
		8.2.2 Environments for U/forms and M/forms
	8.3 Metathesis and unmetathesis as complementary pairs
		8.3.1 Metathetic poetic parallelism
		8.3.2 Cultural and conceptual complementarity
		8.3.3 Metathetic parallel complementarity
Appendix A: Affixal morphology sketch
	A.1 Prefixes
		A.1.1 Verbal agreement prefixes
		A.1.2 Reciprocal prefix
	A.2 Circumfixes
		A.2.1 Nominalising a-…-t
		A.2.2 Property ma-…-ʔ
		A.2.3 Nominalising ʔ-…-ʔ
		A.2.4 Stative m-…-ʔ
	A.3 Suffixes
		A.3.1 Genitive suffixes
			A.3.1.1 Kin terms
			A.3.1.2 Ro\'is possession
		A.3.2 Transitive suffixes
		A.3.3 Nominalising -t
		A.3.4 People group suffix -s
		A.3.5 The suffix -aʔ
Appendix B: Survey of morphological metathesis
	B.1 Introduction
	B.2 Tunisian Arabic
	B.3 Svan
	B.4 Mutsun Ohlone (Costanoan)
	B.5 Sierra Miwok
	B.6 Alsea
	B.7 Salishan
		B.7.1 Saanich
		B.7.2 Klallam
		B.7.3 Halkomelem
Appendix C: Selected Amarasi texts
	C.1 Preface
	C.2 The death of Nahor Bani
		C.2.1 Metadata
		C.2.2 Notes
		C.2.3 The text
	C.3 Moo\'hitu\'
		C.3.1 Metadata
		C.3.2 Notes
		C.3.3 The text
	C.4 A car accident
		C.4.1 Metadata
		C.4.2 Notes
		C.4.3 The text
	C.5 Gatmel Bana\'s family (Ro\'is)
		C.5.1 Metadata
		C.5.2 The text
Appendix D: Text index
	D.1 Kotos texts
	D.2 Ro\'is texts
References
Index
	Name index
	Language index