Membrane Technology for Osmotic Power Generation by Pressure Retarded Osmosis

1. Osmotic energy and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO)
Chun Feng Wan, Tai-Shung Chung
1. Water and energy crisis
2. Osmotic energy 
3. Pressure retarded osmosis
4. PRO processes
5. Summary and outlook
References
2. Recent development of flat-sheet PRO membranes
Wenxiao Gai, Gang Han 
1. Introduction 
2. History of membranes employed in PRO processes
3. TFC membranes developed for PRO membranes
4. Membranes comprising nanomaterials developed for PRO processes
5. Summary and outlook
Acknowledgment
References
3. Recent development of hollow fiber PRO membranes
Wenxiao Gai, Gang Han, Tai-Shung Chung
1. Introduction
2. Integrally skinned hollow fiber membranes
3. TFC hollow fiber membranes
4. Summary and outlook
Acknowledgment
References
4. Mass transport within pressure retarded osmosis membranes of different configurations
Zhen Lei Chenga
1. Introduction
2. Derivation of mass transfer equations
3. Results and discussion of model simulations
4. Conclusions
References
5.Analysis of flux reduction behaviors in PRO
Jun Ying Xiong , Zhen Lei Cheng , Chun Feng Wan 
1. Introduction
2. Flux reduction behaviors under a fixed bulk salinity gradient
3. Flux reduction behaviors under a growing bulk feed salinity
4. Flux reduction behaviors due to scaling
5. Flux reduction behaviors in PRO modules
6. Conclusions
References
6. Development of antifouling pressure retarded osmosis membranes
Wen Gang Huang , Xue Li , and Tao Cai 
1. Introduction
2. HPGs-Grafted Membranes for Pressure Retarded Osmosis
3. Zwitterionic Material-Grafted Membranes for Pressure Retarded Osmosis
4. Other Surface-Modified Membranes for Pressure Retarded Osmosis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
7. PRO pretreatment
Tianshi Yang, Chakravarthy S. Gudipati, Tai-Shung Chung
1. Introduction
2. Pretreatment using membrane filtrations
3. Pretreatment using chemical additives
4. Pretreatment using coagulations
5. Summary
Acknowledgments
References
8. Design and fabrication of thin-film composite hollow fiber modules for pressure retarded osmosis 
Chun Feng Wana, Tianshi Yang
1. Introduction 
2. Experimental 
3. Results and discussions
4. Conclusions 
References
9. Design and optimization of seawater reverse osmosis and pressure retarded osmosis-integrated pilot processes
Chun Feng Wan
1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Results and Discussions
4. Conclusion
References
10. Operation and maintenance of SWRO-PRO pilot systems
Tianshi Yang, Chun Feng Wan, Esther Swin Hui Lee
1. Introduction
2. Design and Operation of SWRO-PRO pilot systems
3. Membrane cleaning strategies
4. Summary
References
11. Techno-economic evaluation of various RO+PRO and RO+FO integrated processes
Chun Feng Wan
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results and discussions
4. Conclusions
References
12. Design of other pressure retarded osmosis hybrid processes (pressure retarded osmosis-membrane distillation and pressure retarded osmosis-forward osmosis)
Zhen Lei Cheng and Gang Han
1. Introduction
2. PRO-MD
3. PRO-FO
4. Challenges and future prospects
References
Index