Metaphors and Analogies in Sciences and Humanities: Words and Worlds (Synthese Library, 453)

Preface
Introduction
Contents
Editors and Contributors
	About the Editors
	Contributors
Part I Philosophy and Sciences: Philosophy and Foundations of Sciences
	1 Syntactically Recharacterizing Analogies, Assessing Theories of Assessing Analogies (And Making Some Observations About Induction Too)
		1.1 Some Introductory Remarks and an Outline of the Paper
		1.2 Characterizing Analogy
		1.3 Ampliative Reasoning; Illusions of Inference
		1.4 Generating Hypotheses
		1.5 Some Analogies Are Ontologically Ampliative
		1.6 The Study of Differential Equations Is Analogous to the Study of Analogies (And There\'s a Second Analogy Between the Study of Analogies and the Study of Decidable Subclasses of the Predicate Calculus)
		1.7 Dashing the Hope of a Substantive Normative General Theory of Analogical Arguments: Some Broad Considerations
		1.8 Some Observations About Bartha\'s Approach to Analogy
		1.9 “Pythagorean” Analogies
		1.10 Concluding Remarks
		References
	2 The Metaphoric Sources of Scientific Innovation
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Metaphors Communicate and Constitute What Is Being Communicated
		2.3 Science Is Culture and Culture Is Material Metaphor
		2.4 Metaphor, Innovation and Science
			2.4.1 Metaphor and Scientific Change
			2.4.2 Metaphors Supporting Theories
			2.4.3 Metaphor, Explanation and Laboratory Culture
		2.5 Conclusion
		References
	3 Science, Metaphors, and Memes
		3.1 The Role of Metaphor in Science
		3.2 Questions About the Literal/Metaphorical Distinction
		3.3 How Metaphors and Memes Employed by Scientists Are Constantly Rewiring Our Conceptual Framework
		Bibliography
	4 Demystifying Mysteries. How Metaphors and Analogies Extend the Reach of the Human Mind
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 The New Mysterians
		4.3 Kinds of Limits
			4.3.1 Representational and Imaginative Limits
			4.3.2 Bare Senses and Bare Brains
			4.3.3 Hard Limits and Soft Limits
		4.4 Extending Our Cognitive Reach
			4.4.1 A Thought Experiment
			4.4.2 Optimistic Meta-induction
			4.4.3 Mind-Stretching Through Metaphors and Analogies
			4.4.4 A Case Study: Quantum Mechanics
				4.4.4.1 The Counterintuitive Nature of the Quantum World
				4.4.4.2 Making Sense of the Quantum World Through Metaphors
				4.4.4.3 Holistic Understanding?
		4.5 Discussion
			4.5.1 Epistemic Modesty?
			4.5.2 Conclusion
		Bibliography
Part II Philosophy and Sciences: Mathematics
	5 A Two-Level Model of Embodied Mathematical Thinking. Body Schema, Body Image and Language
		5.1 An Embodied Account of Mathematical Cognition. Issues and Controversies
			5.1.1 Empirical Evidences of Numerical Cognition
			5.1.2 The Conceptual Metaphors of Lakoff and Núñez
		5.2 Two Levels of Embodiment
			5.2.1 Body Schema
			5.2.2 The Body Image
			5.2.3 The Body and Its Role in Human Cognition: The Body Schema and Body Image
		5.3 Levels of Embodiment in Mathematical Cognition
		5.4 An Integrated Embodied Account of Mathematical Cognition
		References
	6 Synthesis and Similarity in Science: Analogy in the Application of Mathematics and Application of Mathematics to Analogy
