Metal Nano 3D Superlattices: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

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Metal Nano 3D Superlattices: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
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Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
1. Syntheses of Metal Nanocrystals
	1.1 Nanocrystal Growth Processes and Control of Size and Distribution
	1.2 Crystalline Structure of Metal Nanocrystals
		1.2.1 Co Nanocrystals
		1.2.2 Au, Ag, and Cu Nanocrystals
	1.3 Various Techniques Used to Produce Metal Nanocrystals and Control Their Sizes and Distribution
		1.3.1 Reverse Micelles
		1.3.2 Inorganic Chemical Reaction to Produce Au and Ag Nanocrystals
			1.3.2.1 Synthesis of Au Nanocrystals Differing by Their Diameters
			1.3.2.2 Synthesis of 5-nm Polycrystalline Silver Nanocrystals
		1.3.3 Thermal Decomposition
		1.3.4 Hot Injection
	1.4 An Example to Show the Importance of the Reactant Sequence to Produce Nanocrystals
	1.5 N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands for Au Nanocrystals Stabilization
	1.6 Conclusion
	References
2. Influence of the Nanoparticle Crystalline Structures Called Nanocrystallinities on Various Properties
	2.1 Nano-Kirkendall
		2.1.1 Influence of the Atom Diffusion Processes on Rather Large Nanoparticles (7 nm/8 nm) Differing by Their Nanocrystallinities
			2.1.1.1 Amorphous Nanoparticles
			2.1.1.2 hcp Nanocrystals
			2.1.1.3 fcc Nanocrystals
			2.1.1.4 Epsilon-Phase Nanocrystals
		2.1.2 Influence of the Nanocrystal Size Related to the Various Crystalline Structures
		2.1.3 Nanoparticle Environment Effect
			2.1.3.1 Isolated Nanocrystals
			2.1.3.2 Influence of the Electron Beam Irradiation on the Final Nanocrystals
		2.1.4 Conclusions
	2.2 Local Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) of Au Nanocrystals Differing by Their Nanocrystallinity
	2.3 Acoustic Vibrational Modes
		2.3.1 Breathing Mode
		2.3.2 Quadrupolar Mode
	2.4 Crystal Growth Process
	2.5 Mechanical Properties
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
3. Au 3D Superlattices Produced by Solvent Evaporation Process
	3.1 Au 3D Superlattice Morphology of Au Nanocrystals Coated with Thiol Derivatives
		3.1.1 Au 3D Superlattice Morphology Produced at Zero Solvent Vapor Pressure
		3.1.1 Au 3D Superlattice Morphologies Produced Under Various Solvent Vapor Pressures
		3.1.2 Influence of Temperature During the Evaporation Process on Au 3D Superlattice Morphologies
		3.1.3 Hierarchy in the 3D Superlattice Crystallinity
	3.2 Interparticle Distance Between Nanocrystals Coated with Thiol Derivatives
	3.3 Au 3D Superlattices Coated with N-Heterocyclic Carbene
	3.4 Conclusions
	References
4. 3D Superlattice Growth in a Thermodynamic Equilibrium
	4.1 Simultaneous 3D Superlattices Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Growth Processes
		4.1.1 General Behavior of the Two Simultaneous Supracrystal Growth Processes of Au Nanocrystals
		4.1.2 Analogy with Nature: Air–Solvent Interface Acts as Perfect Substrate
		4.1.3 Case of 5-nm Au Nanocrystals in Toluene Saturation
		4.1.4 Nanocrystals of 4-nm Dispersed in Toluene
	4.2 Submillimeter-Size Single 3D Superlattices of 5-nm Au Nanocrystals
	4.3 Conclusions
	References
5. Ag 3D Superlattices
	5.1 Control of the Crystalline Structure of Ag 3D Superlattices
	5.2 Optical Properties
		5.2.1 Thin Film
		5.2.2 Thick Films
	5.3 Stability
	5.4 Conclusions
	References
6. Mesostructures of Magnetic Nanocrystals Subjected to Applied Magnetic Field
	6.1 Maghemite Nanocrystals
		6.1.1 Stripes Formed by Applying a Magnetic Field: van der Waals Versus Dipolar Forces Controlling Mesoscopic Organizations of Magnetic Nanocrystals
		6.1.2 Applied Magnetic Field Perpendicular to the Substrate: Liquid–Gas Phase Transition
	6.2 Cobalt Nanocrystals
		6.2.1 Alignments Induced by Dipolar Interactions Between Co Nanoparticles Subjected to a Magnetic Field Parallel to the Substrate
		6.2.2 Columns and Labyrinths of Co Nanoparticles: Nanocrystal Size Distribution as a Key Parameter on the Mesostructures
	6.3 Conclusion
	References
7. Binary 3D Superlattices
	7.1 Structure of 3D Superlattices Predicted by the Hard-Sphere Model
		7.1.1 Co/Ag Binary 3D Superlattices of Co and Ag Nanoparticles
		7.1.2 Co/Co Binary 3D Superlattices of Amorphous Co Nanoparticles
		7.1.3 Ag/Ag Binary 3D Superlattices of Polycrystalline Ag Nanoparticles
	7.2 Limitation of the Hard-Sphere Model
		7.2.1 Ligand Exchange
		7.2.2 Relative Concentration of the Small and Large Nanoparticles on the Binary 3D Superlattices
		7.2.3 Temperature Effect
			7.2.3.1 Influence on the Binary Phase Diagram
			7.2.3.2 Structural Transformation of CoAAu13 Subjected to High Temperature
			7.2.3.3 Influence of the Magnetic Properties on Co/Ag Binary Systems
		7.2.4 Unexpected Behavior Induced by Mixing Small and Large Nanoparticles
	7.3 Solvent-Mediated Crystallization of Nanocrystal 3D Assemblies of Silver Nanocrystals: Unexpected Superlattice Ripening
