Metal and Metal-Oxide Based Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Agricultural, Biomedical and Environmental Interventions (Smart Nanomaterials Technology)

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Green Synthesis of Silver and Silver Oxide Nanoparticles From Plants and Their Characterization
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Metallic Nanoparticles
	3 General Methods of Metallic and Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis
	4 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Silver and Silver Oxide Nanoparticles
	5 Characterization of Metallic Nanoparticles
	6 Challenges and Future Perspectives
	7 Conclusion
	References
Plant-Mediated Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
	1 Introduction
	2 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
		2.1 Preparation of Plant Extract
		2.2 Preparation of Zinc Nitrate Solution
		2.3 Preparation of ZnO Nanoparticles
	3 Characterization of Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles
		3.1 UV–Visible Spectroscopy
		3.2 EDX (Energy-Dispersive X-ray)
		3.3 TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy)
		3.4 SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy)
		3.5 FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy)
		3.6 XRD (X-Ray Diffraction)
		3.7 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
		3.8 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS)
	4 Possible Mechanism of ZnO Nanoparticles
	5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
	6 Conclusion
	References
Plant Extract-Assisted Green Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Nanocomposite
	1 Introduction
	2 Green Synthesis (GS) of Copper Nanocomposites From Plant Materials and Its Applications
	3 Characterization Techniques for Copper Nanocomposites
		3.1 Size
		3.2 Shape
		3.3 Surface Charge
		3.4 Optical Properties
		3.5 Magnetic Properties
	4 Potential Applications of Plant Material-Mediated Green Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles
		4.1 Removal of Water Pollutants
		4.2 Catalytic Activities
		4.3 Antimicrobial Activity
		4.4 Biosensor
		4.5 Drug Delivery
	5 Conclusion and Future Directions
	References
Antimicrobial Applications of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Food Packaging Industry
