Mercury Toxicity Mitigation: Sustainable Nexus Approach

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editor
Source and Distribution of Mercury in the Environment
Source and Distribution of Mercury in Environment—A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Characteristics and Available Forms of Mercury
	3 Natural Sources of Mercury
		3.1 Mercury in the Earth’s Crust and Geological Processes
		3.2 Volcanic Emissions and the Natural Degassing of Mercury
		3.3 Mercury Release From Oceans
	4 Anthropogenic Sources of Mercury
		4.1 Artisanal Small-Scale Gold Mining and Large-Scale Gold Production
		4.2 Cement Production
		4.3 Non-ferrous Metal Production
		4.4 Waste and Waste Incineration
		4.5 Combustion of Coal, Oil, and Gas
		4.6 Other Anthropogenic Sources
	5 Global Distribution of Mercury
		5.1 Global Mercury Cycling
		5.2 Mercury Distribution in Different Ecosystems
	6 Regional Hotspots of Mercury
		6.1 Minamata Bay, Japan
		6.2 Amazon Basin
		6.3 The Arctic
	7 Factors Influencing Mercury Transport and Transformation
		7.1 Physical and Chemical Processes Affecting Mercury Fate and Behavior
		7.2 Climate Change and Its Potential Impacts on Mercury Distribution
	8 Monitoring and Modeling Mercury Distribution
		8.1 Methods for Monitoring Mercury Levels in the Air, Water, and Soil
		8.2 Advanced Modeling Techniques to Predict Mercury Transport
		8.3 Combination of Monitoring and Modeling
	9 Conclusion
	References
Mercury Contamination and It’s Dynamics in Soil–Plant Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Mercury Producing Sources
		2.1 Regular Sources
		2.2 Anthropogenic Sources
		2.3 Re-Additions
	3 Implications of Climate Change on the Biogeochemical Cycling of Mercury
	4 Mechanism of Hg Toxicity
	5 Dynamics in Soil–Plant System
		5.1 Thresholds for Mercury in Soils
		5.2 Plant Toxicity of Mercury (Hg) and Its Occurrence in the Food Chain
		5.3 Hg Impact on a Plant\'s Transpiration
		5.4 Root System Retention of Mercury
	6 Legacy Hg Pools
		6.1 Technology to Clean up Mercury-Contaminated Soil
		6.2 Cleaning the Soil
		6.3 Stabilization
		6.4 Interventions
		6.5 Electrokinetic Method
		6.6 Vitrification
		6.7 Thermal Treatment
	7 Conclusion
	References
Mercury Toxicity and Health
Health Risks of Mercury
	1 Introduction
	2 Sources of Mercury Exposure
		2.1 Traditional Medicines and Cosmetics
		2.2 Mercury Dental Amalgam
		2.3 Fish and Sea Food
		2.4 Mercury in Water
	3 Pathways of Heavy Metals
	4 Chemical Form and Properties of Mercury
		4.1 Elemental Mercury
		4.2 Inorganic Mercury
		4.3 Organic Mercury
	5 Mechanisms of Mercury Toxicity
		5.1 Oxidative Stress
		5.2 Reactive Oxygen Species
		5.3 Epigenetic Changes
	6 Overview of Hg Concentration in Food Items
	7 Dietary Hg Intake in Different Countries and Potential Health Risks
		7.1 Organ Specific Effects
		7.2 Non Organ Specific Effects
	8 Biomarkers of Hg Exposure (Urine, Nail, Hair)
		8.1 Urinary Hg Levels for Different Diseases
	9 Conclusion
	References
A Review of Mercury Contamination in Water and Its Impact on Public Health
	1 Introduction
	2 The Chemical Types of Mercury in the Environment
		2.1 Elemental Mercury
		2.2 Inorganic Mercury
		2.3 Organic Mercury
	3 Natural Source of Mercury Contamination in Water
		3.1 Volcanic Activity
		3.2 Erosion of Rocks and Soils
		3.3 Atmospheric Deposition
		3.4 Degassing of the Earth\'s Crust
	4 Anthropogenic Source of Mercury Contamination in Water
		4.1 Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining
		4.2 Power Plants Powered by Coal
		4.3 Industrial Processes
		4.4 Municipal Wastewater
		4.5 Agricultural Practices
		4.6 Landfills
	5 Medical Source of Mercury Contamination in Water
		5.1 Dental Amalgams
		5.2 Medical Waste Incineration
		5.3 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
	6 Atmospheric Deposition Source of Mercury Contamination in Water
		6.1 Gaseous Elemental Mercury (GEM)
		6.2 Particulate Mercury (PBM)
	7 Mining and Industrial Source of Mercury Contamination in Water
		7.1 Gold Mining
		7.2 Industrial Processes
		7.3 Landfills
		7.4 Oil and Gas Production
	8 Toxic Effects of Mercury Impact on Public Health
		8.1 Mercury Exposure and Long-Term Health Effects
		8.2 Neurological Effects
		8.3 Impact on the Kidneys
		8.4 Skin Effects
	9 Mercury-Related Diseases
	10 Conclusion
	References
The Effects of Mercury Exposure on Neurological and Cognitive Dysfunction in Human: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Chemical Properties and Availability
	3 Toxigenicity and Mechanism
	4 Mercury Toxicity