		6.1 Synthesis and Cognition
		6.2 Analogical Cognition
		6.3 Analogy or Similarity?
		6.4 Cognitive and Methodological Roles of Scientific Analogy
		6.5 Synthesis in the Unification and Solving of Classes of Problems: Similitude and Approximation
		6.6 From Synthesis in Unifying and Solving Classes of Problems to Evidentiary Synthesis: An Evidentiary Role for Analogy
			6.6.1 Statistical Description, Statistical Inference and Observational and Experimental Studies
			6.6.2 Meta-analysis
			6.6.3 Robustness Analysis
		6.7 Similarity Measures in Artificial Cognition
			6.7.1 Artificial Categorization and Similarity
			6.7.2 Similarity Measures
			6.7.3 Further Questions About Similarity Measures
			6.7.4 Methodological Similarities and Metaphors
		References
	7 Metaphor and Its Catenary Curves
		7.1 Mathematics as a Liminal Space
		7.2 Form vs. Subject: Where to Start?
		7.3 Developing the Metaphor
		7.4 Conclusion
		Catena
			2.71828 1828 4590 4523 5360 2874 7135 2…
		References
	8 Mathematical Models and Analogical Reasoning
		8.1 Argument by Analogy
		8.2 Analogy in Science
		8.3 Explanatory Analogies?
		8.4 Identifying Good Analogies
		References
Part III Philosophy and Sciences: Theoretical Physics
	9 Analogies and Scientific Imaging
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Partial Structures and Structure Preservation:Kinds of Analogy
			9.2.1 Thinking About Analogies
			9.2.2 Partial Structures and Partial Mappings
			9.2.3 Analogies and Partial Structures
		9.3 Analogies and Scientific Imaging
		9.4 Conclusion
		References
	10 Analogies and Metaphors in Physics
		10.1 Introduction: The Mathematization of the World Picture
		10.2 The Return of Metaphysics
		10.3 Analogies and Metaphors
		10.4 Quantum Mechanics
		10.5 The Metaphorical Quantum World
		10.6 The Importance of Analogies and Metaphors
		References
	11 Is the Brain Analogous to a Quantum Measuring Apparatus?
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 The Quantum World and Its Classical Sub-world
		11.3 Bohm\'s Discovery of a Quantum Ontology
		11.4 Consciousness and the Quantum vs. Classical World
		11.5 The Principle of Soma-Significance
		11.6 Is the Brain Analogous to a Quantum Measuring Apparatus?
		11.7 How Does Conscious Experience Arise?
		11.8 Philosophical Implications of the Analogies Between Quantum and Mental Phenomena
		11.9 Quantum Embodiment: Experiencing the Classical World Through Our Body and the Quantum World Through Our Process of Thought
		11.10 The Hidden Aspects of Reality: Complementarity and the Implicate Order
		11.11 Kantian Considerations
		11.12 Concluding Remarks: Analogies Between Quantum Theory and Mind
		References
Part IV Philosophy and Sciences: Biology/Cognitive Science
	12 “Decoding Information”: The Abuse of Personification and Machine Metaphors
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Evolution
		12.3 Cognition
		12.4 Communication
		12.5 Discussion
		References
	13 The Metaphorical Role of the Histone Code
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Code Language and Life Science Metaphors
		13.3 The Histone Code and Three Criticisms
			13.3.1 Criticism, Type 1: Histone Modifications Are Not Codes
			13.3.2 Criticism, Type 2: The Histone Code Hypothesis Is Wrong
			13.3.3 Criticism, Type 3: Histone Modifications Are Not Instructional Causes
		13.4 The Scientific Role of the Histone Code
		13.5 Conclusion
		References
	14 Analogical and Non-analogical Resemblance in Figurative Language: A Cognitive-Linguistic Perspective
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Low-Level Attribute-Based Resemblance
			14.2.1 Comparison and “As If” Reasoning
			14.2.2 Open-Endedness
			14.2.3 Source-Target Similarity
		14.3 High-Level Attribute-Based Resemblance
			14.3.1 Correlation Metaphor as a Case of High-Level Resemblance
			14.3.2 Cause-Effect/Effect-Cause Correlations
		14.4 Structural Resemblance
			14.4.1 Low and High-Level Structural Resemblance
			14.4.2 Analogy and Other Figurative Uses of Language
				14.4.2.1 Paragon
				14.4.2.2 Analogy and Allegory
				14.4.2.3 Analogy and Fables
		14.5 Conclusions
		References
	15 Inner and Outer: From Skepticism to Understanding
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Inner and Outer: A Skeptical Problem
		15.3 An Attempt to Refute Skepticism About Other Minds
		15.4 The Skeptic\'s Slide into Nonsense
		15.5 The Body as the Picture of the Soul
		15.6 Is There a Limit on Our Understanding of Others?
		15.7 Wittgenstein on Private Objects: Beetles in Boxes
		15.8 Conclusion
		Works Cited
Part V Humanities: Social Sciences
	16 From Words to Worlds. How Metaphors and Language Shape Mental Health
		16.1 Preliminary Remarks
		16.2 The Task of Psychiatry
		16.3 Psychiatric Classifications: Not Only a Matter of Language
		16.4 From Words to Worlds: A Person-Centre Approach to Mental Health
		16.5 The Words We Need, the World We Shape
		References
	17 Mapping Friendship and Friendship Research: The Role of Analogies and Metaphors
		17.1 Introduction: Investigating Friendship
		17.2 Mapping Friendship Through Styles of Reasoning
		17.3 Unpacking Analogies of Inquiry and Friendship by Diagrammatic Reasoning
		17.4 The Conceptual Metaphor of `Close Friends\'
		17.5 Moving Borderlines and Transformations
		17.6 Other Metaphors – Instead of a Conclusion
		References
	18 Words and Worlds of Desire: The Power of Metaphor in Framing Sexuality
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Conceptual Metaphor Theory
		18.3 Metaphor and Ideology
		18.4 Metaphor and Sexuality
		18.5 Case Study: Metaphors for Sexuality in the `Manosphere\'
		18.6 Conclusion
		References
	19 The Human Condition Is an Ocean: Philosophy and the Mediterranean Sea
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Analogy and Assumption Archaeology
		19.3 Western Philosophers on the Mediterranean
		19.4 Cross-Cultural Outlooks on the Ocean
		19.5 Conclusion
	20 Universality and/or Cultural Specificity of Metaphors and Analogies? NATIONS as BODIES/PERSONS
		20.1 Introduction: Diversity of Metaphor Understanding
		20.2 Corpus Construction
		20.3 Scenario Preferences Across Different L1 Samples
		20.4 Conclusions
		References
	21 Metaphors in Times of a Global Pandemic
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Background: The COVID-19 Pandemic
		21.3 Metaphors Between Science and Society
			21.3.1 Metaphors for the Virus
			21.3.2 Metaphors for the Pandemic
		21.4 Metaphors for Dealing with the Pandemic
			21.4.1 Flattening the Curve
			21.4.2 Pandemic Landscapes
			21.4.3 Lockdown
			21.4.4 Containers and Barriers
			21.4.5 Journeys, Roads and Exits
		21.5 Metaphors that Divide the World and Metaphors That Unite the World
			21.5.1 Metaphors That Divide the World
				21.5.1.1 Trump and the Invisible Enemy
				21.5.1.2 Johnson and the Invisible Mugger
			21.5.2 Metaphors That Unite the World
		21.6 Conclusion
		References
	22 The Fluffy Metaphors of Climate Science
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 How Do Metaphors Work?
