Medical microbiology

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Preface
	• To Our Future Colleagues: The Students
TOC
SECTION 1 - Introduction
	1. Introduction to Medical Microbiology
		• Viruses
		• Bacteria
		• Fungi
		• Parasites
		• Immunology
		• Microbial Disease
		• Diagnostic Microbiology
		• Summary
	2. Human Microbiome in Health and Disease
		• Human Microbiome Project
		• Core Microbiome
		• Evolution of the Microbiome and Normal Flora
		• Role of the Microbiome in Disease
		• Diagnostics and Therapeutics
		• Probiotics
		• Perspective
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	3. Sterilization, Disinfection, and Antisepsis
		• Sterilization
		• Disinfection
		• Antisepsis
		• Mechanisms of Action
			Moist Heat
			Ethylene Oxide
			Aldehydes
			Oxidizing Agents
			Halogens
			Phenolic Compounds
			Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
			Alcohols
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
SECTION 2 - General Principles of Laboratory Diagnosis
	4. Microscopy and in Vitro Culture
		• Microscopy
			Microscopic Methods
				Brightfield (Light) Microscopy
				Darkfield Microscopy
				Phase-Contrast Microscopy
				Fluorescent Microscopy
				Electron Microscopy
			Examination Methods
				Direct Examination
				Differential Stains
				Acid-Fast Stains
				Fluorescent Stains
		• In Vitro Culture
			Types of Culture Media
				Enriched Nonselective Media
				Selective Media and Differential Media
				Specialized Media
			Cell Culture
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	5. Molecular Diagnosis
		• Detection of Microbial Genetic Material
			Electrophoretic Analysis of DNA and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
			Nucleic Acid Detection, Amplification, and Sequencing
		• Detection of Proteins
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	6. Serologic Diagnosis
		• Antibodies
		• Methods of Detection
			Precipitation and Immunodiffusion Techniques
		• Immunoassays for Cell-Associated Antigen (Immunohistology)
		• Immunoassays for Antibody and Soluble Antigen
		• Serology
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
SECTION 3 - Basic Concepts in the Immune
Response
	7. Elements of Host Protective Responses
		• Soluble Activators and Stimulators of Innate and Immune Functions
		• Cells of the Immune Response
			Hematopoietic Cell Differentiation
			Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
			Mononuclear Phagocyte System
			Dendritic Cells
			Lymphocytes
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	8. Innate Host Responses
		• Barriers to Infection
		• Soluble Components of Innate Responses
			Antimicrobial Peptides and Chelators
			Complement
				Alternate Pathway
				Lectin Pathway
				Classical Pathway
				Biological Activities of Complement Components
				Membrane Attack Complex
				Regulation of Complement Activation
			Interferons
		• Cellular Components of Innate Responses
			Neutrophils
			Mast Cells, Basophils, Eosinophils
			Cells of the Monocyte-Macrophage Lineage
			Immature Dendritic Cells and Dendritic Cells
			Natural Killer Cells, γ/δ T Cells, and NKT Cells
		• Activation of Innate Cellular Responses
			Chemotaxis and Leukocyte Migration
			Phagocytic Responses
		• Normal Flora–Associated Responses
		• Inflammation
			Proinflammatory Cytokines
			Acute Inflammation
			Acute-Phase Response
			Sepsis and Cytokine Storms
		• Bridge to Antigen-Specific Immune Responses
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	9. Antigen-Specific Immune Responses
		• Immunogens, Antigens, and Epitopes
		• T Cells
		• Cell Surface Receptors of T Cells
		• Development of T Cells
		• Initiation of T-Cell Responses
			Antigen Presentation to T Cells
			Peptide Presentation by Class I and Class II MHC Molecules
		• Activation of CD4 T Cells and Their Response to Antigen
			CD4 T-Helper Cell Functions
		• CD8 T Cells
		• NKT Cells
		• B Cells and Humoral Immunity
		• Immunoglobulin Types and Structures
			Immunoglobulin D
			Immunoglobulin M
			Immunoglobulin G
			Immunoglobulin A
			Immunoglobulin E
		• Immunogenetics
		• Antibody Response
			Time Course of the Antibody Response
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	10. Immune Responses to Infectious Agents
		• Antibacterial Responses
			Initiation of the Response
			Phagocytic Responses
			Antigen-Specific Response to Bacterial Challenge
			Skin, Intestinal, and Mucosal Immunity
			Bacterial Immunopathogenesis
			Bacterial Evasion of Protective Responses
		• Antiviral Responses
			Host Defenses against Viral Infection
			Innate Defenses
			Interferon
			Antigen-Specific Immunity
			Humoral Immunity
			T-Cell Immunity
			Immune Response to Viral Challenge
				Primary Viral Challenge
				Secondary Viral Challenge
			Viral Mechanisms for Escaping the Immune Response
			Viral Immunopathogenesis
		• Specific Immune Responses to Fungi
		• Specific Immune Responses to Parasites
			Evasion of Immune Mechanisms by Parasites
		• Other Immune Responses
		• Immunopathogenesis
			Hypersensitivity Responses
			Cytokine Storm
		• Autoimmune Responses
		• Immunodeficiency
			Immunosuppression
			Hereditary Complement Deficiencies and Microbial Infection
			Defects in Phagocyte Action
			Deficiencies in Antigen-Specific Immune Responses
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	11. Antimicrobial Vaccines
		• Types of Immunizations
			Passive Immunization
			Active Immunization
				Inactivated Vaccines
				Live Vaccines
			Future Directions for Vaccination
		• Immunization Programs
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Websites
SECTION 4 - Bacteriology
	12. Bacterial Classification, Structure, and Replication
		• Differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
		• Bacterial Classification
			Macroscopic and Microscopic Distinction
			Metabolic, Antigenic, and Genetic Distinction
		• Bacterial Structure
			Cytoplasmic Structures
			Cell Wall
			Gram-Positive Bacteria
			Gram-Negative Bacteria
			External Structures
			Bacteria with Alternative Cell Wall Structures
		• Structure and Biosynthesis of the Major Components of the Bacterial Cell Wall
			Peptidoglycan (Mucopeptide, Murein)
			Peptidoglycan Synthesis
