Medicinal Plants - Classification, Biosynthesis and Pharmacology

MEDICINAL PLANTS: CLASSIFICATION, BIOSYNTHESIS AND PHARMACOLOGY......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Abstract......Page 18
Introduction......Page 19
β-Carotene and Cardiovascular Disease......Page 21
β-Carotene as Anti-Inflammatory......Page 24
β-Carotene as Antioxidant......Page 25
β-Carotene and Skin Photodamage......Page 26
β-Carotene and Diabetes......Page 28
β-Carotene and Pregnancy......Page 31
β-Carotene and Cancer......Page 32
Cancer Prostate......Page 34
Colon Cancer......Page 35
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia......Page 37
Lung Cancer......Page 38
Mechanisms of β-Carotene in Cancer......Page 41
Clinical Studies on Cancer......Page 42
Discussion......Page 47
References......Page 51
Abstract......Page 66
Introduction......Page 67
Traditional Medicine in Peasant Populations of Argentina......Page 69
Ecology, Plant Resources and Highland Culture......Page 71
Methodological Aspects......Page 73
Originated by temperature imbalances......Page 76
Originated by food imbalances......Page 78
Originated by alterations in the properties of blood and body humours......Page 79
Other imbalances and ailments......Page 80
B. Imbalances generated by conflictive social relationships......Page 81
2. How Peasants Prevent and Cure Different Afflictions......Page 82
B. Symbolic and ritualistic aspects of peasant cures......Page 83
Characterization of Plant Pharmacopoeia......Page 85
Legislation and Control......Page 91
III. Extraction, Use, Comercialization and Conservation of Medicinal Plants......Page 93
Conclusion......Page 101
References......Page 102
1. Introduction......Page 114
2.2. Gastric Anatomy......Page 115
2.3. Pathology......Page 116
3.1.1. Mucus-bicarbonate-phospholipid barrier......Page 117
3.1.2. Mucosal microcirculation......Page 118
3.2.1. Prostaglandins (PGs)......Page 119
3.2.2. Nitric oxide (NO)......Page 120
3.2.3. Lipoxins......Page 121
3.2.4. Resolvins......Page 122
3.2.5. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)......Page 123
3.3. Neuronal Factors......Page 124
3.4.2. Annexin-1......Page 125
3.3.4. LTB4 and leukocyte adherence......Page 126
3.3.5. TNF-α......Page 127
4.1. Ethanol Induce Gastric Damage......Page 128
4.2. NSAIDs-Induced Gastric Damage......Page 129
5.1. Triterpenoid Classification......Page 131
5.2. Kind of Triterpenoids with Antiulcer Activity......Page 132
5.3. Gastroprotective Mechanisms Described for Triterpenoids......Page 140
6. Summary and Conclusions......Page 143
References......Page 144
Abstract......Page 156
2. Chemical Structures......Page 157
4. Biosyntheses......Page 158
5. Analytical Methods......Page 160
6.1. Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Effects......Page 163
6.2. Anti-Inflammation Effect......Page 166
6.3. Anticancer Effects......Page 167
6.5. Antivirus Effects......Page 169
References......Page 174
Abstract......Page 184
Introduction......Page 185
Current Therapies for Diabetes......Page 186
Management of Diabetes with Traditional Medicinal Plants and Dietary Control......Page 188
Pytochemicals with Anti-Diabetic Activities......Page 195
Conclusion......Page 198
References......Page 199
Introduction......Page 206
Anti-TB Compounds Derived from Plants......Page 208
Conclusion......Page 213
References......Page 214
1. Abstract......Page 220
2. Introduction......Page 221
3.1. Preparation of Activated Samples......Page 222
3.3. Counting and Analysis......Page 223
4.2. Root......Page 225
4.3. Fresh Leaves and Stems......Page 226
4.4. Capsules......Page 227
4.5. Tea Bags......Page 228
4.6. Maximum Daily Intake of AK......Page 229
References......Page 231
1. Introduction......Page 234
2. Calotropis Procera......Page 237
2.1. Pro-inflammatory, Anti-inflammatory and Allergenic Properties......Page 238
2.2. Antinociceptive Properties......Page 239
2.5. Anti-diarrhea Properties......Page 240
2.7. Other Important Properties of C. Procera......Page 241
4. Solanum Paludosum......Page 242
6. Crotalaria Genus......Page 243
6.1. Pirrolizidinic Alkaloid (PA)......Page 245
6.2. Chemical Structure of PA......Page 247
6.3. Toxicity: Experimental Data......Page 248
6.4. Possible action Mechanism......Page 250
References......Page 252
Abstract......Page 260
General Considerations......Page 261
Geographical Distribution......Page 262
Microscopic Description......Page 263
Ethnopharmacology......Page 264
Hypotensive and Anti-hypertensive Activities......Page 265
In Vitro Trypanocidal Activity......Page 266
Toxicity......Page 267
References......Page 268
Abstract......Page 272
Introduction......Page 273
2. Near Infrared Spectroscopy......Page 274
3. Chemometrics......Page 275
4.1. Flos Primulae Veris......Page 276
4.2. St. John´s Wort......Page 280
4.3. Achillea Genus......Page 284
References......Page 288
What is the Future of Phytotherapy?  (Commentary)......Page 292
References......Page 294
Abstract......Page 296
1. Introduction......Page 297
2. Isolation and Fraction of Polysaccharides......Page 300
3.1. Purity......Page 301
3.2. Molecular Weight and the Distribution......Page 303
3.3. The Types and Ratios of Constituent Monosaccharides......Page 304
3.4. The Features of Glycosidic Linkages......Page 306
3.5. Fingerprint......Page 309
4. Quantitative Analysis of Polysaccharides......Page 310
References......Page 313
Abstract......Page 332
1. Introduction......Page 333
2.2. Agar Diffusion Methods......Page 334
2.4. Synergy between Plant Extracts and Antibiotics......Page 335
2.6. Antiparasitic Test......Page 336
3.1.1. Association with Macromolecules......Page 337
3.1.2. Detergent-Like Membrane Disruption......Page 339
3.2.2. Phenolic Compounds......Page 340
3.2.2. Terpenoids......Page 341
3.2.4. Defensins......Page 342
4. Effects of Plant Compounds on Antibiotic Resistance......Page 343
4.1.2. Efflux Pumps Inhibitors (EPIs)......Page 344
4.2. Β-Lactamases Inhibitors......Page 345
4.4. Other Inhibitors of Antibiotic Resistance......Page 346
References......Page 347
Index......Page 354