Mesopotamia: The World’s Earliest Civilization

TITLE......Page 4
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
INTRODUCTION......Page 11
BACKGROUND INFORMATION......Page 18
THE CHARACTER AND INFLUENCE OF ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA......Page 21
ACHIEVEMENTS......Page 23
CLASSICAL, MEDIEVAL, AND MODERN VIEWS OF MESOPOTAMIA......Page 25
MODERN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS......Page 28
THE EMERGENCE OF MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION......Page 32
THE BEGINNINGS OF AGRICULTURE......Page 33
THE EMERGENCE OF CULTURES......Page 34
MESOPOTAMIAN PROTOHISTORY......Page 38
CHAPTER 2 SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION......Page 41
SUMERIAN LANGUAGE......Page 43
SUMERIAN CITY LIFE......Page 45
LITERARY AND OTHER HISTORICAL SOURCES......Page 46
FIRST HISTORICAL PERSONALITIES......Page 49
EMERGENT CITY-STATES......Page 50
TERRITORIAL STATES......Page 51
SARGON\'S REIGN......Page 55
ASCENDANCY OF AKKAD......Page 58
THE END OF THE DYNASTY......Page 59
THE THIRD DYNASTY OF UR......Page 61
ADMINISTRATION......Page 63
ETHNIC, GEOGRAPHIC, AND INTELLECTUAL CONSTITUENTS......Page 64
UR III IN DECLINE......Page 65
CHAPTER 3 THE OLD BABYLONIAN PERIOD......Page 67
LITERARY TEXTS AND INCREASING DECENTRALIZATION......Page 68
EARLY HISTORY OF ASSYRIA......Page 70
THE OLD BABYLONIAN EMPIRE......Page 72
BABYLONIAN LAW......Page 73
BABYLONIAN LITERATURE......Page 76
THE HURRIANS......Page 77
THE KASSITES IN BABYLONIA......Page 79
THE HURRIAN AND MITANNI KINGDOMS......Page 82
THE RISE OF ASSYRIA......Page 85
BABYLONIA UNDER THE SECOND DYNASTY OF ISIN......Page 87
ASSYRIA BETWEEN 1200 AND 1000 BC......Page 88
ASSYRIA AND BABYLONIA UNTIL ASHURNASIRPAL II......Page 90
SHALMANESER III AND SHAMSHI-ADAD V OF ASSYRIA......Page 91
ADAD-NIRARI III AND HIS SUCCESSORS......Page 93
TIGLATH-PILESER III AND SHALMANESER V......Page 94
SARGON II (721–705) AND MARDUK-APAL-IDDINA OF BABYLONIA......Page 95
SENNACHERIB......Page 98
ESARHADDON......Page 102
ASHURBANIPAL (668–627) AND SHAMASH-SHUM-UKIN (668–648)......Page 103
DECLINE OF THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE......Page 108
NEBUCHADREZZAR II......Page 109
THE LAST KINGS OF BABYLONIA......Page 112
MESOPOTAMIA UNDER THE PERSIANS......Page 114
SELEUCUS......Page 116
POLITICAL DIVISIONS......Page 118
GREEK INFLUENCE......Page 119
MITHRADATES II AND HIS SUCCESSORS......Page 121
CONFLICT WITH ROME......Page 123
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES......Page 124
PARTHIAN ARTS......Page 126
THE SASANIAN PERIOD......Page 127
ARDASHIR I AND HIS SUCCESSORS......Page 128
WARS WITH THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE......Page 129
POLITICAL DIVISIONS AND TAXATION......Page 131
CHAPTER 6 MESOPOTAMIAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE......Page 134
ARCHITECTURE......Page 136
SCULPTURE......Page 138
ARCHITECTURE......Page 141
SCULPTURE......Page 142
SUMERIAN REVIVAL......Page 143
ARCHITECTURE......Page 145
SCULPTURE......Page 147
PAINTING AND DECORATIVE ARTS......Page 149
NEO-BABYLONIAN PERIOD......Page 150
STAGES OF RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT......Page 151
THE LITERARY LEGACY: MYTH AND EPIC......Page 152
SUMERIAN LITERATURE......Page 154
MYTHS......Page 155
EPICS......Page 159
AKKADIAN LITERATURE......Page 160
THE MESOPOTAMIAN WORLDVIEW AS EXPRESSED IN MYTH......Page 169
COSMOGONY AND COSMOLOGY......Page 170
THE GODS AND DEMONS......Page 171
HUMAN ORIGINS, NATURE, AND DESTINY......Page 173
CULT......Page 174
SACRED TIMES......Page 175
SACRED PLACES......Page 176
THE MAGICAL ARTS......Page 178
RELIGIOUS ART AND ICONOGRAPHY......Page 179
AN......Page 180
ENKI......Page 181
INANNA......Page 182
NANNA......Page 183
TAMMUZ......Page 184
UTU......Page 186
ASHUR......Page 187
ERECH......Page 188
KISH......Page 189
MARI......Page 190
NINEVEH......Page 191
NIPPUR......Page 194
UR......Page 195
GLOSSARY......Page 199
PREHISTORY TO THE OLD BABYLONIAN PERIOD......Page 201
MESOPOTAMIA FROM C. 320 BC TO C. AD 620......Page 202
INDEX......Page 203