Menstrual Bleeding and Pain Disorders from Adolescence to Menopause, Volume 11: Frontiers in Gynecological Endocrinology

Contents
About the Editors
The Use of Ultrasound in Understanding Normal and Abnormal Evaluation of the Endometrium
	1 Introduction
	2 The Menstrual Cycle
	3 Normal Physiology
	4 Pathologies of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB)
	5 Postmenopausal Bleeding
	6 Limitations of Transvaginal Ultrasound
	7 Summary
	References
Sex Steroid Hormones in the Treatment of Menstrual Cycle Disorders
	1 Introduction
	2 Dysmenorrhea
	3 Endometriosis/Adenomyosis
	4 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
	5 Hyperandrogenic Disorders
	6 Oncologic Risk
	7 Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
	8 New Trends
	References
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in Adolescents
	1 Definition
	2 The Menstrual Cycle at Puberty
	3 Diagnosis
		3.1 Menstrual History
		3.2 Bleeding History
		3.3 Family History
		3.4 Physical Examination
		3.5 Laboratory Investigations
		3.6 Pelvic Ultrasound
	4 HMB Causes
		4.1 Ovulatory Dysfunction
		4.2 Coagulation Disorders
		4.3 Endocrine Diseases
		4.4 Iatrogenic Causes
		4.5 Structural Causes
	5 HMB Management
	6 Conclusions
	References
The Correlation Between Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Early Menarche and PCOS Later in Adolescence
	1 Introduction
	2 Menarche and Normal Menstrual Cycle
	3 Physiological Adolescent Anovulation
	4 Pathophysiology of AUB
	5 Causes of AUB
	6 Menstrual History, Physical Examination, and Laboratory Investigations
	7 AUB as an Early Sign of PCOS
	8 Management
	9 Discussion
	10 Conclusion
	References
How to Identify Patients with von Willebrand’s Disease and Other Coagulation Disorders
	1 Introduction
	2 Organic and Other Not Hematologic Causes of HMB
	3 Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in Patients with Von Willebrand Disease (VWD)
	4 Which Women with HMB Need Screening for Coagulopathy After Uterine Pathology Has Been Excluded?
	5 Treatment Options of HMB in Women Without an Organic Cause of the Condition
		5.1 Treatment of Women with HMB Only, No Organic Cause, No Coagulation Disorder
		5.2 Treatment of Women with HMB Only, No Organic Cause, VWD, or Other Coagulation Disorder
	6 Conclusion
	References
Anovulatory Syndrome
	1 Introduction
	2 Hypothalamic Amenorrhea
	3 Weight and Reproduction
	4 Hyperandrogenism
	5 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
	6 Prolactin
	7 Thyroid
	References
Luteal Phase Defects
	1 Introduction
	2 Specific Physiologic Considerations
		2.1 The Model of “Follicular Waves”
		2.2 The Source of Progesterone Production
		2.3 The Endometrium Under Hormonal Influences
	3 Luteal Phase Defects
		3.1 General Pathophysiologic Considerations
		3.2 Diagnostic Considerations
		3.3 The Clinical Relevance of Luteal Phase Defects
			3.3.1 Luteal Phase Defects and Unexplained Infertility
			3.3.2 Luteal (Dys-)Function After IVF
			3.3.3 Luteal Phase Defects and Recurrent Miscarriage
	4 Endometrial Function in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Special Situation
		4.1 PCOS and Endometrial Cancer
		4.2 Progesterone Resistance in PCOS
		4.3 Clinical Considerations
			4.3.1 Letrozole, Clomiphene Citrate, and Low-Dose FSH Stimulation
			4.3.2 IVF, PCOS, and Endometrial Function
	5 Conclusions
	References
Management of Severe Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)/Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
	1 Introduction, Definitions, and Guidelines
	2 Etiology
	3 Assessment and Diagnosis
	4 Management
		4.1 Dietary and Lifestyle Approaches
		4.2 Complementary Therapies
		4.3 Anti-depressants
		4.4 Hormonal Treatment
