Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives: Current Knowledge and New Perspectives

Front Cover
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
I. Medicinal plants as anti-infectives: an appraisal of current knowledge worldwide
	1 A review of medicinal plants used as antimicrobials in Colombia
		Introduction
		Materials and methods
		Plants traditionally used in Colombia as antimicrobials
			Jacaranda caucana Pittier (Bignoniaceae)
			Solanum nudum Dunal (Solanaceae)
			Hymenaea courbaril L. (Leguminosae)
			Xanthium strumarium L. (Asteraceae)
			Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Malvaceae)
			Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (Poaceae)
			Austroeupatorium inulaefolium (Kunth) R.M.King & H.Rob. (Asteraceae)
		Biological evaluation as antimicrobials of plant extracts in Colombia
			Antibacterial activity
				Otholobium mexicanum (L.f.) J.W. Grimes. (Fabaceae)
				Cucurbita moschata Duchesne (Cucurbitaceae)
				Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (Poaceae)
				Conobea scoparioides (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth (Scrophulariaceae)
				Rosmarinus officinalis Govaerts. (Lamiaceae)
				Antiparasitic activity
				Miconia theaezans (Bonpl.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae)
				Annona purpurea Dunal (Annonaceae)
				Guatteria amplifolia Triana & Planch. (Annonaceae)
				Annona muricata Linn. (Annonaceae)
				Austroeupatorium inulifolium (Kunth) R.M. King & H. Rob. (Compositae)
				Campnosperma panamense Standl. (Anacardiaceae)
				Huberodendron patinoi Cuatrec. (Bombacaceae)
				Monochaetum myrtoideum (Bonpl.) (Melastomataceae) and Acnistus arborescens Linn. Schltdl. (Solanaceae)
				Swinglea glutinosa Merr (Rutaceae)
			Antiviral activity
				Annona sp. (Annonaceae)
				Byrsonima verbascifolia L. DC (Malpighiaceae)
				Vismia macrophylla Kunth. (Clusiaceae)
		Antibacterial evaluation of 25 native plants of the Colombian Caribbean region against strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsie...
			Mammea americana L. (Calophyllaceae)
			Maclura tinctoria L. D.Don ex Steud. (Moraceae)
		Conclusions
		References
	2 Plants used in Lebanon and the Middle East as Antimicrobials
		Introduction: overview on medicinal plants and their traditional uses as antimicrobials in Lebanon
		Lebanese plants with antimicrobial activity
			Amaryllidaceae
				Allium cepa/Allium sativum
			Anacardiaceae
				Pistacia species
			Apiaceae
				Prangos asperula
			Asteraceae/Compositae
				Matricaria species
			Berberidaceae
				Berberis libanotica
			Cannabaceae
				Humulus lupulus
			Cistaceae
				Cistus species
			Conifers
			Lamiaceae
				Phlomis species
				Cyclotrichium species
				Salvia species
				Rosmarinus officinalis
				Thymol/carvacrol rich species
				Za’atar plants: Satureja thymbra; Origanum syriacum
				Different Lamiaceae genera
				Thymbra spicata
			Myrtaceae
				Eucalyptus species
			Portulacaceae
				Portulaca oleracea
			Ranunculaceae
				Clematis vitalba
				Nigella sativa
			Rutaceae
				Ruta species
			Rosaceae
				Rosa damascena
		Conclusion
		References
	3 Medicinal plants in the Balkans with antimicrobial properties
		Introduction
		Medicinal plants with antimicrobial properties
			Amaryllidaceae
				Allium sativum L.
			Apiaceae
				Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss
			Asteraceae
				Achillea millefolium L.
				Artemisia absinthium L.
				Calendula officinalis L.
				Matricaria chamomilla L.
			Betulaceae
				Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.
			Lamiaceae
				Lavandula angustifolia Mill.
				Mentha longifolia (L.) L.
				Mentha x piperita L.
				Ocimum basilicum L.
				Origanum vulgare L.
			Malvaceae
				Althaea officinalis L.
				Malva sylvestris L.
			Pinaceae
				Larix decidua Mill.
				Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.
			Rosaceae
				Agrimonia eupatoria L.
				Prunus spinosa L.
				Rosa canina L.
				Rubus fruticosus L.
			Urticaceae
				Urtica dioica L.
		Conclusions
		References
	4 Medicinal plants used in South Africa as antibacterial agents for wound healing
		Introduction
		Pathophysiology of wound healing
		Wound infection
		Currently available treatments and products
			Topical creams
			Transdermal drug delivery systems
		Bacteria associated with infections of dermal wounds
			Bacillus subtilis
			Staphylococcus aureus
			Staphylococcus epidermidis
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa
		South African medicinal plant species with activity against wound-associated bacteria
			Aloe barberae Dyer
				Traditional usage
			Aloe excelsa Berger
				Traditional usage
			Aloe ferox Miller
				Traditional usage
			Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) Skeel
				Traditional usage
			Erythrina lysistemon Hutch
				Traditional usage
			Galenia africana L
				Traditional usage
			Grewia occidentalis L
				Traditional usage
			Melianthus comosus Vahl.