			Teichoic Acid
			Lipopolysaccharide
		• Cell Division
		• Spores
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	13. Bacterial Metabolism and Genetics
		• Bacterial Metabolism
			Metabolic Requirements
			Metabolism, Energy, and Biosynthesis
				Glycolysis and Fermentation
				Aerobic Respiration
				Anaerobic Respiration
				Pentose Phosphate Pathway
		• Bacterial Genes and Expression
			Transcription
			Translation
			Control of Gene Expression
			Replication of DNA
			Bacterial Growth
				Population Dynamics
		• Bacterial Genetics
			Mutation, Repair, and Recombination
				Mutations and Their Consequences
				Repair Mechanisms of DNA
			Gene Exchange in Prokaryotic Cells
			Mechanisms of Genetic Transfer between Cells
				Transformation
				Conjugation
				Transduction
			Recombination
				Genetic Engineering
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Articles on Probiotics
	14. Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenesis
		• Entry into the Human Body
		• Colonization, Adhesion, and Invasion
		• Pathogenic Actions of Bacteria
			Tissue Destruction
			Toxins
			Exotoxins
			Endotoxin and Other Cell Wall Components
		• Immunopathogenesis
		• Mechanisms for Escaping Host Defenses
		• Summary
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	15. Role of Bacteria in Disease
		Bibliography
	16. Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases
		• Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
			Blood
			Cerebrospinal Fluid
			Other Normally Sterile Fluids
			Upper Respiratory Tract Specimens
			Lower Respiratory Tract Specimens
			Ear and Eye
			Wounds, Abscesses, and Tissues
			Urine
			Genital Specimens
			Fecal Specimens
		• Bacterial Detection and Identification
			Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	17. Antibacterial Agents
		• Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
			β-Lactam Antibiotics
				Penicillins
				Cephalosporins and Cephamycins
				Carbapenems and Monobactams
			Glycopeptides
			Lipopeptides
			Polypeptides
			Isoniazid, Ethionamide, Ethambutol, and Cycloserine
		• Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
			Aminoglycosides
			Tetracyclines
			Glycylclines
			Oxazolidinones
			Chloramphenicol
			Macrolides
			Ketolides
			Clindamycin
			Streptogramins
		• Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
			Quinolones
			Rifampin and Rifabutin
			Metronidazole
			Antimetabolites
		• Other Antibiotics
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	18. Staphylococcus and Related Gram-Positive Cocci
		Answers
		• Physiology and Structure
			Capsule and Slime Layer
			Peptidoglycan and Associated Enzymes
			Teichoic Acids and Lipoteichoic Acids
			Surface Adhesion Proteins
			Cytoplasmic Membrane
		• Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Regulation of Virulence Genes
			Defenses Against Innate Immunity
			Staphylococcal Toxins
				Cytotoxins
				Exfoliative Toxins
				Enterotoxins
				Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1
			Staphylococcal Enzymes
		• Epidemiology
		• Clinical Diseases (Box 18-1)
			Staphylococcus aureus
				Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
				Staphylococcal Food Poisoning (Clinical Case 18-1)
				Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS; Clinical Case 18-2)
				Cutaneous Infections
				Bacteremia and Endocarditis (Clinical Case 18-3)
				Pneumonia and Empyema
				Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis
			Staphylococcus epidermidis and Other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
				Endocarditis (Clinical Case 18-4)
				Catheter and Shunt Infections
				Prosthetic Joint Infections
				Urinary Tract Infections
		• Laboratory Diagnosis
			Microscopy
			Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
			Culture
			Identification
			Antibody Detection
		• Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	19. Streptococcus and Enterococcus
		Answers
		• Streptococcus pyogenes
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
				Initial Host-Parasite Interactions
				Toxins and Enzymes
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Suppurative Streptococcal Disease
					Pharyngitis
					Pyoderma
					Erysipelas
					Cellulitis
					Necrotizing Fasciitis
					Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (Clinical Case 19-1)
					Other Suppurative Diseases
				Bacteremia
				Nonsuppurative Streptococcal Disease
					Rheumatic Fever
					Acute Glomerulonephritis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Antigen Detection
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Culture
				Identification
				Antibody Detection
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Streptococcus agalactiae
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Early-Onset Neonatal Disease
				Late-Onset Neonatal Disease (Clinical Case 19-2)
				Infections in Pregnant Women
				Infections in Men and Nonpregnant Women
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Antigen Detection
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Culture
				Identification
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Other β-Hemolytic Streptococci
		• Viridans Streptococci
		• Streptococcus pneumoniae
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
				Colonization and Migration
				Tissue Destruction
				Phagocytic Survival
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Pneumonia (Clinical Case 19-3)
				Sinusitis and Otitis Media
				Meningitis
				Bacteremia
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Antigen Detection
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Culture
				Identification
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Enterococcus
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (See Box 19-1)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	20. Bacillus
		Answers
		• Bacillus anthracis
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (Clinical Case 20-1)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Bacillus cereus
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	21. Listeria and Related Gram-Positive Bacteria
		Answers
		• Listeria monocytogenes
