Medical Robotics: History, Challenges, and Future Directions (Innovative Medical Devices)

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
1: Introduction
	1.1	 Rise of Surgical Robotics
	1.2	 Popularity of Rehabilitation and Assistive Robotics
	1.3	 Emergence of Hospital Automation Robotics
	1.4	 Emerging Technologies and Challenges
		1.4.1	 Robotic Surgery
		1.4.2	 Robots for Cognitive Rehabilitation and Social Assistance
		1.4.3	 Robots for the Future of Smart Hospitals
	1.5	 Overview of This Book
	References
2: Robotic Surgery
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 Surgical Robots and Clinical Needs
		2.2.1	 Standard Laparoscopy
		2.2.2	 Neurosurgery and Orthopedics
		2.2.3	 Robotic Laparoscopy and Endoluminal Intervention
	2.3	 New Challenges, New Technologies
		2.3.1	 Superhuman Dexterity and Human–Robot Cooperation
		2.3.2	 Vision and Sensing in Robotic Surgery
		2.3.3	 Image-Guided Robotic Surgery
	2.4	 Conclusions
	References
3: Surgical Robotics
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Evolution Trends of Surgical Robots
		3.2.1	 Neurosurgery and Orthopedics
		3.2.2	 Robotic Laparoscopy and Flexible Robots for Endoluminal Interventions
		3.2.3	 Untethered Microrobots
	3.3	 Technologies for Robotic Surgery
		3.3.1	 Human–Robot Interaction and Levels of Autonomy
		3.3.2	 Computer-Assisted Intervention: Integrating Imaging and Sensing
		3.3.3	 Surgical Navigation and Control
	3.4	 What the Future Holds: Micro-Nano Robotics for Surgery
	3.5	 Conclusions
	References
4: Therapeutic Training and Personal Assistance
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 Motivations
		4.2.1	 Social Factors: Taking China as an Example
			4.2.1.1	 Aging Population
			4.2.1.2	 Limited Clinical Resources
		4.2.2	 Clinical Demand
			4.2.2.1	 Motor Weakness
			4.2.2.2	 Musculoskeletal Disorders
			4.2.2.3	 Neurological Disorders
			4.2.2.4	 Cardiovascular Disease
	4.3	 Development of Rehabilitation and Assistive Robotics
		4.3.1	 Robots for Therapeutic Training
		4.3.2	 Robots for Personal Assistance
			4.3.2.1	 Assistive Robots for ADL
			4.3.2.2	 Mobile Assistive Robots
			4.3.2.3	 Wearable Exoskeletons for Human Augmentation
			4.3.2.4	 Prostheses
			4.3.2.5	 Social Robots for Cognition Assistance
	4.4	 Conclusions
	References
5: Rehabilitation and Assistive Robotics
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 Robots for Therapeutic Training
		5.2.1	 Upper-Limb Rehabilitation Robots
		5.2.2	 Rehabilitation Robot for Gait Training
	5.3	 Robots for Personal Assistance
		5.3.1	 Assistive Robots for ADL
		5.3.2	 Assistive Robots for Human Movement Augmentation
			5.3.2.1	 Degree-of-Freedom Augmentation
			5.3.2.2	 Power Augmentation
	5.4	 Social Robotics for Cognitive Assistance
		5.4.1	 Social Robotics for ASD
		5.4.2	 Social Robotics for Dementia
	5.5	 Prostheses
	5.6	 Human–Robot Interaction
		5.6.1	 Multimodal Interfaces for HRI
			5.6.1.1	 Muscle Interfaces
			5.6.1.2	 Brain–Machine Interface
			5.6.1.3	 Visual Interfaces
		5.6.2	 HRI for Robot Control
			5.6.2.1	 Robot Control Strategies
			5.6.2.2	 Myoelectric Control Scheme
			5.6.2.3	 BCI-Based Mind Control
		5.6.3	 HRI for Sensory Feedback
			5.6.3.1	 Homologous Feedback
			5.6.3.2	 Sensory Substitution Feedback
			5.6.3.3	 Biofeedback
		5.6.4	 HRI for Rehabilitation Assessment
			5.6.4.1	 Assessment from Kinematics & Kinetics
			5.6.4.2	 Vision-Based Assessment
			5.6.4.3	 Assessment from Muscle and Brain Activities
	5.7	 Conclusions
	References
6: Hospital Automation Robotics
	6.1	 Introduction
	6.2	 Robots for Hospital Logistics
	6.3	 Robots for Pharmacy and Drug Management
	6.4	 Robots for Patient Transfer and Care
	6.5	 Robots for High-Throughput Lab Automation
	6.6	 Robots for Diagnosis and Imaging
	6.7	 Conclusions
	References
7: Emerging Challenges and Future Trends
	7.1	 Commercial and Investment Trends
	7.2	 Ethics, Regulations, and Legal Considerations
		7.2.1	 Ethics
		7.2.2	 Regulations and Legal Considerations
	7.3	 Opportunities and Challenges of Surgical Robotics
		7.3.1	 Improving User Experience
		7.3.2	 Surgical Vision and Navigation Inside the Human Body
		7.3.3	 Increasing Autonomy in Robotic Surgery
	7.4	 Opportunities and Challenges of Rehabilitation and Assistive Robotics
		7.4.1	 Soft Materials for Actuation
		7.4.2	 Human-Centered and Explainable AI
		7.4.3	 Social Robotics and Embodied AI
	7.5	 Opportunities and Challenges of Hospital Automation Robotics
		7.5.1	 Multidisciplinary and Application-Centered Technologies
		7.5.2	 Improved Human–Robot Cooperation
		7.5.3	 Increased Autonomy and Ethical Challenges
	7.6	 Conclusions
	References
Index