Mental Health for Hispanic Communities: A Guide for Practitioners

Foreword
Preface
Contents
1: The Role of Religion in Mental Health
	Conclusion
	References
		Further Reading
2: A History of Mental Health Treatment in the Hispanic World
	Iberia: Before “Hispania”
	Hispania: The Greek-Roman Heritage
	Al-Andalus: Islamic Medicine in Iberia
	From the Middle Ages to the Modern Era: The Creation of Hospitals for the Mentally Ill
	The Medical Approach in Pre-Columbian America
	Medical and Mental Health Care in the Americas: The Foundation of the First Western Hospitals
	The Contribution of African Medicine in the Americas
	The Crisis in the Nineteenth Century and the Birth of Modern Neuroscience
	References
3: Mental Health Stigma in the Latinx Population: Treatment Implications and Future Directions
	Introduction
		Impact of Mental Health Stigma on Treatment
	Factors that May Increase Mental Health Stigma
	Interventions to Reduce Mental Health Stigma
		Ways to Address Mental Health Stigma in Treatment
		Increasing the Number of Culturally Matched Providers
		Increasing Mental Health Knowledge
		Inclusion of Family in Treatment
	Conclusion
	References
4: Psychotic Disorders in Hispanics
	Introduction
	Schizophrenia
	Differential Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
	Schizophreniform Disorder
	Schizoaffective Disorder
	Mood Disorders
	Psychosis as a Manifestation of Medical Illness
	Neurologic Diseases
	Infectious Illnesses
	Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases
	Malignancies
	Drug-Induced Psychosis
	Brief Psychotic Disorder
	Treatment of Psychotic Disorders
	Psychotic Disorders Among Hispanic Americans
	Conclusion
	References
5: Mood Disorders in Hispanic/Latinos
	Epidemiology of Depression and Bipolar Disorder in Hispanic and Latino Population
		Hispanic/Latino Groups Composition
		Difficulties Studying Minorities, Hispanic and Latino Groups Included
		Prevalence of Depression on Hispanic and Latino Groups in Comparison with Other Ethnicities Living in the USA
		Prevalence of Depression on Hispanic and Latino Groups, Differences by Ethnic Group
		Prevalence of Bipolar Affective Disorder on Hispanic and Latino Groups
		Disinformation and Stigma, Two Big Barriers in the Treatment of Depression in Hispanic/Latino
	Cultural Influence of Depression Manifestation in Hispanic and Latino Groups
		Different Cultural Factors Influencing Depression in Hispanics
	Psychopharmacogenetics and Genetic Studies in Hispanic and Latinos Populations
		Psychopharmacogenetic Studies
		Other Genetic Studies in Hispanic and Latino Population
	References
6: Anxiety in Hispanics
	Anxiety Disorders in Hispanics
	Who Are the Hispanic/Latinos in the United States?
