Metal Soaps in Art: Conservation and Research

Intro
 Foreword
 Preface
 Contents
 Contributors
 About the Editors
 1 A Brief History of Metal Soaps in Paintings from a Conservation Perspective
 1.1 Introduction
 1.2 Past History
 1.3 Lead Soap Aggregates
 1.3.1 International Survey
 1.4 Other Lead Soap Manifestations
 1.5 Zinc, Potassium, Calcium, Copper, and Aluminum Soap Manifestations
 1.6 Time Frame
 1.7 Conservation Perspectives
 1.8 Outlook
 References
 Part I Formation, Migration and Environmental Influences
 2 Zinc Soaps: An Overview of Zinc Oxide Reactivity and Consequences of Soap Formation in Oil-Based Paintings 2.1 Introduction2.2 Zinc Oxide
 2.3 Fatty Acid Composition in Oil Mediums
 2.4 FTIR Characterization of Zinc Soaps
 2.5 Morphology Change
 2.6 Zinc White Paints with Added Stearates
 2.7 Formation of Crystalline Zinc Soaps
 2.8 Zinc Soaps and Paint Cleavage
 2.9 Zinc Soap Aggregates
 2.10 Mineralized Zinc Soap Aggregates
 2.11 Zinc Salt Formation and Surface Bloom
 2.12 Environmental Influences
 2.13 Conclusion
 References
 3 Toward a Complete Molecular Model for the Formation of Metal Soaps in Oil Paints
 3.1 Introduction
 3.2 Oil Paint Drying: The Formation of Ionomer Networks 3.2.1 Carboxylate Formation During Oil Paint Drying3.2.2 Migration of Metal Ions Throughout the Polymeric Medium
 3.2.3 Formation of Ionomer-Like Binding Medium
 3.3 Oil Paint Deterioration: Metal Soap Formation in Ionomer Networks
 3.3.1 Free Fatty Acid Generation Through Ester Bond Hydrolysis
 3.3.2 The Crystallization of Metal Soaps
 3.4 Outlook
 3.5 Conclusions
 References
 4 Understanding the Dynamics and Structure of Lead Soaps in Oil Paintings Using Multinuclear NMR
 4.1 Introduction
 4.2 Materials and Methods
 4.2.1 Synthesis of Materials
 4.2.2 NMR Methods
 4.2.3 Fitting Methods 4.2.4 Reaction of Samples at Different Relative Humidities4.3 Results
 4.3.1 Structure of Lead Soaps
 4.3.2 Local Molecular Dynamics of Soaps
 4.3.3 Kinetics of Soap Formation
 4.4 Conclusions
 References
 5 Historical Evolutions of Lead-Fat/Oil Formula from Antiquity to Modern Times in a Set of European Pharmaceutical and Painting Treatises
 5.1 Introduction
 5.1.1 Pharmaceutical Domain
 5.1.2 Paint Domain
 5.2 Text Corpus
 5.2.1 Pharmaceutical Treatises
 5.2.2 Painting Treatises
 5.3 Choice of Ingredients and Proportions
 5.3.1 Lead-Based Ingredients
 5.3.1.1 Pharmaceutical Domain 5.3.1.2 Paint Domain5.3.2 Fat Ingredients
 5.3.2.1 Pharmaceutical Domain
 5.3.2.2 Paint Domain
 5.3.3 Proportions of Lead and Fat/Oil Compounds
 5.3.3.1 Pharmaceutical Domain
 5.3.3.2 Paint Domain
 5.4 Controlling the Operating Conditions: Use of Fire, Water, and Sunlight and the Grinding Level of Lead-Based Compounds
 5.4.1 Use of Fire and Control of the Temperature by the Use of Water
 5.4.1.1 Pharmaceutical Domain
 5.4.1.2 Paint Domain
 5.4.2 Use of Sunlight
 5.5 Conclusions
 References
 6 Impact of Lead Soaps on the Formation of Age Craquelure
 6.1 Introduction
 6.2 Results and Discussion