			22.2.1 Metaphors in the brain
			22.2.2 The Communicative Use of Metaphor
		22.3 Metaphors in Science
			22.3.1 Metaphors Frame Discussions
			22.3.2 The Spreading of Metaphors: Memetics vs. Epidemiology
		22.4 Metaphors of Climate Science
			22.4.1 Climate Expressions That Create False Impressions
				22.4.1.1 Literal Problems: Climate Change vs. Global Warming
				22.4.1.2 Figurative Problems: Greenhouse Effect and the CO2 Blanket
			22.4.2 The Reputational Presssure on Climate Scientists
				22.4.2.1 Corporate War on Science
				22.4.2.2 Bleeding Credibility for Reputation Management
			22.4.3 The Real Face of Anthropogenic Climate Destruction
			22.4.4 A New Language for Climate Destruction
		22.5 A Cognitive Turn in Scientific Communication
			22.5.1 Cognitive Capacities Underlying Folk Epistemology
			22.5.2 Failures of Naïve Statistics
			22.5.3 Limits of Human Reasoning
			22.5.4 New Foundations for Bolder Science Communication
		References
Part VI Humanities: Arts and Aesthetics
	23 Mediterranean Sea-Creature: Maritime Metaphor in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Biography of a Sea-Creature
		23.3 “Il faut méditerraniser la musique” (CW 3)
		23.4 The Eternal Return of the Same and Amor Fati
		23.5 Morality Overcome: The “Oversea”
		23.6 The Presocratics as Role-Models for Nietzsche\'s Mediterranean Thinking
		23.7 The Mediterranean Sea as Analogue of the Antithesis of Morals
		23.8 The Beginning of Nietzsche\'s Sea-Change
		23.9 Liberation, Art, and the Mediterranean
		23.10 Conclusion
	24 How to See: The Gaze in Iris Murdoch\'s Moral Philosophy
		24.1 Introduction
		24.2 Overview of Murdoch\'s Model of Attention
		24.3 What Does It Mean to Cultivate a Just and Loving Gaze?
		24.4 How Should We Understand the Idea of the Gaze?
		24.5 Limitations of the Idea of the Gaze
		24.6 Understanding `Unselfing\'
		24.7 Assessing Murdoch\'s Model of Attention
		24.8 The Importance of Literature to Virtuous Attention
		24.9 Gazing as Preparation for Virtuous Attention
		24.10 Conclusion
		References
	25 From Statics to Dynamics: Intersemiotic Conversion of Metaphor and Its Consequences
		25.1 Introductory Remarks
		25.2 Theoretical Underpinnings
			25.2.1 Multimodal Metaphor and Cross-Modal Resonances
			25.2.2 Intersemiotic Translation
			25.2.3 Intermediality
			25.2.4 Adaptation and Transmedia Storytelling
			25.2.5 Static and Moving Images
		25.3 Methodology and Materials
		25.4 Analysis
			25.4.1 Persepolis
			25.4.2 Chicken with Plums
		25.5 Conclusions and Further Research Directions
		References
			Sources
	26 Form, Meaning and Intentionality: The Case of Metaphorin Music
		26.1 Introduction
		26.2 Musical Interpretation: Form, Content or Both?
		26.3 Music and Metaphor: A Collapse of Theoretical Dichotomies
		26.4 Programmatic Musical Metaphor: An Asset or Hindrance in Interpretation
		26.5 Multilevel Grounded Semantics: Metaphor, Blending, and Intentionality Revisited
		26.6 Conclusions
		References
	27 From Philosophy to Architecture to Philosophy: Boundary and Metaphor in Wittgenstein
		27.1 Mechanism 1: Philosophy to Architecture
		27.2 Mechanism 2: Architecture to Philosophy
		References