MEG - EEG Primer, 2e (Sep 12, 2023)_(0197542182)_(Oxford University Press)

Cover
MEG–EEG PRIMER
Copyright
CONTENTS
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
About the Authors
Preamble
SECTION 1
	1. Introduction
		MEG and EEG Setups
		Comparison of MEG and EEG
		Structure of This Primer
		References
	2. Insights into the Human Brain
		Overview of the Human Brain
		How to Obtain Information about Brain Function
		Timing in Human Behavior
		Functional Structure of the Human Cerebral Cortex
		Cerebellum
		Communication Between Brain Areas
			Thalamocortical Connections
			Intrabrain Connectivity
		Electric Signaling in Neurons
			Membrane Potentials
			Action Potentials
			Postsynaptic Potentials
		References
	3. Basic Physics and Physiology of MEG and EEG
		An Overview of MEG and EEG Signal Generation
		Charges and Electric Current
		Ohm’s and Kirchoff’s Laws
		Relationship Between Current and Magnetic Field
		Superconductivity
		Inverse Problem
		Source Currents
			Primary Current
			Layers, Open Fields, and Closed Fields
			Intracortical Cancellation
			Volume Conduction
			Spherical Head Model
		Some General Points about Source Localization
		References
	4. An Overview of EEG and MEG
		Historical Aspects
		Early EEG Recordings
		Early MEG Recordings
		Types of EEG and MEG Signals
			Brain Rhythms
			Evoked and Event-​Related Responses
		Advantages and Disadvantages of MEG and EEG
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
		References
SECTION 2
	5. Instrumentation for EEG and MEG
		EEG Instrumentation
			Electrodes
				General
				Wet Electrodes
				Dry Electrodes
				Hybrid or “Semi-​Dry” Electrode Configurations
				Special Electrodes
				Electrodes for Invasive Recordings
				Electrodes for Portable Devices and Brain–​Computer Interfaces
				ExG Electrodes
				Electrodes for Ultra-​Slow EEG Signals
			EEG Amplifiers
				General
				Differential Amplifiers and Common-​Mode Rejection
					Effect of Amplifier Input Impedance on CMRR
					Maximizing CMRR: Grounding and Special Feedback Circuits
				DC-​Coupled EEG Amplifiers
				EEG Amplifiers for Simultaneous Use With Other Neuroimaging Techniques
			Standard Electrode Positions
			Reference Electrode Configurations
				General
				Effect of Reference Electrode Site on the Measured Potential Distribution
				Re-​Referencing Relative to an Average Reference
		MEG Instrumentation
			SQUIDs and SQUID Electronics
			Flux Transformers and Their Configuration
			Toward On-​Scalp MEG
				High-​Tc SQUIDs
				Optically Pumped Magnetometers
		Shielding
		Other Ways to Maintain a Noise-​Free Environment
		References
	6. Devices for Sensory Stimulation and Behavioral Monitoring
		Stimulators
			Auditory Stimulators
			Visual Stimulators
			Somatosensory Stimulators
			Stimulators for Inducing Acute Pain
			Passive-​Movement Stimulators
			Olfactory and Gustatory Stimulators
				Olfaction
				Gustation
		Devices for Behavioral Monitoring
		Phantoms for MEG/​EEG Source Analysis and Artifact Removal
		References
	7. Practicalities of Data Collection
		General Principles of Good Experimentation
		Replicability Checks
		EEG Recordings: The Practice
			Skin Preparation for Electrode-​Impedance Measurement
			General
			Skin Preparation for Electrode Application
			Electrode-​Impedance Measurement
		MEG Recordings: The Practice
		Measurement of MEG Sensor and EEG Electrode Positions
		Infection Control in EEG and MEG Recordings
			General
			COVID-​19-​Related Issues
		Electrical Safety
		References
	8. Data Acquisition, Preprocessing, and Sharing
		Filtering