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (see Table 21-2)
				Neonatal Disease
				Infections in Pregnant Women
				Disease in Healthy Adults
				Meningitis in Adults (Clinical Case 21-1)
				Primary Bacteremia
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Identification
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (see Table 21-2; Clinical Case 21-2)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Corynebacterium diphtheriae
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Respiratory Diphtheria (Clinical Case 21-3)
				Cutaneous Diphtheria
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Identification
				Toxigenicity Testing
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	22. Mycobacterium and Related Acid-Fast Bacteria
		Answers
		• Physiology and Structure of Mycobacteria
		• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (Clinical Case 22-1)
			Laboratory Diagnosis (Box 22-1)
				Immunodiagnosis
				Microscopy
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Culture
				Identification
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
				Treatment
					Chemoprophylaxis
					Immunoprophylaxis
				Control
		• Other Slow-Growing Mycobacteria
		• Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria
		• Nocardia
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (Box 22-2)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Other Weakly Acid-Fast Bacteria
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	23. Neisseria and Related Genera
		Answers
		• Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity (Table 23-2)
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (see Box 23-1)
				Neisseria gonorrhoeae
					Gonorrhea
					Gonococcemia (Clinical Case 23-1)
					Other Neisseria gonorrhoeae Syndromes
				Neisseria meningitidis
					Meningitis
					Meningococcemia (Clinical Case 23-2)
					Other Neisseria meningitidis Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Antigen Detection
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Culture
				Identification
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Other Neisseria Species
			Eikenella corrodens
			Kingella kingae
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	24. Haemophilus and Related Bacteria
		Answers
		• Haemophilus
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (see Table 24-2)
				Meningitis
				Epiglottitis
				Cellulitis
				Arthritis
				Otitis, Sinusitis, and Lower Respiratory Tract Disease (Clinical Case 24-1)
				Conjunctivitis
				Chancroid
				Other Infections
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimen Collection and Transport
				Microscopy
				Antigen Detection
				Culture
				Identification
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
				Actinobacillus
				Aggregatibacter (Clinical Case 24-2)
				Pasteurella (Clinical Case 24-3)
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	25. Enterobacteriaceae
		Answers
		• General Properties
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
				Endotoxin
				Capsule
				Antigenic Phase Variation
				Type III Secretion Systems
				Sequestration of Growth Factors
				Resistance to Serum Killing
				Antimicrobial Resistance
		• Escherichia coli
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Gastroenteritis
					Enterotoxigenic E. coli
					Enteropathogenic E. coli
					Enteroaggregative E. coli
					Shiga Toxin–Producing E. coli (Clinical Case 25-1)
					Enteroinvasive E. coli
				Extraintestinal Infections
					Urinary Tract Infection
					Neonatal Meningitis
					Septicemia
		• Salmonella
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Gastroenteritis
				Septicemia
				Enteric Fever (Clinical Case 25-2)
				Asymptomatic Colonization
		• Shigella
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (Clinical Case 25-3)
		• Yersinia
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (Clinical Case 25-4)
		• Other Enterobacteriaceae
			Klebsiella
			Proteus
			Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Morganella, and Serratia
		• Other General Properties
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Culture
				Biochemical Identification
				Serologic Classification
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	26. Vibrio and Related Bacteria
		Answers
		• Vibrio
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity (Table 26-3)
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (Box 26-1)
				Vibrio cholerae (Clinical Case 26-1)
				Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Clinical Case 26-2)
				Vibrio vulnificus (Clinical Case 26-3)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Immunoassays
				Culture
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Aeromonas
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	27. Pseudomonas and Related Bacteria
		Answers
		• Pseudomonas
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
				Adhesins
				Secreted Toxins and Enzymes
				Antibiotic Resistance
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (Box 27-1)
				Pulmonary Infections
				Primary Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
				Urinary Tract Infections
				Ear Infections
				Eye Infections
				Bacteremia and Endocarditis
				Other Infections
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Identification
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Burkholderia
		• Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
		• Acinetobacter
		• Moraxella
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	28. Campylobacter and Helicobacter
		Answers
		• Campylobacter
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (Clinical Case 28-1)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Antigen Detection
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Culture
				Identification
				Antibody Detection
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Helicobacter
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (Clinical Case 28-2)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Antigen Detection
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Culture
				Identification
				Antibody Detection