	7.4 Collective Properties Involved in Self-Assemblies of Binary 3D Superlattices
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
8. Analogy Between 3D Lattices and Atomic Crystals: Crystalline Structure
	8.1 Atomic Crystals, Shaped 3D Lattices, and Minerals
	8.2 Negative 3D Lattices
		8.2.1 How Negative 3D Lattices Are Produced?
		8.2.2 Analogy Between Negative 3D Lattices, Atomic Crystals, and Minerals
	8.3 Vicinal Surface of 3D Lattices
	8.4 Quasi-3D Lattices
	8.5 Conclusions
	References
9. Analogy Between 3D Superlattices and Atomic Crystals: Physical Properties
	9.1 Magnetic Properties
	9.2 Coherent Longitudinal Acoustic Phonons in Small 3D Superlattices
	9.3 Breathing Modes
	9.4 Conclusions
	References
10. 3D Superlattice Stability
	10.1 Influence of Temperature
	10.2 Edging Process
		10.2.1 Ag Nanocrystals
		10.2.2 Au Nanocrystals
		10.2.3 Influence of the Coating Agent
	10.3 Solvent-Mediated Crystallization of Nanocrystal 3D Assemblies
	10.4 Conclusions
	References
11. Intrinsic Properties Related Due to the Self-Assemblies of Nanocrystals
	11.1 Epitaxial Crystal Growth as a Result of the Nanocrystal Ordering
	11.2 Unexpected Electronic Properties of Micrometer-Thick 3D Superlattices of Au Nanocrystals
	11.3 Collective Magnetic Properties of Co Nanocrystals Self-Assembled in 3D Superlattices
		11.3.1 Influence of Nanocrystal Ordering on the Magnetic Properties
		11.3.2 Influence of Co Nanocrystallinity on fcc 3D Superlattices
		11.3.3 Magnetic Properties of Single-Domain -Phase Co Nanocrystals at Various Interactions Scales
			11.3.3.1 Magnetic Properties of Co (ε-Phase) Nanocrystals Dispersed in PMMA
			11.3.3.2 Magnetic Properties of Co (ε-Phase) Nanocrystals Deposited on Substrate
	11.4 Super-Spin Glass Behavior of fcc Supracrystals
	11.5 Alignment of Magnetic Nanocrystals
		11.5.1 Do the Mesoscopic Structures Play the Major Role on the Magnetic Properties?
		11.5.2 Comparison of the Influence or the Easy Axis’ Orientation and Dipolar Interactions
	11.6 Co 3D Superlattice Collective Properties of Amorphous Nanoparticles
	11.7 Conclusion
	References
12. Mechanical Properties of 3D Superlattices
	12.1 Measurements of Mechanical Properties Using Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
		12.1.1 Oliver and Pharr
		12.1.2 Plate Model
		12.1.3 Validity of Mechanical Properties Deduced from AFM
	12.2 3D Superlattices Produced Under Thermodynamic Processes
		12.2.1 Influence of the 3D Superlattice Growth Mechanism
		12.2.2 Tuning of the Stiffness of Au 3D Superlattices
	12.3 3D Superlattice Produced Through Heterogeneous 3D Superlattice Growth Process
		12.3.1 Au 3D Superlattices
			12.3.1.1 Size and Coating Agent Effect on the Mechanical Properties