			4.4.1 Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill (COCP)
			4.4.2 Estrogen and Progestogen/Progesterone Therapy
			4.4.3 GnRH Analogues
			4.4.4 Surgical Options
			4.4.5 New Research
	5 Conclusion
	Online Healthcare Professional and Patient Support and Information
	References
Endometriosis and Adenomyosis
	1 Introduction
	2 Pathogenesis of Adenomyosis
	3 Pathogenesis of Endometriosis
	4 Pathogenetic Factors of Endometriosis and Adenomyosis
		4.1 The Role of Gonadal Sex Steroid Hormones
		4.2 The Role of Immune Factors
		4.3 The Role of Inflammation and Neurogenesis
	5 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Endometriosis and Adenomyosis
	6 Clinical Presentation of Endometriosis and Adenomyosis
		6.1 Pain
		6.2 Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB)
		6.3 Infertility
		6.4 Systemic Comorbidities
	7 Diagnosis
	8 Management
	9 Conclusion
	References
Uterine Fibroids and Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
	1 Introduction
	2 Fibroid Locations
	3 Prevalence
	4 Pathogenesis and Risk Factors
	5 Genetics
	6 Gonadal Steroid Hormones
	7 Parity
	8 Early Menarche
	9 Obesity
	10 Race/Ethnicity
	11 Clinical Features
	12 Heavy or Prolonged Menstrual Bleeding
	13 Bulk-Related Symptoms
	14 Reproductive Dysfunction
	15 Diagnostic Evaluation
	16 History
	17 Physical Examination
	18 Laboratory Testing
	19 Imaging and Endoscopy
	20 Treatment Overview
		20.1 Patient Not Desiring Fertility
		20.2 Patients Desiring Fertility
	References
Endometrial Malignancy and Hyperplasia as Causes of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
	1 Introduction
	2 FIGO Classification System
		2.1 Polyps (AUB—P)
		2.2 Adenomyosis (AUB—A)
		2.3 Malignancy (AUB—M)
		2.4 Coagulopathy (AUB—C)
		2.5 Ovulatory (AUB—O)
		2.6 Endometrial (AUB—E)
		2.7 Iatrogenic (AUB—I)
		2.8 Not Otherwise Classified (AUB-N)
	3 Endometrial Hyperplasia With or Without Atypia
	4 Endometrial Cancer
	5 Diagnosis and Management of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
	6 Endometrial Sampling
	7 Role of Hysteroscopy
	8 Hysteroscopy Can Also Have a Surgical Role, in Fact, It Can Remove Endometrial Lesions
	References
Unique Issues in Oncological Patients: From Amenorrhea to Fertility Preservation
	1 Introduction
	2 Chemotherapy-Induced Amenorrhea
	3 Etiologies and Pathogenesis
		3.1 Gonadotoxicity of Anticancer Treatments
	4 Prognostic Factors
	5 Chemotherapy-Induced Ovarian Failure
	6 Risk of CIA in Patients with Breast Cancer
	7 Radiotherapy-Induced Ovarian Failure
		7.1 Predicting Age of Ovarian Failure After Radiation
	8 Prophylactic Menstrual Suppression
		8.1 Menstrual Suppression
			8.1.1 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists
			8.1.2 Progestin-Only Therapy
			8.1.3 Combined Hormonal Contraceptives
			8.1.4 Emergent Treatment of Acute Uterine Bleeding
	9 Fertility Preservation Strategies
		9.1 Oocyte and Embryo Cryopreservation
		9.2 Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation
		9.3 Ovarian Transposition and Gonadal Shielding During RT
		9.4 Need to Reduce Gonadotoxicity: Medical Gonadoprotection
		9.5 Life After Treatment
	References
Menorrhagia and the Menopausal Transition
	1 Introduction
	2 The Staging of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW)
		2.1 The Reproductive Phase
		2.2 The Menopausal Transition Phase
			2.2.1 The Early Stage
			2.2.2 The Late Stage
	3 Clinical Approach
		3.1 Diagnosis
		3.2 Management
			3.2.1 Progestogens
			3.2.2 Surgery
	4 Conclusion
	References
Bleeding Abnormalities During Menopause Hormone Therapy
	1 Introduction
	2 Incidence of Bleeding Abnormalities During Menopause Hormone Therapy
	3 Any Proper Diagnostic Investigation During Postmenopausal Bleeding Abnormalities?
	4 Conclusions
	References