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	29. Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Rods
		Answers
		• Bartonella
		• Bordetella
		• Other Bordetella Species
		• Brucella
			Clinical Diseases
		• Cardiobacterium
		• Francisella
		• Legionella
		• Streptobacillus
		Case Study 1 and Questions
		Case Study 2 and Questions
		Case Study 3 and Questions
		Case Study 4 and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	30. Clostridium
		Answers
		• Clostridium difficile (Clinical Case 30-1)
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (see Box 30-1)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Clostridium perfringens
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (see Box 30-1)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Clostridium tetani
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (Clinical Case 30-3; see Box 30-1)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Clostridium botulinum
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (see Box 30-1)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Other Clostridial Species
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	31. Non–Spore-Forming Anaerobic Bacteria
		Answers
		• Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci
		• Anaerobic Gram-Positive Rods
			Actinomyces
			Lactobacillus
			Mobiluncus
			Propionibacterium
			Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium
		• Anaerobic Gram-Negative Cocci
		• Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Respiratory Tract Infections
				Brain Abscess
				Intraabdominal Infections
				Gynecologic Infections
				Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections (Clinical Case 31-4)
				Bacteremia
				Gastroenteritis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Biochemical Identification
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Studies and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	32. Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira
		Answers
		• Treponema
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (Clinical Case 32-1)
			Laboratory Diagnosis (Table 32-3)
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Antibody Detection
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Borrelia
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Lyme Disease (Clinical Case 32-2)
				Relapsing Fever (Clinical Case 32-3)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Antibody Detection
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Leptospira
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases (Clinical Case 32-4)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Antibody Detection
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	33. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
		Answers
		• Physiology and Structure
		• Pathogenesis and Immunity
		• Epidemiology
		• Clinical Diseases (Clinical Case 33-1)
		• Laboratory Diagnosis (Table 33-2)
		• Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	34. Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, and Related Bacteria
		Answers
		• Rickettsiaceae
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Culture
				Antibody Detection
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Anaplasmataceae
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology (see Table 34-2)
			Clinical Diseases
				Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis
				Human (Canine) Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis
				Human Anaplasmosis (Clinical Case 34-3)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Coxiellaceae
			Coxiella burnetii
				Physiology and Structure
				Pathogenesis and Immunity
				Epidemiology (see Table 34-2)
				Clinical Diseases (Clinical Case 34-4)
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	35. Chlamydia and Chlamydophila
		Answers
		• Family Chlamydiaceae
			Physiology and Structure
			Chlamydia trachomatis
				Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Diseases
					Trachoma
					Adult Inclusion Conjunctivitis
					Neonatal Conjunctivitis
					Infant Pneumonia (Clinical Case 35-1)
					Ocular Lymphogranuloma Venereum
					Urogenital Infections (Clinical Case 35-2)
					Lymphogranuloma Venereum
				Laboratory Diagnosis
					Antigen Detection
					Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
					Culture
					Antibody Detection
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Chlamydophila pneumoniae
			Chlamydophila psittaci (Clinical Case 35-3)
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
SECTION 5 - Virology
	36. Viral Classification, Structure, and Replication
		• Classification
		• Virion Structure
			Capsid Viruses
			Enveloped Viruses
		• Viral Replication
			Recognition of and Attachment to the Target Cell
			Penetration
			Uncoating
			Macromolecular Synthesis
			DNA Viruses
			RNA Viruses
			Viral Protein Synthesis
			Assembly
			Release
			Reinitiation of the Replication
		• Viral Genetics
		• Viral Vectors for Therapy
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Websites
	37. Mechanisms of Viral Pathogenesis
		• Basic Steps in Viral Disease
		• Infection of the Target Tissue
		• Viral Pathogenesis
			Cytopathogenesis
				Lytic Infections
				Nonlytic Infections
				Oncogenic Viruses
			Host Defenses Against Viral Infection
			Immunopathology
		• Viral Disease
		• Epidemiology
			Exposure
			Transmission of Viruses
			Maintenance of a Virus in the Population
			Age
			Immune Status
			Other Host Factors
			Geographic and Seasonal Considerations
			Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics
		• Control of Viral Spread
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Websites
	38. Role of Viruses in Disease
		• Viral Diseases
			Oral and Respiratory Tract Infections
			Flulike and Systemic Symptoms
			Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
			Exanthems, Hemorrhagic Fevers, and Arthritides
			Infections of the Eye
			Infections of the Organs and Tissues
			Infections of the Central Nervous System
			Hematologic Diseases
			Sexually Transmitted Viral Diseases
			Viruses Spread by Transfusion and Transplantation
			Viruses Spread by Arthropods and Animals
			Syndromes of Possible Viral Etiology