			12.3.1.2 Nanocrystallinity
		12.3.2 Co 3D Superlattices
			12.3.2.1 Epsilon Phase Co 3D Superlattice: Influence of Nanocrystal Size and 3D Superlattice Morphology on the Mechanical Properties
			12.3.2.2 Hierarchical Mechanical Behavior of Co 3D Superlattices Related to Nanocrystallinity
		12.3.3 Ag 3D Superlattices: Highly Weak Young Moduli
	12.4 Do the Apparent Discrepancies of the Young Moduli Produced with a Large Variety of Metallic Nanocrystals Self-Assembled in fcc Structures Remain Valid or Not?
	12.5 Mesoscopic Assemblies of Co Nanocrystals Differing by Their Size Distribution: Mechanical Intrinsic Properties
	12.6 Conclusions
	References
13. Cracks in Nanocrystal Film
	13.1 Cracks of Nanocrystal Films
		13.1.1 Isotropic Cracks
		13.1.2 Orientational Cracks
		13.1.3 Universal Feature
	13.2 Cracks in Nature and Current Life
	13.3 Conclusions
	References
14. Water-Dispersive Hydrophobic Suprastructures: Specific Properties
	14.1 Au and Co “Clustered” Structures
		14.1.1 Fabrication and Characterization
		14.1.2 Specific Properties
			14.1.2.1 Magnetic Properties
			14.1.2.2 Optical Properties
	14.2 Colloidosomes and Supraballs
		14.2.1 Colloidosome: Fabrication and Characterization
		14.2.2 Supraballs: Fabrication and Characterization
	14.3 Nanoheaters
	14.4 Conclusion
	References
15. Nanocrystal Self-Assembly in Cells
	15.1 Ferrite Colloidosomes and Supraballs
	15.2 Intracellular Fate of Hydrophobic Nanocrystal Self-Assemblies in Tumor Cells
		15.2.1 Ability of Colloidosomes and Supraballs to be Uptaken into Tumor Cells
		15.2.2 Internal Distribution of Colloidosomes and Supraballs in Tumor Cells
			15.2.2.1 Nanocrystal Dispersions
			15.2.2.2 Colloidosomes
			15.2.2.3 Supraballs
		15.2.3 Structural Organization of Nanocrystals in Tumor Cells
		15.2.4 Interactions with Lysosomes
			15.2.4.1 Lysosome Size
			15.2.4.2 Lysosome Shape
			15.2.4.3 Spatial Distribution and Density of Nanocrystals in Lysosomes
			15.2.4.4 Proximity of Nanocrystals to the Lysosome Membrane
		15.2.5 Magnetic Response of Internalized Nanocrystals
	15.3 Conclusion
	References
16. Photothermal Effects in the Tumor Microenvironment
	16.1 Colloidosomes and Supraballs
	16.2 Photothermal Properties: Apparent Contradiction Between the Global Heating and Cell Death
		16.2.1 Pellet of Nanocrystal-Loaded Cells
		16.2.2 Monolayers of Cells Having Internalized the Fe3O4 Nanocrystals
	16.3 Suprastructures: Photothermal Properties in the in vivo Tumor Microenvironment
	16.4 Suprastructures Modulate the Distribution of Fe3O4 Nanocrystals in the Tumor Microenvironment
	16.5 Suprastructures: Photothermal Effects on the Tumor Extracellular Matrix
	16.6 Conclusion
	References
Index