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
	2 Methods of Synthesis
		2.1 Sol–Gel Method
		2.2 Precipitation Method
		2.3 Hydrothermal Method
		2.4 Microemulsion Method
		2.5 Vapor Deposition Methods
		2.6 Green Methods of Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
	3 Structure and Morphology of ZnO
		3.1 Crystal Structure
		3.2 Particle Size and Shape
		3.3 Surface Modifications
	4 Factors Affecting the Microbial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles
		4.1 Surface Area and Particle Size
		4.2 Surface Charge and Chemistry
		4.3 Concentration and Dose
		4.4 Surface Coating and Functionalization
		4.5 Environmental Factors
	5 Antimicrobial Activity and Mechanism
		5.1 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
		5.2 Disruption of Cell Membranes
		5.3 Interference with Microbial Enzymes and DNA
	6 Antimicrobial Food Packaging
		6.1 Methods to Prepare Antimicrobial Food Packaging
	7 Application of ZnO NPs in Food Packaging
	8 Toxicity of ZnO NPs
		8.1 Toxicity to Cancer Cells
		8.2 Toxicity of ZnO NPs on Dermal Cells
		8.3 Toxicity to Human Immune System Cells
		8.4 Toxicity of ZnO NPs on Experimental Animal Models
		8.5 Important Factors and Toxicity Mechanisms
	9 Characterization Techniques of ZnO NP Packaging Material
		9.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
		9.2 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
		9.3 Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy
		9.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
		9.5 Mechanical Properties
		9.6 Barrier Properties
		9.7 Thermal Properties
	10 Safety Issues
	11 Future Trends and Challenges
	12 Conclusion
	References
Role of Zinc Nanoparticles for the Management of Post-harvest Diseases
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles
		2.1 Mechanochemical Processing (MCP)
		2.2 Physical Vapor Synthesis (PVS)
	3 Physical and Chemical Properties of Zinc Nanoparticles
	4 How to Use Zinc Nanoparticles in Post-Harvest Disease Management?
	5 Applications of Zinc Nanoparticles in Post-Harvest Disease Management
	6 Future of Zinc Nanoparticles in Post-Harvest Disease Management
	7 Conclusion
	References
Role of Zinc and Zinc Oxide Nanofertilizer in Enhancing Crop Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthesis Methods of Zn and ZnONPs
		2.1 Precipitation Method
		2.2 Sol–Gel Method
		2.3 Hydrothermal Process
		2.4 Vapor Transport Method
		2.5 Spray Pyrolysis Method
		2.6 Green Synthesis
	3 Properties
		3.1 ZnONPs in Plant Growth, Development, and Productivity
		3.2 Impact of ZnONPs on Antioxidant Enzymes
		3.3 Impact of ZnONPs Under Stress Situations
		3.4 ZnONPs in Crop Protection
		3.5 Impact of ZnONPs on the Environment
	4 Conclusion
	References
Recent Updates on the Use of Smart Nanostructures for Food Packaging Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Food Packaging
		2.1 Types of Nanomaterials
		2.2 Use of Nanomaterials in Food Packaging
	3 Packaging for Food with Organic, Inorganic, and Hybrid Nanoparticles
		3.1 Nanocellulose
		3.2 Nanostarch
		3.3 Chitosan Nanoparticles
		3.4 Carbon Nanotubes
		3.5 Silver Nanoparticles
		3.6 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
		3.7 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs)
		3.8 Nanoclay
	4 Techniques of Nanoparticle Synthesis
		4.1 Top-Down Method
		4.2 Bottom-Up Method
	5 Nanomaterial-Based Food Packaging
		5.1 Improved Food Packaging
		5.2 Active Packaging
		5.3 Intelligent Packaging
	6 Role of Nanotechnology in Food Microbiology and Science
	7 Conclusion
	References
Potential of Silver and Zinc Nanoparticles in Mediating Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants
	1 Nanoagriculture: Boon or Bane to Crops Exposed to Abiotic Stresses?
	2 Ag and Zn NPs: Uptake, Translocation, and Site of Action
		2.1 Source of AgNPs and ZnNPs
		2.2 Uptake of AgNPs and ZnNPs
		2.3 Translocation of AgNPs and ZnNPs
	3 Mode of Action of Ag and Zn NPs: Cellular Targets, Site, and Mode of Action
	4 Adverse Effects of Ag and Zn NPs
	5 Conclusion
	References
Assessing the Impact of Silver and Zinc on Soil Microbial Structure and Functionality
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of Silver and Zinc in the Environment
		2.1 Routes of Entry into Soil
		2.2 Environmental Fate and Behavior of Silver and Zinc in Soil
	3 Soil Microbial Structure
		3.1 Factors Influencing Soil Microbial Structure
		3.2 DNA Techniques for Assessing Soil Microbial Structure
	4 Impact of Silver on Soil Microbial Structure and Functionality
		4.1 Effects of Silver on Soil Microbial Composition and Diversity
		4.2 Mechanisms of Silver-Induced Microbial Toxicity
		4.3 Functional Implications of Silver Exposure on Soil Microbial Communities
	5 Impact of Zinc on Soil Microbial Structure and Functionality
		5.1 Effects of Zinc on Soil Microbial Composition and Diversity