		• Chronic and Potentially Oncogenic Infections
		• Infections in Immunocompromised Patients
		• Congenital, Neonatal, and Perinatal Infections
		Bibliography
		Websites
	39. Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases
		• Specimen Collection
		• Cytology
		• Electron Microscopy
		• Viral Isolation and Growth
			Cell Culture
			Viral Detection
			Interpretation of Culture Results
		• Detection of Viral Proteins
		• Detection of Viral Genetic Material
		• Viral Serology
			Serologic Test Methods
			Limitations of Serologic Methods
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Websites
	40. Antiviral Agents and Infection Control
		• Targets for Antiviral Drugs
			Virion Disruption
			Attachment
			Penetration and Uncoating
			RNA Synthesis
			Genome Replication
			Protein Synthesis
			Virion Assembly and Release
			Stimulators of Host Innate Immune Protective Responses
		• Nucleoside Analogs
			Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Penciclovir, and Famciclovir
			Ganciclovir
			Cidofovir and Adefovir
			Azidothymidine
			Dideoxyinosine, Dideoxycytidine, Stavudine, and Lamivudine
			Ribavirin
			Other Nucleoside Analogs
		• Nonnucleoside Polymerase Inhibitors
		• Protease Inhibitors
		• Antiinfluenza Drugs
		• Immunomodulators
		• Infection Control
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Websites
	41. Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses
		Answers
		• Human Papillomaviruses
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
				Warts
				Head and Neck Tumors
				Anogenital Warts
				Cervical Dysplasia and Neoplasia
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Polyomaviridae
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes (Box 41-5)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Websites
	42. Adenoviruses
		Answers
		• Structure and Replication
		• Pathogenesis and Immunity
		• Epidemiology
		• Clinical Syndromes (Box 42-4)
			Acute Febrile Pharyngitis and Pharyngoconjunctival Fever
			Acute Respiratory Disease
			Other Respiratory Tract Diseases
			Conjunctivitis and Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis
			Gastroenteritis and Diarrhea
			Other Manifestations
			Systemic Infection in Immunocompromised Patients
		• Laboratory Diagnosis
		• Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Therapeutic Adenoviruses
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Websites
	43. Human Herpesviruses
		Answers
		• Structure of Herpesviruses
		• Herpesvirus Replication
		• Herpes Simplex Virus
			Herpes Simplex Virus Proteins
			Replication
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Direct Analysis of a Clinical Sample
				Virus Isolation
				Genome Detection
				Serology
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Varicella-Zoster Virus
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Epstein-Barr Virus
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes (Clinical Case 43-2)
				Heterophile Antibody–Positive Infectious Mononucleosis
				Chronic Disease
				Epstein-Barr Virus–Induced Lymphoproliferative Diseases
				Hairy Oral Leukoplakia
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Cytomegalovirus
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology and Clinical Syndromes
				Congenital Infection
				Perinatal Infection
				Infection in Children and Adults
				Transmission via Transfusion and Transplantation
				Infection in the Immunocompromised Host
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Histology
				Antigen and Genome Detection
				Culture
				Serology
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Clinical Syndromes (Box 43-13)
		• Other Human Herpesviruses
			Human Herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus)
		Case Studies and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Herpes Simplex Virus
			Varicella-Zoster Virus
			Epstein-Barr Virus
			Cytomegalovirus and Human Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8
	44. Poxviruses
		Answers
		• Structure and Replication
		• Pathogenesis and Immunity
		• Epidemiology
		• Clinical Syndromes
			Smallpox
			Vaccinia and Vaccine-Related Disease (Clinical Case 44-1)
			Orf, Cowpox, and Monkeypox
			Molluscum Contagiosum (Box 44-4)
			Hybrid Poxviruses for Gene Delivery and Vaccines
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	45. Parvoviruses
		Answers
		• Structure and Replication
		• Pathogenesis and Immunity
		• Epidemiology
		• Clinical Syndromes (Clinical Case 45-1)
		• Laboratory Diagnosis
		• Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	46. Picornaviruses
		Answers
		• Structure
		• Replication
		• Enteroviruses
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
				Poliovirus Infections
				Coxsackievirus and Echovirus Infections
				Other Enterovirus Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Clinical Chemistry
				Culture
				Genome and Serology Studies
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Rhinoviruses
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes (Box 46-6)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Websites
	47. Coronaviruses and Noroviruses
		Answers
		• Coronaviruses
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis and Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Noroviruses
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes (Clinical Case 47-1; Box 47-4)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Websites
	48. Paramyxoviruses
		Answers
		• Structure and Replication
		• Measles Virus
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Parainfluenza Viruses
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Mumps Virus
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Respiratory Syncytial Virus
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes (Box 48-11)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Human Metapneumovirus
		• Nipah and Hendra Viruses
		Case Studies and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Websites
	49. Orthomyxoviruses
		Answers
		• Structure and Replication
		• Pathogenesis and Immunity
		• Epidemiology
		• Clinical Syndromes (Box 49-4)
		• Laboratory Diagnosis
		• Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Thogotoviruses
