Medicine and surgery of camelids

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
About the Companion Website
Chapter 1 General Biology and Evolution
	Taxonomy
	General Biology and Genetics
	South American Camelids
	Camels
	Evolution
		Camelid
		Camel
		South American Camelids
	Domestication
		Camels
		South American Camelids – Llamas and Alpacas
	Uses of Camelids
	References
Chapter 2 South American Camelid Behavior and the CAMELIDynamics Approach to Handling
	Containment Vs. Restraint
		Tips to Low Stress Handling of Llamas and Alpacas
		Options for Containment
	The Midline Catch, bracelet and Handler Helper
	The Neck Wrap – A Thunder Shirt for Camelids
	Trimming Toenails
	Handling for Veterinary Procedures
	No-Restraint Injections
	Techniques for No Restraint Injections
		Working Alone
		Working with an Assistant
	Injections for Babies and Weanlings
	Drawing Blood
	Rectal Palpation and Transrectal Ultrasound
	Transabdominal Ultrasound Exams
	Physical Exams
	Procedures Involving the Head
	Oral Medication
	Eye Medication
	Trimming Fighting Teeth and Incisors
	Microchipping
	Earring
	Sedation
	Halter Fit
	Understanding Male Behavior in Camelids
	Pen Size and Shape
	Berserk Male Syndrome or Novice Handler Syndrome?
	The Novice Handler Syndrome
	Further Readings
	References
Chapter 3 Feeding and Nutrition
	Anatomy and Nutritional Adaptations
		Physiologic Adaptations
		Metabolic Adaptations
	Camelid Digestive Process
		Prehension
		Mastication
		Saliva
		Forestomach Development
		Forestomach Fermentation
		Forestomach Microbiology
		Intestinal Function
	Nutrient Requirements of Camelids
		Water
		Energy
		Protein
		Macrominerals
		Microminerals
		Vitamins
	Feeding Behavior and Intake Capacity
		Feeding Niches
		Dry Matter Intake
	Forages and Feed Supplements
		Grasses
		Legumes
		Forbs, Browse and Grass-like Plants
		Commercial Feed Supplements
		Mineral Supplements
	Feeding Management
		Extensive Management
		Intensive Management
	Dietary Evaluation
		Forage Assessment
		Feed Label Interpretation
	Nutrition Related Diseases
		Protein-Energy Malnutrition
		Obesity – Hepatic Lipidosis
		Forestomach Acidosis
		Hypophosphatemic Rickets
		Selenium (Se) Deficiency/Toxicity
		Copper Deficiency/Toxicity
		Zinc-Responsive Dermatitis
		Plant Poisonings
	References
Chapter 4 Physical Exam and Diagnostics
	Physical Exam
		Conformation
		Body Condition and Size
		Body Temperature
		Cardiac Assessment
		Thoracic Cavity Assessment
		Abdominal Auscultation
		Eye
		Ear
		Mouth
	Diagnostic Procedures
		Jugular Venipuncture
		Cranial (High-Neck) Jugular Venipuncture
		Mid Cervical Jugular Venipuncture
		Low Cervical Jugular Venipuncture
		Intravenous Jugular Catheterization
		Jugular Venipuncture in Neonatal Crias
		Jugular Venipuncture in Camels
		Venipuncture in Other Locations
		Hemogram and Blood Chemistry
		Abdominocentesis
		Orogastric Intubation
		Nasogastric Intubation
		Collection of a Urine Sample
		Miscellaneous Procedures
	Notes
	References
Chapter 5 Radiology
	Introduction
	Making Radiographs
	Degenerative Joint Disease
	Septic Arthritis
	Sequestra
	Shoulder
	Making Skull Radiographs
	Tooth-Root Abscesses
	Bulla Disease
		Angular Limb Deformities
		Patellar Luxation
	Rickets
	Normal Images
	Notes
	References
Chapter 6 Anesthesia and Pain Management
	Pre-operative Assessment
		Pre-Anesthetic Evaluation and Peri-Anesthetic Period
	Sedation
		Alpha-2 Receptor Agonists
		Acepromazine
		Benzodiazepines
	Field Anesthetic Techniques
		Sedation, Tranquilization and Chemical Immobilization
		Muscle Relaxants