		5.2 Mechanisms of Zinc-Induced Microbial Toxicity
		5.3 Functional Implications of Zinc Exposure on Soil Microbial Communities
	6 Assessment Methods for Studying Microbial Responses to Silver and Zinc
		6.1 Laboratory and Field-Based Approaches
		6.2 Molecular Techniques for Analyzing Soil Microbial Communities
	7 Implications for Soil Health and Ecosystem Functioning
		7.1 Effects of Silver and Zinc on Soil Nutrient Cycling
		7.2 Influence of Soil Microbial Changes on Plant Growth and Productivity
		7.3 Ecological Implications of Altered Soil Microbial Communities
	8 Mitigation Strategies and Regulatory Considerations
	9 Conclusion
	References
Role of Gold Nanoparticles in Plant Protection Against Pathogen
	1 Introduction
	2 Properties of Gold Nanoparticles
	3 AuNPs in Plant Protection
	4 Mechanisms of Action of AuNPs in Plant Protection
	5 Application of AuNPs in Plant Protection
	6 Potential Risks and Concerns
	7 Conclusion and Future Prospectus
	References
Use of Smart Silver Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery System
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Key Features and Applications of AgNPs
		1.2 Basic Properties of AgNPs
		1.3 Techniques for the Formulation of AgNPs in Drug Delivery Systems
		1.4 Polymers Used in the Formulation of AgNPs for Drug Delivery Systems
		1.5 Biomedical Uses of Smart AgNPs
		1.6 Other Medical Applications
		1.7 Toxicities of AgNPs
		1.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Silver Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
		1.9 Conclusion
	References
Role of Gold Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery
	1 Introduction
		1.1 An Overview of AuNPs
	2 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles
		2.1 Turkevich Method
		2.2 Brust Method
		2.3 Seeded Growth Method
		2.4 Miscellaneous Methods
	3 Biofunctionalization of Gold Nanoparticles
		3.1 PEGylation
		3.2 Peptide/Amino Acid Conjugation
		3.3 Oligonucleotide Functionalized Nanoparticles
	4 Various Types of Gold Nanoparticles
		4.1 Au Nanospheres
		4.2 Au Nanorods
		4.3 Au Nanoshells
		4.4 Au Nanocages
	5 Targeted AuNPs for Drug Delivery
	6 Targeted AuNPs for Gene Delivery
	7 Targeted AuNPs for Protein Delivery
	8 Targeted AuNPs for Neurodegenerative Disorders
	9 Targeted AuNPs for Infectious Diseases
	10 Targeted AuNPs for Cardiovascular
	11 Limitations of Gold Nanoparticles
		11.1 Limited Payload Capacity
		11.2 Lack of Control Over Drug Release
	12 Conclusion
	References
Use of Green Synthesized Platinum Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Green Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles
	3 Characterization of Platinum Nanoparticles
	4 Biomedical Applications of Platinum Nanoparticles
	5 Toxicity and Safety Considerations
	6 Future Directions and Conclusions
	References
Role of Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Degradation of Environmental Pollutants
	1 Introduction
	2 Photocatalytic Principles and Mechanisms
	3 Key Factors Influencing Photocatalytic Efficiency of ZnO Nanomaterials
	4 Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanomaterials
	5 Various Synthesis Methods for ZnO Nanomaterials
	6 Characterization Techniques for ZnO Nanomaterials
	7 Photocatalytic Degradation of Environmental Pollutants by ZnO Nanomaterials
		7.1 Degradation of Organic Pollutants
		7.2 Degradation of Inorganic Pollutants
	8 Enhancement Strategies for ZnO Photocatalysis
		8.1 Surface Modification of ZnO Nanomaterials for Improved Photocatalytic Performance
		8.2 Hybridization of ZnO with Other Materials for Synergistic Effects
	9 Limitations of ZnO Nanomaterials for Photocatalysis Applications
	10 Future Challenges and Prospects
	11 Conclusion
	References
Application of Silver-Doped Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment
	1 Introduction
	2 Potential Application in Wastewater Treatment
	3 Properties of Silver-Doped Nanoparticles
	4 Characterization of Silver-Doped Nanoparticles
	5 How Silver-Doped Nanoparticles Are Formed
	6 Advantage of Silver-Doped Nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatment
	7 Different Types of Nanoparticles Used in Wastewater Treatment
	8 Influence of Nanomaterials on Microbial Systems
	9 Future Prospective
	10 Conclusion
	References
Risks and Benefits of Zinc Nanoparticles in Aquatic Ecosystems
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles
		2.1 Wet Chemical Technique
		2.2 Electrochemical Method
		2.3 Vapor-Phase Approach
	3 Characterization of Zinc Nanoparticles
		3.1 Morphological Analysis
		3.2 Particle Size Distribution Analysis (PSD)
	4 Zinc Nanoparticles in Aquatic Ecosystem
	5 Exposure of Aquatic Organisms to Zinc Nanoparticles
	6 Risk Assessment of Zinc Nanoparticles
	7 Benefits of Zinc Nanoparticles in Aquatic Ecosystem
	8 Risks of Zinc Nanoparticles in Aquatic Ecosystem
	9 Conclusion
	References