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Websites
	50. Rhabdoviruses, Filoviruses, and Bornaviruses
		Answers
		• Rhabdoviruses
			Physiology, Structure, and Replication
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes (Box 50-4)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prophylaxis
		• Filoviruses
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Borna Disease Virus
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Syndromes
			Epidemiology
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Filoviruses
			Bornaviruses
			Websites
	51. Reoviruses
		Answers
		• Structure
		• Replication
		• Orthoreoviruses (Mammalian Reoviruses)
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Rotaviruses
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes (Clinical Case 51-1; Box 51-4)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Coltiviruses and Orbiviruses
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Websites
	52. Togaviruses and Flaviviruses
		Answers
		• Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses
			Structure and Replication of Alphaviruses
			Structure and Replication of Flaviviruses
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Immune Response
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Rubella Virus
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Immune Response
			Congenital Infection
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Studies and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Websites
	53. Bunyaviridae and Arenaviridae
		Answers
		• Bunyaviridae
			Structure
			Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes (Clinical Case 53-1)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Arenaviruses
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes (Box 53-5)
				Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
				Lassa and Other Hemorrhagic Fevers
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Studies and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Websites
	54. Retroviruses
		Answers
		• Classification
		• Structure
		• Replication
		• Human Immunodeficiency Virus
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
				Geographic Distribution
				Transmission
				Populations at Highest Risk
			Clinical Syndromes
				Lymphadenopathy and Fever
				Opportunistic Infections
				Malignancies
				Dementia Related to AIDS
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Genomics
				Serology
				Immunologic Studies
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
				Education
				Blood, Blood Product, and Organ Screening
				Infection Control
				Approaches to Prophylaxis
		• Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus and Other Oncogenic Retroviruses
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Endogenous Retroviruses
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			HIV/AIDS and HTLV Websites
			HIV Therapy Websites
	55. Hepatitis Viruses
		Answers
		• Hepatitis A Virus
			Structure
			Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Hepatitis B Virus
			Structure
			Replication
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
				Acute Infection
				Chronic Infection
				Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Hepatitis C and G Viruses
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes (Clinical Case 55-1)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Hepatitis G Virus
		• Hepatitis D Virus
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes (Box 55-7)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Hepatitis E Virus
		Case Studies and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Websites
	56. Prion Diseases
		Answers
		• Structure and Physiology
		• Pathogenesis
		• Epidemiology
		• Clinical Syndromes
		• Laboratory Diagnosis
		• Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
			Websites
SECTION 6 - Mycology
	57. Fungal Classification, Structure, and Replication
		• The Importance of Fungi
		• Fungal Taxonomy, Structure, and Replication
		• Ascomycota (Ascomycetes)
		• Basidiomycota (Basidiomycetes)
		• Glomeromycota (Mucormycetes, formerly Zygomycetes)
		• Microspora (Microsporidia)
		• Classification of Human Mycoses
			Superficial Mycoses
			Cutaneous Mycoses
			Subcutaneous Mycoses
			Endemic Mycoses
			Opportunistic Mycoses
		Summary
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	58. Pathogenesis of Fungal Disease
		• Primary Fungal Pathogens
			Blastomyces dermatitidis
				Modulation of Yeast and Host Immune System Interactions
				Presentation of Surface Antigen Modulates the T-Helper Pathway of Immune Response
			Coccidioides immitis
				Resistance of Conidia to Phagocytic Killing
				Stimulation of an Ineffective TH2 Immune Response by Coccidioides immitis
				Urease Production
				Extracellular Proteinases
				Molecular Mimicry
			Histoplasma capsulatum
				Histoplasma capsulatum Resides in Host Macrophages
				Modulation of the pH of the Phagolysosome
				Iron and Calcium Uptake
				Alteration of Yeast Cell Wall Composition
			Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
				Hormonal Influences on Infection
				Role of Cell Wall Glucans in the Pathogenesis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
				Responses to an Immunodominant Antigen, gp43
		• Opportunistic Pathogens
			Candida Species
			Cryptococcus neoformans
			Aspergillus Species
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	59. Role of Fungi in Disease
		Bibliography
	60. Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Disease
		• Clinical Recognition of Fungal Infections
		• Conventional Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimen Collection and Processing
			Stains and Direct Microscopic Examination
			Culture
			Identifying Characteristics of Various Fungi
		• Immunologic, Molecular, and Biochemical Markers for Direct Detection of Invasive Fungal Infections
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	61. Antifungal Agents
		• Systemically Active Antifungal Agents
			Azoles
			Echinocandins
			Antimetabolites
			Allylamines
			Griseofulvin
		• Topical Antifungal Agents
		• Investigational Antifungal Agents
