Medical Microbiology

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
SECTION I FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY
	1. The Science of Microbiology
		Introduction
		Biologic Principles Illustrated by Microbiology
		Viruses
		Prions
		Prokaryotes
		Protists
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	2. Cell Structure
		Optical Methods
		Eukaryotic Cell Structure
		Prokaryotic Cell Structure
		Staining
		Morphologic Changes During Growth
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	3. Classification of Bacteria
		Taxonomy—The Vocabulary of Medical Microbiology
		Criteria for Identification of Bacteria
		Classification Systems
		Description of the Major Categories and Groups of Bacteria
		Nonculture Methods for the Identification of Pathogenic Microorganisms
		Updates to Taxonomic Changes
		Objectives
		Review Questions
	4. Growth, Survival, and Death of Microorganisms
		Survival of Microorganisms in the Natural Environment
		The Meaning of Growth
		Exponential Growth
		The Growth Curve in Batch Culture
		Maintenance of Cells in the Exponential Phase
		Growth in Biofilms
		Definition and Measurement of Death
		Environmental Control of Microbial Growth
		Strategies to Control Bacteria at the Environmental Level
		General Mechanisms of Biocide Action
		Specific Actions of Selected Biocides
		Relationship of Biocide Concentration and Time on Antimicrobial Killing
		Summary
		Key Concepts
		Review Questions
	5. Cultivation of Microorganisms
		Requirements for Growth
		Sources of Metabolic Energy
		Nutrition
		Environmental Factors Affecting Growth
		Cultivation Methods
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	6. Microbial Metabolism
		Role of Metabolism in Biosynthesis and Growth
		Focal Metabolites and Their Interconversion
		Assimilatory Pathways
		Biosynthetic Pathways
		Patterns of Microbial Energy-Yielding Metabolism
		Regulation of Metabolic Pathways
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	7. Microbial Genetics
		Nucleic Acids and Their Organization in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, and Viral Genomes
		Replication
		Transfer of DNA
		Mutation and Gene Rearrangement
		Gene Expression
		Genetic Engineering
		Characterization of Cloned DNA
		Site-Directed Mutagenesis
		Analysis of DNA, RNA, or Protein-Expressing Clones
		Manipulation of Cloned DNA
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
SECTION II IMMUNOLOGY
	8. Immunology
		Overview
		Innate Immunity
		Adaptive Immunity
		Complement
		Cytokines
		Microbiome and Immune System
		Hypersensitivity
		Defects of the Immune Response
		Tumor Immunology
		Clinical Immunology Laboratory (Diagnostic Testing)
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
SECTION III BACTERIOLOGY
	9. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infection
		Identifying Bacteria That Cause Disease
		Transmission of Infection
		The Infectious Process
		Genomics and Bacterial Pathogenicity
		Regulation of Bacterial Virulence Factors
		Bacterial Virulence Factors
		The Damage-Response Framework—A New Paradigm of Microbial Virulence and Pathogenicity
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	10. Normal Human Microbiota
		Human Microbiome Project
		Role of the Resident Microbiota
		Normal Microbiota of the Skin
		Normal Microbiota of the Mouth and Upper Respiratory Tract
		Normal Microbiota of the Urethra
		Normal Microbiota of the Vagina
		Normal Microbiota of the Placenta and Uterus
		Normal Microbiota of the Conjunctiva
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	11. Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Bacilli: Bacillus and Clostridium Species
		Bacillus species
		Bacillus anthracis
		Bacillus cereus
		Clostridium species
		Clostridium botulinum
		Clostridium tetani
		Clostridia That Produce Invasive Infections
		Clostridium difficile and Diarrheal Disease
		Review Questions
	12. Aerobic Non–Spore-Forming Gram- Positive Bacilli: Corynebacterium, Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Nocardia, and Related Pathogens
		Corynebacterium diphtheriae
		Other Coryneform Bacteria
		Listeria monocytogenes
		Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
		Rhodococcus equi
		Nocardiosis
		Review Questions
	13. The Staphylococci
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	14. The Streptococci, Enterococci, and Related Genera
		Classification of Streptococci
		Streptococci, Enterococci, and Related Genera of Particular Medical Interest
		Streptococcus pyogenes
		Streptococcus agalactiae
		Groups C and G
		Group D Streptococci
		Streptococcus anginosus Group