		Injectable Anesthesia
	Inhalant Anesthetic Techniques
		Anesthetic Induction and Intubation
		Camel Endotracheal Intubation
		Maintenance of Anesthesia Using Inhalant Anesthetics
	Monitoring and Supportive Therapy during Anesthesia
	Recovery
	Anesthetic Complications
	Analgesia
		Opioids
	Local Anesthesia
		Intratesticular and Incisional Line Blocks for Castration
		Epidural Anesthesia
	References
Chapter 7 Parasitology
	External Parasites
		Lice
		Fleas
		Mosquitoes
	Myiasis
		Common Flies
		Black Flies (Buffalo Gnats)
		Tabanids (Horse Flies, Deer Flies)
		Blow Flies
		Bot Flies
		Ticks
		Mites
	Internal Parasites
		Trypanosomiasis (Surra)
		Toxoplasmosis
		Coccidiosis
		Cryptosporidiosis
		Sarcocystosis
		Giardiasis
		Trematodes
		Cestodes
		Nematodes
		Etiology and Life Cycle
		Epidemiology
		Clinical Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Control Programs
		Alternative Control Measures
	Nematodes of Other Body Systems
		Lungworms
		Brainworm or Meningeal Worm
		Eye Worm
	References
Chapter 8 Multisystem Disorders
	Neoplasia
	Stress
	Hyperthermia
		Thermoregulation
		Predisposing Factors
		Clinical Findings
		Necropsy Findings
		Therapy
		Prevention
	Hypothermia
	Fluid Therapy in Llamas and Alpacas
	Failure of Predicted Growth and Weight Loss
	References
Chapter 9 Integumentary System
	Normal Camelid Skin
	Hair (Fiber, Wool)
		Hair Quality
		Hair Loss 
	Skin Glands
		Adnexal Glands
		Metatarsal Glands
		Interdigital Glands 
		Poll Glands of Camels
	Diagnosis of Dermatologic Conditions
	Diseases of the Integument 
		Definition of Terms
		Parasitic Diseases of the Skin
		Viral diseases of the skin
		Contagious Ecthyma
		Foot-and-Mouth Disease
		Papillomatosis 
		Vesicular Stomatitis
		Bluetongue 
	Fungal Infections
		Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)
		Coccidioidomycosis
		Candidiasis
		Miscellaneous Fungal Infections
	Bacterial Infections
		Abscesses
		Etiology
		Epidemiology
		Clinical Signs
		Diagnosis
		Management
		Pseudotuberculosis (Caseous Lymphadenitis – CLA)
		Folliculitis and furunculosis (S. aureus dermatitis, botryomycosis, pyoderma, contagious skin necrosis)
		Dermatophilosis (streptothricosis, rain scald, rain rot)
	Nutritional Skin Diseases
		Zinc-Responsive Dermatosis (Idiopathic Hyperkeratotic Dermatosis)
	Miscellaneous Dermatoses
		Follicular/Sebaceous Gland Cysts
		Idiopathic Nasal/Perioral Hyperkeratotic Dermatosis (Munge)
		Idiopathic Neutrophilic/Necrolytic/Hyperkeratotic Dermatosis (Generalized Munge)
		Burns (Photosensitization, actinic dermatitis, solar dermatitis)
		Ichthyosis 
		Pemphigus Vulgaris
		Insect bite hypersensitivity (Idiopathic urticaria)
		Adverse Drug Reaction
	Neoplastic and non-neoplastic tumors
	The Foot
		The Normal Foot
	Foot Diseases of Camelids
		Diseases of the toenail
		Pododermatitis, Interdigital Dermatitis and Traumatic Injury
	Mammary Gland
		Mammary Gland Anatomy
		Milk Production
		Milk Composition
		Teats
		Mastitis 
		Udder edema
	The Ear
		Normal Anatomy
		Diagnostic Procedures
		Diseases
		Wound Healing in Camelids
		Phases of Wound Healing
		Wound Evaluation
		Wound Management
		Wound Dressings
	Notes
	References
Chapter 10 Musculoskeletal System
	Pelvic Limb
	Gaits
	Specific Conditions
		Long Bone Fracture
		Principles of Fracture Repair
		Specific Limb Fractures
		Vertebral Fractures
		Fractures in Camels
	Disorders of Joints
		Fetlock Hyperextension
		Scapulohumeral Luxation
		Disorders of the Stifle
		Tibiotarsal Luxation
	Bone Sequestra
		Clinical Signs
		Diagnosis
		Surgery
	References
