Medicinal Plants and Antimicrobial Therapies

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: One Health Perspectives for Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Antimicrobial Resistance: A Global Concern
	1.3 Antimicrobial Usage and Its Impact on One Health
		1.3.1 Humans
		1.3.2 Animals
		1.3.3 Environment
	1.4 Antimicrobial-Resistance Drivers in One Health
	1.5 One Health Strategies for Combating Antimicrobial Resistance
		1.5.1 Global Awareness Campaign
		1.5.2 Improvement of Hygiene Measures and Preventing Infection Measures to Reduce Infection
		1.5.3 Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Research
		1.5.4 Promotion of Use of Vaccines and Alternatives, and Training of Skilled Professionals
	1.6 Research Gap in Antimicrobial Resistance and One Health
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Plant Essential Oils as Potent Antimicrobials
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Antimicrobial Potential of Plants of Three Major Essential Oil-Yielding Family
		2.2.1 Lamiaceae
		2.2.2 Asteraceae
		2.2.3 Myrtaceae
	2.3 Major Determinants of Antimicrobial Resistance Targeted by the Essential Oils
		2.3.1 Efflux Pumps
		2.3.2 Bacterial Biofilms
		2.3.3 Quorum Sensing
	2.4 Antibiotic Potentiation Effect of Essential Oils and Their Major Constituents
	2.5 Efficacy of Essential Oil-Loaded Nanomaterials Against Drug-Resistant Pathogens
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Phytochemicals as Modulators of Toll-Like Receptors: An Immunopharmacological Perspective
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Natural Derived Phytochemicals as Toll-like Receptor Modulators
		3.2.1 Glycosides
		3.2.2 Alkaloids
		3.2.3 Phenolics
		3.2.4 Flavonoids
		3.2.5 Non-Flavonoid Polyphenol
			3.2.5.1 Tannins
	3.3 Polysaccharide
		3.3.1 Fucoidan
		3.3.2 Lectin
		3.3.3 Saponin
		3.3.4 Sterols and Sterolins
		3.3.5 Terpenoids
	3.4 Advantages and Challenges
	3.5 Future Directions
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Rejuvenating the Potential of Antimicrobials Via Targeted Therapy of Efflux Pumps: The Advent of Phytotherapeutics
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Efflux Pumps: Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms
	4.3 Small Multidrug Resistant (SMR) Superfamily
		4.3.1 Structure
		4.3.2 Mechanism
	4.4 Proteobacterial Antimicrobial Compound Efflux (PACE) Superfamily
		4.4.1 Structure
		4.4.2 Mechanism
	4.5 Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS)
		4.5.1 Structure
		4.5.2 Mechanism
	4.6 Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (MATE) Superfamily
		4.6.1 Structure
		4.6.2 Mechanism
	4.7 Resistance Nodulation Division (RND) Family
		4.7.1 Structure
		4.7.2 Mechanism
	4.8 ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Superfamily
		4.8.1 Structure
		4.8.2 Mechanism
	4.9 Challenges of Targeting Efflux Pumps
	4.10 Emergence of Phytotherapeutics Against AMR: Its Potential as a Therapeutic Option
	4.11 Strategies to Overcome Intrinsic Resistance of Efflux Pumps Using Phytotherapeutics
	4.12 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Plant Endophytes: A Treasure House of Antimicrobial Compounds
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Endophyte-Mediated Pathways for Metabolite Production
	5.3 Role of Endophyte-Derived Antimicrobial Compounds in Plants
		5.3.1 Antimicrobial Products By Bacterial Endophytes
		5.3.2 Antimicrobial Products By Fungal Endophytes
	5.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Exploring Medicinal Plant Resources for Combating Viral Diseases, Including COVID-19
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Current Treatment Including Medicinal Plant Resources for Viral Diseases
		6.2.1 Medicinal Plants Acting Against Influenza-Parainfluenza Viruses
		6.2.2 Medicinal Plants Protecting from Respiratory Syncytial Virus
		6.2.3 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Protected By Medicinal Plants