		Groups E, F, G, H, and K–U Streptococci
		Viridans Streptococci
		Nutritionally Variant Streptococci
		Peptostreptococcus and Related Genera
		Streptococcus pneumoniae
		Enterococci
		Other Catalase-Negative Gram-Positive Cocci
		Review Questions
	15. Enteric Gram-Negative Rods (Enterobacteriaceae)
		Classification
		Diseases Caused by Enterobacteriaceae Other Than Salmonella and Shigella
		The Shigellae
		The Salmonellae
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	16. Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Burkholderia, and Stenotrophomonas
		The Pseudomonad Group
		Pseudomonas aeruginosa
		Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei
		Burkholderia cepacia Complex
		Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
		Acinetobacter
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	17. Vibrio, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter
		The Vibrios
		Vibrio cholerae
		Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus
		Aeromonas species
		Campylobacter
		Campylobacter jejuni
		Helicobacter pylori
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	18. Haemophilus, Bordetella, Brucella, and Francisella
		The Haemophilus species
		Haemophilus influenzae
		Haemophilus aegypticus
		Aggregatibacter aphrophilus
		Haemophilus ducreyi
		Other Haemophilus Species
		The Bordetellae
		Bordetella pertussis
		Bordetella parapertussis
		Bordetella bronchiseptica
		Francisella tularensis and Tularemia
		Review Questions
	19. Yersinia and Pasteurella
		Yersinia pestis and Plague
		Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
		Pasteurella multocida
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	20. The Neisseriae
		Neisseria gonorrhoeae
		Neisseria meningitidis
		Other Neisseriae
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	21. Infections Caused by Anaerobic Bacteria
		Physiology and Growth Conditions for Anaerobes
		Anaerobic Bacteria Found in Human Infections
		Bacteria That Cause Vaginosis
		Gardnerella vaginalis
		Pathogenesis of Anaerobic Infections
		The Polymicrobial Nature of Anaerobic Infections
		Diagnosis of Anaerobic Infections
		Treatment of Anaerobic Infections
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	22. Legionella, Bartonella, and Unusual Bacterial Pathogens
		Legionella pneumophila and Other Legionellae
		Bartonella
		Streptobacillus moniliformis
		Whipple Disease
		Review Questions
	23. Mycobacteria
		Mycobacterium tuberculosis
		Other Mycobacterium
		Mycobacterium leprae
		Review Questions
	24. Spirochetes: Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira
		Treponema pallidum and Syphilis
		Borrelia
		Borrelia species and Relapsing Fever
		Borrelia burgdorferi and Lyme Disease
		Leptospira and Leptospirosis
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	25. Mycoplasmas and Cell Wall–Defective Bacteria
		Mycoplasmas
		Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Atypical Pneumonias
		Mycoplasma hominis
		Ureaplasma urealyticum
		Mycoplasma genitalium
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	26. Rickettsia and Related Genera
		General
		Rickettsia and Orientia
		Ehrlichia and Anaplasma
		Coxiella burnetii
		Review Questions
	27. Chlamydia spp
		Chlamydia trachomatis Ocular, Genital, and Respiratory Infections
		Trachoma
		Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections and Inclusion Conjunctivitis
		Chlamydia trachomatis and Neonatal Pneumonia
		Lymphogranuloma Venereum
		Chlamydia pneumoniae and Respiratory Infections
		Chlamydia psittaci and Psittacosis
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	28. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
		Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Drugs
		Selective Toxicity
		Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
		Inhibition/Alteration of Cell Membrane Function
		Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
		Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
		Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs
		Origin of Drug Resistance
		Cross-Resistance
		Limitation of Drug Resistance
		Clinical Implications of Drug Resistance
		Antimicrobial Activity in vitro
		Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity
		Measurement of Antimicrobial Activity
		Antimicrobial Activity in vivo
		Drug–Pathogen Relationships
		Host–Pathogen Relationships
		Clinical Use of Antibiotics
		Selection of Antibiotics
		Dangers of Indiscriminate Use
		Antimicrobial Drugs Used in Combination
		Antimicrobial Chemoprophylaxis
		Antimicrobial Drugs For Systemic Administration
		Penicillins