		4.1 Humans
		4.2 Animals
	5 Mercury Toxicity in Humans
	6 Effect of Mercury on Neurological Functions
	7 Effect on Cognitive Functions
	8 Conclusion
	References
Health Risk Linked to Mercury Toxicity in Food and Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Impact of Mercury in Ecosystem
	3 Historical Perspectives of Mercury Poisoning
	4 Forms of Mercury
	5 Sources of Mercury
	6 Synonyms of Mercury Poisoning
	7 Pathways of Mercury Exposure
	8 Mercury Poisoning and Its Types
	9 Vulnerable Populations at Risk
		9.1 Pregnant Women and Developing Foetuses
		9.2 Children and Their Neurodevelopment
		9.3 Indigenous Communities Relying on Fish Consumption
		9.4 Occupational Exposure Risks for Specific Industries
	10 Toxicodynamic of Mercury
	11 Health Implications of Mercury Poisoning
	12 Risk Assessment of Mercury Poisoning
	13 Biomarkers of Mercury Exposure
	14 Strategies for Mercury Poisoning Control
	15 Dietary Interventions and Mercury Detoxification
	16 Fish Consumption Guidelines
	17 Conclusion
	References
Mercury Toxicity Mitigation Strategies
Molecular Mechanism of Mercury Toxicity and Tolerance in Microbes
	1 Introduction
	2 Mercury Uptake and Export System in Microbes
	3 Mercury Uptake Systems
	4 Mercury Export Systems
	5 Detoxification Enzymes and Metal-Binding Proteins
	6 Detoxification Enzymes Involved in Mercury Tolerance
	7 Stress Response Pathways and Mercury Tolerance Mechanisms
	8 Mercury Tolerance Mechanisms
	9 Transcriptional Regulation of Mercury Resistance in Microbes
	10 Thiol-Containing Molecules and Mercury Detoxification
	11 Novel Mercury Resistance Mechanism in Microbes
	12 Implication for Environmental Management and Remediation
	13 Conclusion
	References
Application of Nano-Adsorbents in Removal of Mercury From Aqueous Solution
	1 Introduction
	2 Sources of Water Contamination
	3 Nanotechnology as a Tool for Water Remediation
	4 Nanoadsorbents for Wastewater Remediation
		4.1 Polymer Based Nanoadsorbents
		4.2 Petal-Like MoS2 Nanosheets
		4.3 Magnetite-Polyrhodanine Core–Shell Nanoadsorbents
		4.4 Chitosan Based Nanoadsorbents
		4.5 TiO2 Nanoparticles
		4.6 Fe3O4/Au Nanoadsorbent
		4.7 Polyacrylate-Modified Carbon Composite
		4.8 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) Based Nanocomposite
	5 Fate of Nanomaterials Used for Wastewater Treatment
	6 Conclusions
	References
Applications of Different Treatment Technologies for Mercury Removal From Soil, Waste, and Water
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of Mercury Source and Its Environmental Impact
	3 Health Effects of Mercury Exposure
	4 Treatment Technologies for Mercury Removal from Soil
		4.1 Physical Remediation Technology
		4.2 Soil Aeration, Soil Replacement
		4.3 Vitrification
		4.4 Thermal Desorption
		4.5 Electrokinetic Remediation
	5 Chemical Remediation Technology
		5.1 Soil Washing/Soil Leaching
		5.2 Chemical Stabilization
		5.3 Solidification/Stabilization
	6 Biological Remediation
		6.1 Phytoremediation
		6.2 Microbial Remediation
	7 Treatment Technologies for Mercury Removal from Water
	8 Mercury Removal Through Adsorption
	9 Mercury Removal Through Membrane Separation
	10 Conclusion
	References
Antioxidant Defense Mechanism in Plants Exposed to Mercury Toxicity: Response, Tolerance and Remediation
	1 Introduction
	2 Mercury and Its Occurrence
	3 Phytoremediation
	4 Fate of Mercury Within the Plant System
	5 Response and Tolerance of Plants Against Mercury
		5.1 Photosynthetic Parameters
		5.2 Gaseous Exchange
		5.3 Antioxidant Defense System
	6 ROS Generation
		6.1 Lipid Peroxidation
		6.2 Proline Generation
		6.3 Enzymatic Defense Mechanism
		6.4 Non Enzymatic Defense Mechanism
	7 Rhizosphere Processes Facilitating Remediation
	8 Conclusion
	References
The Role of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria on Mercury Remediation
	1 Introduction
	2 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB)
	3 Strategies of PGPB in Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation Under Distinct Climate Stresses
	4 Conclusion
	References
Treatment Methods for Mercury Removal From Soil and Wastewater
	1 Introduction
	2 Treatment of Mercury Contamination
	3 Treatment of Mercury Contaminated Water/Wastewater
		3.1 Adsorption
		3.2 Membrane Separation
		3.3 Ion Exchange
		3.4 Ozonation
	4 Treatment of Mercury Contaminated Soil
		4.1 Soil Washing
		4.2 Chemical Stabilization
		4.3 Chemical Extraction
	5 Treatment of Mercury Contaminated Soil and Water
		5.1 Nano-Remediation
		5.2 Phytoremediation
		5.3 Bioremediation
	6 Conclusion
	References