Chapter 11 Respiratory System
	Overview of the Camelid Respiratory System
		Nostrils and Nasal Cavity
	Nasolacrimal Duct
		Sinuses
		Lungs, Trachea and Bronchi
	Physiology
	SAC Adaptations to Altitude
	Diagnostic Procedures
	Infectious Diseases
		Bacterial Pneumonia
		Etiology
		Hypertrophic Osteopathy
	Parasitic Diseases
	Congenital Disorders
	Miscellaneous Diseases [75–77]
		Trauma
	References
Chapter 12 Digestive System and Abdomen
	Anatomy and Physiology
		Peritoneum, Omentum, and Mesentery
		Lips and Oropharynx
		Esophagus
		Teeth
		Salivary Glands
	Gastrointestinal Tract
		Stomach
		Intestine
		Liver
	Clinical Signs Associated with Digestive Disorders
		Anorexia
		Dysphagia
		Regurgitation and Emesis
		Abdominal Distention
		Diarrhea
		Constipation
		Ileus
		C1 Atony
		Colic
	Diseases of the Digestive System
		Lip and Tongue Disorders
		Stomatitis
		Oral Infections
		Dental and Boney Disease
		Salivary Gland Disorders
	Diseases of the Pharynx and Esophagus
		Pharyngitis and Esophagitis
		Esophageal Obstruction (Choke)
		Megaesophagus (Esophageal Dilatation, Esophageal Paralysis and Esophageal Achalasia, Cardiospasm)
		Gastric Disorders
		Intestinal Disorders
		Diseases of the Abdominal Cavity
		Diseases of the Liver
	Abdominal and Gastrointestinal Surgery
		Surgical Anatomy
		Patient Positioning
		Presurgical Fasting
		Anesthesia
		Approaches to the Abdomen
		Herniorrhaphy
		C1 Gastrotomy
		Gastrostomy (Permanent C1 Fistulation)
		Surgery of the Spiral Colon
		Rectal Prolapse
		Rectal Laceration
		Atresia Ani and Atresia Coli
	Notes
	References
Chapter 13 Endocrine System
	Endocrine Organs
		Pituitary Gland
		Thyroid Gland
		Parathyroid Glands
		Adrenal Glands
		Pancreas
		Gonads
	Endocrine Disorders
		Physiology of Energy Metabolism in South American Camelids
		Ketosis, Hyperlipidemia, and Hepatic Lipidosis
		Diabetes Mellitus
		Hyperosmolar Syndrome
	References
Chapter 14 Hematology, Clinical Biochemistry, and Fluid Analysis
	CBC
	Erythrocytes
	Leukocytes
	Platelets and Coagulation
	Hematopoietic Neoplasia
	Bone Marrow
	Flow Cytometry and Immunohistochemistry
	Immunodeficiency Disorder in Juvenile Llamas
	Biochemistry
	Peritoneal and Pleural Fluid Analysis
	Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis
	References
Chapter 15 Cardiovascular System
	Anatomy and Physiology
	Special Diagnostic Procedures
		Physical Exam
		Other Testing
	Diseases
		Congenital Heart Diseases
		Acquired Heart Diseases
	References
Chapter 16 Reproduction and the Reproductive System
	Reproductive Strategies
		Vicuñas
		Guanacos
		Wild Bactrian Camels
	Normal Reproduction
		Male Llamas and Alpacas
	Physiology
	Pregnancy
		Fetal Membranes and Fluid
		Pregnancy Determination
	Parturition
	Involution of the Uterus [79]
	Camel Reproduction
		Female Camel Reproduction [41, 80]
		Camel Pregnancy
	Postpartum Complications
		Vaginal Prolapse
		Prolapse of the Uterus
		Rupture of the Uterus
		Uterine Infection
		Agalactia
		Rejection of the Cria
	Obstetric Procedures [85]
		Manipulation of Dystocias
		Uterine Torsion Correction
		Cesarean Section
	Pregnancy Termination
	Infertility [91]
		Female Llamas and Alpacas
	Treatment of Infertility and Metritis
	Infertility Conditions of Female Camels
		Male Llamas and Alpacas
	Assisted Reproductive Techniques [17, 25, 117, 118]
		Embryo Transfer
	Selection of Breeding Camelids
	Reproductive Surgery
		Cesarean Section
		Ovariohysterectomy
		Persistent or Imperforate Hymen
		Castration [134]
		Vasectomy
	Notes
	References
Chapter 17 Urinary System
	Anatomy
		Kidney
		Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra
	Characteristics of Camelid Urine
	Diagnostic Procedures
		Ultrasonography
		Cystoscopy
	Urination Behavior
	Diseases
		Stranguria and Dysuria
		Nephrosis
		Oak Toxicity
		Gentamicin Toxicity
		Vitamin D Toxicity
		Chronic Renal Failure
		Nephritis
		Cystitis and Urethritis
		Posthitis
		Concretions of the Urinary Tract
		Neoplasia
		Congenital Defects
	References
Chapter 18 Ophthalmology
	Anatomy of the Eye
	Ophthalmic Diagnostic Procedures
	Diseases of the Eye
	References
Chapter 19 Nervous System
	Diagnosis
	Common Neurologic Diseases
		Polioencephalomalacia
		Meningeal Worm
		Encephalitic Listeriosis and Otitis Media/Interna
		Tick Paralysis
	Less Common Neurologic Diseases
		Viral Encephalitides
		Tetanus
		Botulism
		Dysautonomia
		Other Reported Neurologic Diseases
	Non-specific Therapy Plan for Neurologic Disease
	References
Chapter 20 Neonatology
	Prepartum Care
	Characteristics of the Camelid Neonate
	Immediate Care of the Newborn 
		Meconium
		Care of the Umbilical Cord
	Care Given to the Dam
	Prematurity
		Signs of Prematurity
	Immunoglobulins
		Production of Immunoglobulins
		Colostrum Composition and Absorption
	Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT) of Immunoglobulins 
		Detection of FPT
		Management of FPT
	Caring for the Orphaned Camelid
		Milk Replacement
	Weaning 
	Neonatal Diseases and Conditions
		Umbilical Infection and Associated Complications
		Osseous Sequestration 
		Neonatal Septicemia
		Hyperosmolar Syndrome
		Diarrhea
		Nasolacrimal (NL) Duct Occlusion/Atresia 
		Neonatal Maladjustment (Dummy Syndrome)
		Limb Deformities and Rickets
	Congenital Defects (Partial List) 
	Immunoprophylaxis
	Routine Husbandry Practices
	References
Chapter 21 Congenital/Hereditary Conditions
	Terminology
		Management of Congenital/Heritable Conditions
	Teratogenesis
		Etiology
	Hereditary Traits
		Chromosomal Aberration
	Congenital Conditions 
		Skeletal Defects
		Arthrogryposis
		Overextension of the Carpus
		Shortening of Long Bones
		Luxation of the Patella
		Hemivertebrae
		Polydactyly/Syndactyly
		Scoliosis [45, 52, 53]
		Luxation of the Tibiotarsal Bone
		Face and Head Defects
		Reproductive System Defects
		Male Defects
		Digestive Tract Defects
		Cardiovascular Defects [12, 73]
		Miscellaneous Defects [15, 20, 76–78]
		Nonanatomic Defects
	New Congenital Defects of SACs
	Camelid Hybrids
	Notes
	References
Chapter 22 Toxicology
	Adaptation to Toxicants
	Diagnosis of Poisoning
	Prevention of Poisoning
	Treatment of Poisoning
	Antidotes
		Specific Antidotes
	Specific Toxins
		Pesticides
		Drug Toxicities and Adverse Drug Reactions
		Heavy Metals
		Toxic Plants [2, 82]
		Mycotoxins
		Miscellaneous Plant Poisonings
		Snake Envenomation
		Miscellaneous Bites and Stings [4]
		Blister Beetle Toxicity
	Notes
	References
Chapter 23 Old World Camelids
	Behavior and Handling
		Body Posture
		Vocalization
		Offensive and Defensive Behaviors
		Restraint
	Sedation
		a-2 Agonists
	Routine Veterinary Care
		Physical Examination & Normal Parameters
		Vaccination
		Blood Collection
		Fecal Examination and Deworming
	Reproduction
		Normal Reproductive Behavior and Physiology
		Assisted Reproductive Technology
		Hybridization
		Pregnancy Diagnosis
		Pregnancy and Parturition
		Neonatal Care
	Diseases of Camels
		Metabolic Bone Disease
		Viral Diseases
		Bacterial Diseases
		Streptococus Equi Subspecies Zooepidemicus
		Parasitism
	Surgery of Camels
		Gastrointestinal Surgery
		Cesarean Section
		Castration
		Dulaa Surgery
	References
Index
EULA