		Cephalosporins
		Other b-Lactam Drugs
		Tetracyclines
		Glycylcyclines
		Chloramphenicol
		Macrolides
		Clindamycin and Lincomycin
		Glycopeptides, Lipopeptides, Lipoglycopeptides
		Streptogramins
		Oxazolidinones
		Bacitracin
		Polymyxins
		Aminoglycosides
		Quinolones
		Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim
		Other Drugs With Specialized Uses
		Drugs Used Primarily to Treat Mycobacterial Infections
		Review Questions
SECTION IV VIROLOGY
	29. General Properties of Viruses
		Terms and Definitions in Virology
		Evolutionary Origin of Viruses
		Classification of Viruses
		Principles of Virus Structure
		Chemical Composition of Viruses
		Cultivation and Detection of Viruses
		Purification and Identification of Viruses
		Laboratory Safety
		Reaction to Physical and Chemical Agents
		Replication of Viruses: An Overview
		Genetics of Animal Viruses
		Natural History (Ecology) and Modes of Transmission of Viruses
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	30. Pathogenesis and Control of Viral Diseases
		Principles of Viral Diseases
		Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases
		Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	31. Parvoviruses
		Properties of Parvoviruses
		Parvovirus Infections in Humans
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	32. Adenoviruses
		Properties of Adenoviruses
		Adenovirus Infections in Humans
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	33. Herpesviruses
		Properties of Herpesviruses
		Herpesvirus Infections in Humans
		Herpes Simplex Viruses
		Varicella-Zoster Virus
		Epstein-Barr Virus
		Cytomegalovirus
		Human Herpesvirus 6
		Human Herpesvirus 7
		Human Herpesvirus 8
		Herpes B Virus
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	34. Poxviruses
		Properties of Poxviruses
		Poxvirus Infections in Humans: Vaccinia and Variola
		Monkeypox Infections
		Cowpox Infections
		Buffalopox Infections
		Orf Virus Infections
		Molluscum Contagiosum
		Tanapox and Y aba Monkey Tumor Poxvirus Infections
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	35. Hepatitis Viruses
		Properties of Hepatitis Viruses
		Hepatitis Virus Infections in Humans
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	36. Picornaviruses (Enterovirus and Rhinovirus Groups)
		Properties of Picornaviruses
		Enterovirus Group
		Polioviruses
		Coxsackieviruses
		Other Enteroviruses
		Enteroviruses in the Environment
		Rhinoviruses
		Parechovirus Group
		Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Aphthovirus of Cattle)
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	37. Reoviruses, Rotaviruses, and Caliciviruses
		Reoviruses and Rotaviruses
		Rotaviruses
		Reoviruses
		Orbiviruses and Coltiviruses
		Caliciviruses
		Astroviruses
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	38. Arthropod-Borne and Rodent-Borne Viral Diseases
		Human Arbovirus Infections
		Togavirus and Flavivirus Encephalitis
		Yellow Fever Virus
		Dengue Virus
		Bunyavirus Encephalitis Viruses
		Sandfly Fever Virus
		Rift Valley Fever Virus
		Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus
		Heartland Virus
		Colorado Tick Fever Virus
		Rodent-Borne Hemorrhagic Fevers
		Bunyavirus Diseases
		Arenavirus Diseases
		Filovirus Diseases
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	39. Orthomyxoviruses (Influenza Viruses)
		Properties of Orthomyxoviruses
		Influenza Virus Infections in Humans
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	40. Paramyxoviruses and Rubella Virus
		Properties of Paramyxoviruses
		Parainfluenza Virus Infections
		Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
		Human Metapneumovirus Infections
		Mumps Virus Infections
		Measles (Rubeola) Virus Infections
		Hendra Virus and Nipah Virus Infections
		Rubella (German Measles) Virus Infections
		Postnatal Rubella
		Congenital Rubella Syndrome
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	41. Coronaviruses
		Properties of Coronaviruses
		Coronavirus Infections in Humans
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	42. Rabies, Slow Virus Infections, and Prion Diseases
		Rabies
		Borna Disease
		Slow Virus Infections and Prion Diseases
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	43. Human Cancer Viruses
		General Features of Viral Carcinogenesis
		Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis
		Interactions of Tumor Viruses with Their Hosts
		RNA Tumor Viruses
		Hepatitis C Virus
		Retroviruses
		DNA Tumor Viruses
		Hepatitis B Virus
		Polyomaviruses
		Papillomaviruses
		Adenoviruses
		Herpesviruses
		Poxviruses
		How to Prove That a Virus Causes Human Cancer