		Demographics
		Education
		Immigration Status
		Health Care
		Income
		Language
		Religion
		Media
		Family Values
		Cultural Matters
		Anxiety General Considerations
		Diagnostic and Testing Issues
		Anxiety Disorders per Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
	Other Specified Anxiety Disorder Including Cultural Concepts of Distress Related to Hispanics in the Appendix of DSM-5
		Ataque de Nervios, Nervios, and Susto
		Ataque de Nervios (Attack of Nerves)
		Nervios (Nerves)
		Susto (Fright)
	Problems Related to the Social Environment Relevant to Hispanic Minorities in the United States Include
	Separation Anxiety Disorder
		Cultural Issues
		Epidemiology
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
	Selective Mutism
		Cultural Issues
		Epidemiology
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
	Specific Phobia
		Cultural Issues
		Epidemiology
		Treatment
	Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
		Cultural Issues
		Epidemiology
		Treatment
	Panic Disorder
		Panic Attack Specifier
		Cultural Issues
		Epidemiology
		Treatment
	Agoraphobia
		Cultural Issues
		Epidemiology
	Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
		Cultural Issues
		Epidemiology
		Treatment
	Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder
		Epidemiology
	Anxiety Disorder Due to another Medical Condition
		Epidemiology
	Other Specified Anxiety Disorder
	Unspecified Anxiety Disorder
	Other Relevant Anxiety Topics to Consider
	References
7: The Role of Acculturation in the Mental Health of Hispanics
	Introduction
	The Process and the Experience of Acculturation
	Acculturation in Hispanic Communities
	The Clinical Scene
	Management of Acculturation and Related Conditions
	Discussion
	Conclusions
	References
8: Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in Hispanic and Latino Communities
	Introduction: Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors
	Passive Suicidal Ideation Among Hispanic and Latino Communities
	Active Suicidal Ideation Among Hispanic and Latino Communities
		Prevalence
		Risk Factors
	Suicide Plans Among Hispanic and Latino Communities
		Prevalence
		Risk Factors, Gender, and Comorbidities
	Suicide Attempts among Hispanic and Latino Communities
		Prevalence
		Risk Factors and Comorbidities
		Gender Differences
	Non-suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) Among Hispanic and Latino Communities
		Prevalence
		Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Gender Differences
	Effect of Acculturation, Discrimination, and the Stress of Migration on Suicidal Thought and Behaviors Among Hispanic and Latino Communities
		Suicidal Behavior in US-born Versus Foreign-born Hispanics
	Protective Factors Among Hispanic and Latino Communities
		Familism
		Religious/Moral Beliefs Against Suicide
	Evidence-Based Interventions to Prevent Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among Hispanic and Latino Communities
	Discussion
	References
9: Substance Use in the Latino Population in the United States
	Role of Acculturation
	Gender and Substance Use
	Differences in Latin American Place of Origin
	Treatment
	Cultural Aspects to Consider When Treating Substance Use in the Latino Population
	References
10: Dementia and Cognitive Disorders in Geriatric Hispanic/Latinos
	Introduction
	Risk Factors
		Ethnicity and Race
		Ethnoracial Studies
		Migration Status
		Education Level
		Health Literacy
		Socioeconomic Status
		Non-psychiatric Comorbidities
		Depressive Symptomatology
		Barriers to Care
	Recommendations
		Literacy Campaigns
		Training of Clinicians
		Optimize Medication Adherence
		Participation in Clinical Trials
		Physical Exercise and Dietary Adjustments
		Community-Based Adult Services
		Caring for the Caregivers
		COVID-19 Pandemic
	Conclusions
	References
11: Mental Health Issues in Latinx/Hispanic Children and Adolescents
	Introduction
	Depression in Latinx Youth
	Anxiety
	Suicide
	Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
	References
12: Cultural Sensitive Services for Latinos
	Introduction
	Cultural Sensitive Services for Latinos in the United States over Time
	Community Services for Latinos with a Cultural Approach
	Influences Promoting the Development of Hispanic Mental Health Services
		Research
		Education
	The Inclusion of Culture in Mental Health Services for Latinos
	Benefits of Implementing and Protecting Cultural Sensitive Services for Latinos
	Challenges Encountered When Incorporating Culturally Sensitive Services
	Advocacy for Development and Maintenance of Culturally Sensitive Services for Hispanics
	Conclusions
	References
13: Medical Comorbidities of Hispanics with Mental Health Problems
	Cardiovascular Disease
	Cerebrovascular Disease
	Cardiometabolic Diseases
	COVID-19
	HIV
	Tobacco Use
	Health Behaviors
	References
14: Mental Health in Hispanic/Latina/Latinx Women
	Introduction
	Hispanic/Latina/Latinx Mental Health Data Related to Women in United States
	Depression
	Suicide
	Post-partum Depression (PPD)
	Anxiety
	Post-traumatic Stress Disorders
	Substance Abuse
	Risk Factors for Mental Health Issues in Women
	Insights for Clinicians
	Conclusion and Future Needs
	References
Index