		• Combinations of Antifungal Agents in the Treatment of Mycoses
		• Mechanisms of Resistance to Antifungal Agents
			Polyenes
			Azoles
			Echinocandins
			Flucytosine
			Allylamines
			Clinical Factors Contributing to Resistance
			Antifungal Susceptibility Testing
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	62. Superficial and Cutaneous Mycoses
		Answers
		• Superficial Mycoses
			Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor
				Morphology
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Tinea Nigra
				Morphology
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment
			White Piedra
				Morphology
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Black Piedra
				Morphology
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment
		• Cutaneous Mycoses
			Dermatophytoses (Clinical Cases 62-1 and 62-2)
				Morphology
				Ecology and Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Onychomycosis Caused by Nondermatophytic Fungi
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	63. Subcutaneous Mycoses
		Answers
		• Lymphocutaneous Sporotrichosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		• Chromoblastomycosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		• Eumycotic Mycetoma
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		• Subcutaneous Entomophthoromycosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		• Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	64. Systemic Mycoses Caused By Dimorphic Fungi
		Answers
		• Blastomycosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		• Coccidioidomycosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		• Emmonsiosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		• Histoplasmosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
				Histoplasmosis Capsulati
				Histoplasmosis Duboisii
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		• Paracoccidioidomycosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		• Talaromycosis (Penicilliosis) Marneffei
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	65. Opportunistic Mycoses
		Answers
		• Candidiasis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Opportunistic Mycoses Caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Other Noncandidal Yeastlike Fungi
			Cryptococcosis
				Morphology
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Other Mycoses Caused by Yeastlike Fungi
		• Microsporidia
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Aspergillosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prevention
		• Mucormycosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		• Mycoses Caused by Other Hyaline Molds
		• Phaeohyphomycosis
		• Pneumocystosis
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	66. Fungal and Fungal-Like Infections of Unusual or Uncertain Etiology
		Answers
		• Adiaspiromycosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		• Chlorellosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		• Lacaziosis (Lobomycosis)
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		• Protothecosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		• Pythiosis Insidiosi
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		• Lagenidiosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndrome
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		• Rhinosporidiosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndrome
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	67. Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicoses
		Answers
		• Aflatoxins
		• Citrinin
		• Ergot Alkaloids
		• Fumonisins
		• Ochratoxin
		• Trichothecenes
		• Other Mycotoxins and Purported Mycotoxicoses
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
SECTION 7 - Parasitology
	68. Parasitic Classification, Structure, and Replication
		• Importance of Parasites
		• Classification and Structure
			Protozoa
				Flagellates: Metamonada, Parabasala, Percolozoa, and Euglenozoa
				Amoebozoa
				Apicomplexa
				Ciliophora
				Stramenopila (Formerly Chromista)
			Animalia (Metazoa)
				Helminths
					Nemathelminthes
					Platyhelminthes
				Arthropods
					Myriapoda
					Pentastomida
					Crustacea
					Chelicerata
					Insecta
		• Physiology and Replication
			Protozoa
			Animalia (Metazoa)
				Helminths
				Arthropods
		• Summary
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	69. Pathogenesis of Parasitic Diseases
		• Exposure and Entry
		• Adherence and Replication
		• Cell and Tissue Damage
		• Disruption, Evasion, and Inactivation of Host Defenses
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	70. Role of Parasites in Disease
		Bibliography
	71. Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Disease
		• Parasite Life Cycle as an Aid in Diagnosis
		• General Diagnostic Considerations
		• Parasitic Infections of the Intestinal and Urogenital Tracts
			Fecal Specimen Collection
			Techniques of Stool Examination
				Macroscopic Examination
				Direct Wet Mount
				Concentration
				Permanently Stained Slides
			Collection and Examination of Specimens Other Than Stool
				Perianal Specimens
				Sigmoidoscopic Material
				Duodenal Aspirates
				Liver Abscess Aspirate
				Sputum
				Urine
				Urogenital Specimens
		• Parasitic Infections of Blood and Tissue
			Blood Films
			Specimens Other Than Blood
		• Alternatives to Microscopy
			Immunodiagnostics
			Molecular Diagnostic Approaches
			Culture
			Animal Inoculation
			Xenodiagnosis
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	72. Antiparasitic Agents
		• Targets for Antiparasitic Drug Action
		• Drug Resistance
		• Antiparasitic Agents
			Antiprotozoal Agents
				Heavy Metals
				Quinoline Derivatives
				Folic Acid Antagonists
				Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
				Diamidines
				Nitroimidazoles
				Sesquiterpenes
				Atovaquone-Proguanil (Malarone)
				Miltefosine
				Nitazoxanide
				Other Antiprotozoal Agents
			Anthelmintic Agents
				Benzimidazoles
				Tetrahydropyrimidines
				Piperazines
				Avermectins
				Pyrazinoisoquinolines
				Phenols
				Other Anthelmintic Agents
		Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	73. Intestinal and Urogenital Protozoa
		Answers
		• Amebae