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
	44. AIDS and Lentiviruses
		Properties of Lentiviruses
		HIV Infections in Humans
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
SECTION V MYCOLOGY
	45. Medical Mycology
		General Properties, Virulence, and Classification of Pathogenic Fungi
		Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycoses
		Superficial Mycoses
		Cutaneous Mycoses
		Key Concepts: Superficial and Cutaneous Mycoses
		Subcutaneous Mycoses
		Sporotrichosis
		Chromoblastomycosis
		Phaeohyphomycosis
		Mycetoma
		Key Concepts: Subcutaneous Mycoses
		Endemic Mycoses
		Coccidioidomycosis
		Histoplasmosis
		Blastomycosis
		Paracoccidioidomycosis
		Key Concepts: Endemic Mycoses
		Opportunistic Mycoses
		Candidiasis
		Cryptococcosis
		Aspergillosis
		Mucormycosis
		Pneumocystis Pneumonia
		Penicilliosis
		Other Opportunistic Mycoses
		Emerging Pathogens
		Key Concepts: Opportunistic Mycoses
		Antifungal Prophylaxis
		Hypersensitivity to Fungi
		Mycotoxins
		Antifungal Chemotherapies
SECTION VI PARASITOLOGY
	46. Medical Parasitology
		Classification of Parasites
		Intestinal Protozoan Infections
		Giardia lamblia (Intestinal Flagellate)
		Entamoeba histolytica (Intestinal and Tissue Ameba)
		Other Intestinal Amebae
		Cryptosporidium (Intestinal Sporozoa)
		Cyclospora (Intestinal Sporozoa)
		Sexually Transmitted Protozoan Infection
		Trichomonas vaginalis (Genitourinary Flagellate)
		Blood and Tissue Protozoan Infections
		Blood Flagellates
		Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Blood Flagellates)
		Trypanosoma cruzi (Blood Flagellate)
		Leishmania Species (Blood Flagellates)
		Entamoeba histolytica (Tissue Ameba)—See Intestinal Protozoan Infections Section
		Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba castellanii, and Balamuthia mandrillaris (Free-Living Amebae)
		Plasmodium Species (Blood Sporozoa)
		Babesia microti (Blood Sporozoa)
		Toxoplasma gondii (Tissue Sporozoa)
		Microsporidia
		Intestinal Helminthic Infections
		Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm—Intestinal Nematode)
		Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm—Intestinal Nematode)
		Ascaris lumbricoides (Human Roundworm— Intestinal Nematode)
		Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (Human Hookworms—Intestinal Nematode)
		Strongyloides stercoralis (Human Threadworm— Intestinal and Tissue Nematode)
		Trichinella spiralis (Intestinal and Tissue Nematode)
		Fasciolopsis buski (Giant Intestinal Fluke— Intestinal Trematode)
		Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm—Intestinal Cestode) and Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm— Intestinal and Tissue Cestode)
		Diphyllobothrium latum (Broad Fish Tapeworm— Intestinal Cestode)
		Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm—Intestinal Cestode)
		Dipylidium caninum (Dog Tapeworm—Intestinal Cestode)
		Blood And Tissue Helminthic Infections
		Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori (Lymphatic Filariasis—Tissue Nematodes)
		Onchocerca volvulus (River Blindness—Tissue Nematode)
		Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea Worm—Tissue Nematode)
		Larva migrans (Zoonotic Larval Nematode Infections)
		Clonorchis Sinensis (Chinese Liver Fluke), Fasciola hepatica (Sheep Liver Fluke), and Paragonimus westermani (Lung Fluke)—Tissue Trematodes
		Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, and Schistosoma haematobium (Blood Flukes)
		Tissue Cestode Infections (Caused by the Larval Stages)
		Taenia solium—Cysticercosis/ Neurocysticercosis
		Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid Cyst)
		Review Questions
SECTION VII DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL CORRELATION
	47. Principles of Diagnostic Medical Microbiology
		Communication Between Physician and Laboratory
		Diagnosis of Bacterial and Fungal Infections
		Topical Antifungal Agents
		Key Concepts: Antifungal Chemotherapy
		Review Questions
		The Importance of Normal Bacterial and Fungal Microbiota
		Laboratory Aids in the Selection of Antimicrobial Therapy
		Diagnosis of Infection by Anatomic Site
		Anaerobic Infections
		Diagnosis of Chlamydial Infections
		Diagnosis of Viral Infections
		Review Questions
	48. Cases and Clinical Correlations
		Central Nervous System
		Respiratory
		Heart
		Abdomen
		Urinary Tract
		Bone and Soft Tissue
		Sexually Transmitted Diseases
		Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections
		Myocobacterium Avium Complex
		Infections in Transplant Patients
		Emerging Infections
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index