				Traditional usage
			Plectranthus fruticosus L’Hér
				Traditional usage
			Polystichum pungens (Kaulf.) C. Presl
				Traditional usage
			Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br.
				Traditional usage
			Urtica urens L.
				Traditional usage
		Compounds present in plants traditionally used for wound healing in South Africa
			Aloe species
			Elephantorrhiza elephantina
			Erythrina lysistemon
			Galenia africana
			Melianthus comosus
			Plectranthus fruticosus
			Sutherlandia frutescens
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		Index
		Glossary
		References
	5 The use of South African medicinal plants in the pursuit to treat gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted diseases
		Introduction
		Background on gonorrhea
			The causal agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
				Pathogenesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and evasion of host immune system
				Evasion of host immune system via nutrition immunity
				Coinfections of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
		Status of available treatments for gonorrhea
		Selected South African plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and their bio...
			Aloe ferox
			Cassia abbreviata
			Combretum molle
			Elaeodendron transvaalense
			Hypoxis hemerocallidea
			Peltophorum africanum
			Tabernaemontana elegans
			Terminalia sericea
		Conclusion
		References
	6 Antibacterial activity of some selected medicinal plants of Pakistan
		Introduction
		Antibacterial properties of different medicinal plants from Pakistan
		Conclusion
		References
	7 Medicinal plants used as antidiarrheal agents in the lower Mekong basin
		Introduction
		Traditional medicine for diarrheal diseases in the Mekong Basin
			The role of traditional medicine in the management of diarrhea
			The cultural belief system of people living in the Mekong area
			Pharmacological validation of plants used for diarrhea
		Models assessing the effect of plants on the signs and symptoms of diarrhea
			Antidiarrheal effect
			Spasmolytic activity
		Models assessing the antimotility and antisecretory activities
			Antimotility activity
			Antisecretory activity
		Models assessing the antiinfective properties
			Antibacterial activity
			Antiviral and antiparasitic activity
			Other models
		Medicinal plants used for diarrhea in the lower Mekong basin
			Literature search methodology
			Overview of the dataset
		Discussion of some selected plant species
			Psidium guajava
			Chromolaena odorata
			Alstonia scholaris
			Allium sativum
			Centella asiatica
			Punica granatum
			Caesalpinia sappan
			Mangifera indica
			Holarrhena pubescens
			Oroxylum indicum
		Conclusion
		References
	8 Medicinal plants from West Africa used as antimalarial agents: an overview
		Introduction
		Traditional use of medicinal plants in West Africa
		Plant extracts and plant compounds validated by in vitro and/or in vivo approach
			In vitro antimalarial evaluation of plant extracts
			In vivo antimalarial evaluation of plant extracts
			In vitro and in vivo evaluation of antimalarial compounds
			Clinical trials in humans for the evaluation of antimalarial plants and compounds
		The case of Artemisia in West Africa
		Conclusion
		References
II. Medicinal plants as anti-infectives: recent innovations and regulations
	9 Mycobacterial quorum quenching and biofilm inhibition potential of medicinal plants
		Introduction
		Significance of quorum quenching research
		Current state of quorum quenching research
		Quorum sensing versus quorum quenching
		Biofilms
			Background on biofilms
		Biofilms and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
		Virulence factors
			Background on virulence factors
		Virulence factors and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
		Medicinal plants as quorum quenching agents
		Medicinal plants and mycobacterial quorum quenching
		Phytochemicals used in bacterial quorum quenching
		Conclusion
		References
	10 Untargeted metabolomics for the study of antiinfective plants
		Introduction
		Plants as sources of antiinfective agents
		Bioassay-guided fractionation
		Metabolomics
		Methods of detection
		Data analysis
		Biochemometrics
		Metabolomics-driven antiinfective discovery from plants
		Challenges and future directions
		Metabolome coverage
		Annotation/identification
		Synergy
		Conclusions
		References
	11 Value chains and DNA barcoding for the identification of antiinfective medicinal plants
		Introduction
			Taxonomy and DNA barcoding
			Infectious diseases and antiinfective plants
			Herbal products, commercialization, and quality issues of antiinfective plants
			Advancements in quality control methods
		Materials and methods
		Results and discussion
			Embelia ribes—anthelmintic plant
			Swertia chirayita—antiviral plant
			Picrorhiza kurroa—antiviral plant
			Paris polyphylla—anthelmintic plant
			Saussurea costus—anthelminthic/antiparasitic plant
			Syzygium aromaticum—antimicrobial plant
			Andrographis paniculata—antimicrobial plant
		Future perspectives
		References
	12 Fungal endophytes: a source of antibacterial and antiparasitic compounds