			Entamoeba histolytica
				Physiology and Structure
				Pathogenesis
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Other Intestinal Amebae
		• Flagellates
			Giardia duodenalis (G. lamblia, G. intestinalis)
				Physiology and Structure
				Pathogenesis
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Dientamoeba fragilis
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Trichomonas vaginalis
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Ciliates
			Balantidium coli
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Sporozoa (Coccidia)
			Cystoisospora (Formerly Isospora) belli
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Sarcocystis Species
			Cryptosporidium Species
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes (Clinical Case 73-3)
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Cyclospora Species
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	74. Blood and Tissue Protozoa
		Answers
		• Plasmodium Species
			Plasmodium falciparum
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Plasmodium knowlesi
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Plasmodium vivax
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Plasmodium ovale
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Plasmodium malariae
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Babesia Species
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Toxoplasma gondii
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Sarcocystis lindemanni
		• Free-Living Amebae
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Leishmania
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Trypanosomes
			Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Trypanosoma cruzi
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	75. Nematodes
		Answers
		• Enterobius vermicularis
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Ascaris lumbricoides
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Toxocara and Baylisascaris
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Trichuris trichiura
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Hookworms
			Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Ancylostoma braziliense
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Strongyloides stercoralis
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Trichinella spiralis
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Loa loa
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Mansonella Species
			Mansonella perstans
			Mansonella ozzardi
			Mansonella streptocerca
		• Onchocerca volvulus
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Dirofilaria immitis
		• Dracunculus medinensis
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	76. Trematodes
		Answers
		• Fasciolopsis buski
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Fasciola hepatica
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Clonorchis sinensis
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes (Clinical Case 76-2)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Paragonimus westermani
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Schistosomes
			Schistosoma mansoni
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Schistosoma japonicum
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Schistosoma haematobium
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Cercarial Dermatitis
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	77. Cestodes
		Answers
		• Taenia solium
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Cysticercosis
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Taenia saginata
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Diphyllobothrium latum
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Sparganosis
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Echinococcus granulosus
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Echinococcus multilocularis
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Hymenolepis nana
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Hymenolepis diminuta
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Dipylidium caninum
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
	78. Arthropods
		Answers
		• Myriapoda
			Centipedes
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Crustacea
			Copepods
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Decapods
			Pentastomida
				Tongue Worms
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Laboratory Diagnosis
					Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Chelicerata (Arachnida)
			Spiders
				Black Widow Spiders
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Treatment, Prevention, and Control
				Brown Recluse Spiders
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Diagnosis
					Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Scorpions
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Mites
				Itch Mites
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Diagnosis
					Treatment, Prevention, and Control
				Human Follicle Mites
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Diagnosis
					Treatment
				Chigger Mites
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Ticks
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Hexapoda (Insecta)
			Bloodsucking Diptera
				Mosquitoes
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Treatment, Prevention, and Control
				Gnats and Biting Midges
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Treatment, Prevention, and Control
				Sandflies
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Treatment, Prevention, and Control
				Blackflies
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Diagnosis
					Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Horseflies and Deerflies
			Muscoid Flies
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Prevention and Control
			Myiasis-Causing Flies
			Sucking Lice
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Fleas
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Bugs
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Stinging Insects
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Case Study and Questions
		Answers
		Bibliography
INDEX