		6.2.4 Medicinal Plants Alleviating the Cause of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
		6.2.5 Medicinal Plants Mitigating the Cause of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or Novel C...
	6.3 Various Compounds from the Medicinal Plants Acting Against Viral Diseases
		6.3.1 Polyphenol Against Viral Diseases
		6.3.2 Flavonoids Protecting from Viral Diseases
		6.3.3 Proanthocyanidins Protecting from Viral Diseases
		6.3.4 Monoterpenes and Triterpenes Acting Effectively Against Viral Diseases
		6.3.5 Glucosides and Sesquiterpenes Alleviating Causes of Viral Diseases
	6.4 Various Medicinal Plants Mitigating a Viral Disease, SARS-COV-2
	6.5 Different Mechanistic Actions of Medicinal Plants and Their Compounds on Viral Diseases, Including SARS-COV-2
		6.5.1 Medicinal Plants and Their Compounds Blocking ACE2 Receptor
		6.5.2 Medicinal Plants and Their Compounds Targeting TMPRSS2
		6.5.3 Medicinal Plants and Their Compounds Targeting Papain-Like Proteinase (PLpro)
		6.5.4 Medicinal Plants Targeting Chymotrypsin-Like Protease (3CLpro)
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Cultivation of Corn Silk: Remunerative Venture for Medicinal Boon and Antimicrobial Therapies
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Botanical Description
	7.3 Phytochemical Composition of Corn Silk Extraction
	7.4 Potential Health Care of Pharmacological Studies
		7.4.1 Corn Silk Extracts´ Antimicrobial Activity
		7.4.2 Antioxidant Activity
	7.5 Natural Redox Factor 2 (Nrf2) Expression
		7.5.1 Reduction of Hyperglycemia
		7.5.2 The Effect of Diuresis and Kaliuresis
		7.5.3 Extracts from Corn Silk Having Anti-Hyperlipidemic Properties
		7.5.4 Effects on Depression
		7.5.5 Effects of Maize Silk Extract as an Antidiabetic Agent
		7.5.6 Corn Silk Extract Inhibiting Tumor Growth Via an Antioxidant Mechanism
		7.5.7 The Prevention of Nephrotoxicity
		7.5.8 Neuroprotective Effects
		7.5.9 Inhibition of Inflammation
		7.5.10 Toxicity
	7.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Application of Metabolomics for the Discovery of Potent Antimicrobials from Plants
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Metabolomics: Principle and Techniques
	8.3 Metabolism and Antimicrobial Resistance
		8.3.1 Cell Energy Modifications
		8.3.2 Modification of the Cell Envelope
		8.3.3 Cell-Cell Interactions in Biofilm
	8.4 Screening and Selection of Antimicrobial Molecules from Plants and Determination of Mode of Action
	8.5 Bioinformatic Tools for Metabolomics
	8.6 Metabolomics in Preclinical Studies
	8.7 Metabolomics in Clinical Trials
	8.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Phytonanotechnologies for Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance
	9.1 Introduction to Phytonanotechnology
	9.2 Plant-Driven Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
		9.2.1 Mechanism of Plant-Mediated Preparation of Nanoparticles
		9.2.2 Different Types of Biogenic Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Activity
			9.2.2.1 Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and Their Antimicrobial Potential
			9.2.2.2 Antimicrobial Potential of Gold Nanoparticles (Au NPs)
			9.2.2.3 Antimicrobial Property of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs)
			9.2.2.4 Bactericidal Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs)
			9.2.2.5 Other Metal Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Properties
	9.3 Antimicrobial Mechanism of Action of Nanoparticles
	9.4 Various Green Synthetic Methods for the Preparation of Antimicrobial Phytonanoparticles
		9.4.1 Sonochemical/Ultrasonication Method
		9.4.2 Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation Process
		9.4.3 Hydrothermal Method
		9.4.4 Microwave-Assisted Synthetic Method
	9.5 Conclusion
	References