		Introduction
			Current situation of microbial infections
			Microbial natural products as sources of new drugs
			Endophytic fungi
		Antimicrobial compounds from endophytic fungi
			Antibacterial compounds
				Alkaloids
					Pyrazin-2-one
					Piperine
					Pyrrocidines
					Bisindoles
				Peptides
					Dipeptides
					Polypeptides
				Polyketides
					Chromones
					Quinones
					Xanthones
					Benzofurans
					Octaketides
					Benzophenones
				Terpenoids
			Antivirulence compounds
			Antiparasitic compounds
				Antileishmanial compounds
					Polyketides
					Polyketide-alkaloids
					Terpenoids
				Antiplasmodial
					Alkaloids
					Polyketides
					Polyketide-alkaloid
					Polypeptides
					Terpenoids
				Antitrypanosomal/antiplasmodial/antileishmanial compounds
					Polyketides
					Polypeptides
		Discussion and conclusion
		References
	13 Antiviral potential of medicinal plants: a case study with guava tree against dengue virus using a metabolomic approach
		Introduction
			Dengue disease
			Conventional treatment
			Medicinal plants
		Case study: metabolomics reveal antidengue compounds isolated from Psidium guajava
			Introduction
				Psidium guajava: a potential antidengue medicinal plant
				A metabolomic approach in antiviral compound identification
			Objectives
			Results
				UHPLC-HRMS-based metabolomics approach
				Antidengue activity
				Identification of putative antidengue compounds
				Antidengue assay of pure authentic standards
			Discussion
			Materials and methods
				Plant collection
				Leaf extraction
				Cells and virus
				Extracts preparation
				Cell viability assay
				Virus infection
				UHPLC-HRMS profiling
				Data processing
				Statistical analysis
				Identification of significant features
		References
	14 How history can help present research of new antimicrobial strategies: the case of cutaneous infections’ remedies contai...
		Introduction
		Brief history of Arabic medicine
			Principles of Arab medicine: theoretical aspects
			Arab sources of pharmacology: the aqrābādhīn, a constituted literature
		Cutaneous infections and medications
			The specificity of skin and eye diseases in the pharmacopeias and the nature of the diseases treated
			Plants and metals useful for skin diseases
			Toxicity of metals
			Renewed interest in metal–organic molecule combinations
			Elementary metal particle
			Organometallic molecule
			Metal nanoparticles
			Characterization of plant–metal combinations
		Conclusion
		References
	15 Improved traditional medicine for infectious disorders in Mali
		Introduction
		General information on improved traditional medicines
			Definition
			Regulatory framework
		Categories of improved traditional medicines
		Marketing authorization files for ITMs in Mali
		Historical development of ITMs in Mali
		ITMs in the management of infectious diseases
			ITMs for the management of malaria
				Malarial 5
					Presentation of ITM Malarial 5
					Plant data
				Sumafura Tiemoko Bengaly
					Presentation of ITM Sumafura Tiemoko Bengaly
					Plant data
				Wolotisane
					Presentation of ITM Wolotisane
					Plant data
			ITM for the management of dysentery
				Dysenteral
					Presentation of ITM Dysenteral
					Plant data
			ITM for the management of viral hepatitis
				Samanere
					Presentation of ITM Samanere
					Plant data
			ITM for the management of gastric ulcer associated with Helicobacter pylori
				Calmogastryl
					Presentation of ITM Calmogastryl
					Plant data
			ITM for the management of dermatosis
				Mitradermine
					Presentation of ITM Mitradermine
					Plant data
		Conclusion and perspectives
		Index of ITMs
		References
	16 Selecting the most promising local treatments: retrospective treatment-outcome surveys and reverse pharmacology
		Introduction
		Clinical efficacy
		Reverse pharmacology approach
			Step 1: Retrospective treatment outcome study
			Steps 2 and 3: clinical evaluations
			Step 4: Laboratory stage
		New and promising approaches for the laboratory stage in a reverse pharmacology approach
			Changes of paradigms
			Pharmacokinetics
			Models to study absorption and biotransformation of natural products and herbal preparations
			Deciphering the mode of action of herbal preparations: successes and limitations
			Examples of application of metabolomic studies in human
			Case study: perspectives on the Phaleria nisidai decoction study
		Conclusion and perspectives
		References
	17 Nagoya Protocol and access to genetic resources
		Introduction
		History and evolution of concepts
			Development of environmental awareness
			Concept of biodiversity
			The Convention on Biodiversity
			Problems left unsolved by the CBD
			The Nagoya Protocol
			The national biodiversity legislations
			Practical advice
		Discussion
			Non stabilized and heterogeneous regulations
			Ambiguities
			Some paradoxical effects
			Legal certainty
		New trends and evolutions
			The curious case of pathogens
			Digital sequence information
			Biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction
		Conclusion
		References
Index
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