		Data Sampling Rate
		Simulation of EEG and MEG Data
		Standardization of Data Formats and Analysis Pipelines for Data Sharing
			Brain Imaging Data Standard, BIDS
			A Bird’s-​Eye View of a Standardized Data Set Structure
		References
	9. Artifacts
		Introduction
		Some Common Artifact-​Removal Methods
			Blind Source Separation
			Signal-​Space Projection and Separation Methods
		Eye-​Related Artifacts
			Eye Movements and Eye Blinks
			Saccades and Microsaccades
			Removal of Eye-​Related Artifacts
		Muscle Artifacts
			Generation and Recognition
			Removal of Myogenic Artifacts
		Cardiac Artifacts
			Generation and Recognition
			Removal of Cardiac Artifacts
		Respiration-​Related Artifacts
			Generation and Recognition
			Removal of Respiration Artifacts
		Sweating
			Generation and Recognition
			Removal of Sweating Artifacts
		Nonphysiological Artifacts
			Power-​Line Noise and Its Removal
			Response-​Box Artifacts
			Artifacts Related to EEG Electrodes and MEG Sensors
			EEG Artifacts Caused by fMRI Scanning and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation
			How to Ensure the Signals Come From the Brain
		References
	10. Analyzing the Data
		Introduction
		Data Inspection and Preprocessing
		Analysis of Averaged Data
			Evoked Versus Induced Activity
			Signal-​to-​Noise Considerations
			Segmentation
			Amplitude and Latency Measures
			Topographic Maps
		Analysis of Unaveraged Data
			Brain Microstates
			MEG/​EEG Signal Level and Power
			Event-​Related Desynchronization/​Synchronization and Temporal Spectral Evolution
			Time–​Frequency Analyses
			Phase Resetting and Models of Evoked Activity
			Cross-​Frequency Coupling
		Measures of Association and Connectivity
			Functional Connectivity
				Correlation and Coherence
			Phase-​Locking Factor, Phase-​Locking Value, and Phase-​Lag Index
				Mutual Information
				Transfer Entropy
				Cross-​Correlation
				Granger Causality
				Functional Connectivity: Quo Vadis?
			Effective Connectivity
				Dynamic Causal Modeling
				Graph-​Theoretical Analysis
			On the Practicalities of Connectivity Analyses
		Source Modeling
			Forward and Inverse Problems in MEG and EEG
			Head Models
			Single-​Dipole Model
			Goodness of Fit and Confidence Limits of the Model
			Spatial Resolution
			Source Extent
			Effect of Synchrony
			Multidipole Models, Distributed Models, and Beamformers
			Hypothesis Testing With Predetermined Source Locations
		Statistical Considerations
			Group Effects
			Whole-​Head Analysis of Evoked Responses
			MEG Signal Detectability and Statistical Power in Group Studies
				Effect of Source Current Orientation and Location
				Sensor Sensitivity, Number of Trials, Group Size, Effect Size, and Statistical Power
		Common Pitfalls in Data Analysis and Interpretation
		References
SECTION 3
	11. Brain Rhythms
		Introduction
		Alpha Rhythm of the Posterior Cortex
		Mu Rhythm of the Sensorimotor Cortex
		Tau Rhythm of the Auditory Cortex
		Beta Rhythms
		Theta Rhythms
		Gamma Rhythms
		Delta-​Band Activity and Ultra-​Slow Oscillations
		Coupling Between Different Brain Rhythms
		Changes in Brain Rhythms During Sleep
		Effects of Anesthetics and Other Drugs on EEG/​MEG
		References
	12. Evoked and Event-​Related Responses
		Introduction
		An Initial Example
		Nomenclature of Evoked Responses and Brain Rhythms
		Effects of Interstimulus Interval and Stimulus Timing
		Effects of Other Stimulus Parameters
		References
	13. Auditory Responses
		Aspects of Auditory Stimulation
			Hearing Threshold
			Stimulus Type, Duration, Envelope, and Other Characteristics
		Auditory Brainstem Responses
		Middle-​Latency Auditory-​Evoked Responses
		Long-​Latency Auditory-​Evoked Responses
		Auditory Steady-​State Responses
		Frequency Tagging
		References
	14. Visual Responses
		Introduction
		Visual Stimuli
			Visual Acuity
			Distance and Visual Angle of the Stimulus
			Foveal, Parafoveal, and Extrafoveal Stimulation
			Luminance and Contrast
			Spatial Frequency
			Electroretinogram and Magnetoretinogram
			Visual Evoked Potentials and Fields
			Multifocal Visual Evoked Responses
			Assessing the Ventral Visual Stream
			Assessing the Dorsal Visual Stream
		Visual Steady-​State Responses
		Decoding of Visual Categories
		References
	15. Somatosensory Responses
		Compound Action Potentials and Fields of Peripheral Nerves
		Responses from the SI Cortex
		Responses from the Posterior Parietal Cortex
		Responses from the SII Cortex
		Somatosensory Steady-​State Responses
		High-​Frequency Oscillations in the SI Cortex
		Pain and Nociceptive Responses
		References
	16. Other Sensory Responses, Multisensory Interaction, and Interoception
		Olfactory and Gustatory Responses
			Olfactory Responses
			Gustatory Responses
		Multisensory Interaction
			Overview
			Audiotactile Interaction
				An MEG Case Study
			Multisensory Integration During Human Communication
			Other Types of Multisensory Evoked Responses
			Models of Multisensory Interaction
		Interoception
			Overview
			Visceral Responses
				Evoked Responses to Distension of Esophagus, Urethra,  and Rectum
				Spontaneous Contractions of the Stomach and Upper Gut
				Contractions of the Uterus
				The Brain–​Heart Axis: Evoked Activity to One’s Own Heartbeat
				Evoked Activity to One’s Own Respiration
		References
	17. Motor Function
		Movement-​Related Readiness Potentials and Fields
		Coherence Between Brain Activity and Movements/​Muscles
			Overview
			Cortex–​Muscle Coherence
			Corticokinematic Coherence
			Corticovocal Coherence
		More Complex Motor Actions
		References
	18. Brain Signals Related to Change Detection
		Introduction
		Contingent Negative Variation
		Mismatch Negativity and Mismatch Field
		P300 Responses
		N400 Responses
		Error-​Related Negativity
		References
	19. The Social Brain
		Theoretical Framework
		Responses to Emotions Depicted by Faces and Bodies
		Action Viewing and Mirroring
		Hyperscanning
		Verbal Communication
		References
	20. Brain Disorders
		Introduction
		Epilepsy
		Preoperative Mapping
			Functional Identification of the Central Sulcus
			Anatomical Identification of the Central Sulcus
			Hemispheric Dominance for Speech and Language
		Stroke
		Critically Ill Patients
			Coma
			Brain Death
		Why Have the Clinical Applications for MEG Developed So Slowly?
		References
	21. MEG/​EEG Combined with Other Brain Imaging Methods
		Combining MEG and EEG
		Combining MEG/​EEG with MRI/​fMRI
		EEG During Noninvasive Brain Stimulation
		Hybrid MEG–​MRI
		Multiple Methods and the “New Normal”
		References
	22. Stepping Back and Looking Forward: Toward Understanding the  Human Brain
		Further Developments of Instrumentation
		Working with “Big Data”
			Mining Knowledge From Large Data Sets
			Biomarkers
		New Targets in MEG/​EEG Research
			Deep Sources
			Inhibition
			More Focus on Developmental and Life-​Span Studies
			High-​Resolution Assessment of Behavior
		Toward Understanding the Human Brain
			From Micro-​ to Macrolevel and Back
			Living Matter Is Special
			The Brain as a Nonlinear Timing System
		Toward Convergence Research
		Looking Forward
		References
Index