Medical Biochemistry. Theory and Practicals: Questions and Answers for First Professional Year MBBS Examination and Nation Exit Test (NExT) Preparation

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Medical Biochemistry. Theory and Practicals: Questions and Answers for First Professional Year MBBS Examination and Nation Exit Test (NExT) Preparation
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Index of Competencies
1. Introduction to Biochemistry of EukaryoticCells, Anabolic and Catabolic Reactions
	Introduction
	Eukaryotic Cell
	Basic Levels of Body Organization
	Cellular Injury and Death
	Metabolic Reactions
	Homeostasis
	Multiple Choice Questions
2. Enzymes
	Introduction
	Coenzymes
	Isoenzymes
	Enzyme Specificity
	Enzyme Kinetics
	Enzyme Inhibition
	Therapeutic Enzymes
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case Studies
3. Biologic Oxidation, Respiratory Chain, Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidants
	Biological Oxidation
	The Respiratory Chain
	Stages in the Production of Energy
	The Pathway of Electrons (Based on the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis)
	Substances That Inhibit the Respiratory Chain
	Reactive Oxygen Species and Superoxide Ions
	Lipid Peroxidation
	Importance of Antioxidant Levels in Food
	Multiple Choice Questions
4. Carbohydrates
	Introduction
	Functions of Carbohydrates
	Classification and Properties of Carbohydrates
	Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
	Carbohydrate Metabolism
	Krebs Cycle (TCA Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle)
	Gluconeogenesis
	Glycogenesis
	Blood Sugar (Glucose)
	Deranged Glucose Metabolism
	Diabetes Mellitus
	Glucose Tolerance Test
	Diabetic Drugs and Treatment
	Hypoglycemia
	Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case Studies
5. Lipids
	Introduction
	Classification and Importance
	Compound (Conjugate) Lipids
	Derived Lipids
	Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
	Metabolism of Lipids
	Cholesterol Biosynthesis
	Cholesterol Absorption
	Lipoprotein Metabolism
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case Studies
6. Proteins
	Introduction
	Amino Acids
	Structure of Proteins
	Important Properties of Proteins
	Structure–Function Relationshipof Proteins
	Mechanism of Physiologi Chemostasis
	Absorption of Amino Acids
	Amino Acid Metabolism
	Inborn Errors of Amino Acid Metabolism
	Proteinuria
	Biochemical Cardiac Markers
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case Studies
7. Nonprotein Nitrogenous Molecules
	Introduction
	Nonprotein Nitrogen
	Urea Metabolism
	Creatine Metabolism
	Basic Components of Nucleic Acids
	Biosynthesis of Purines
	Biosynthesis of Pyrimidine
	Purine Catabolism, Uric Acid Metabolism
	Pyrimidine Catabolism
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case Studies
8. Water and electrolyte metabolism
	Introduction
	Electrolyte Metabolism
	Mineral Metabolism
	Sodium Metabolism
	Potassium Metabolism
	CSF Electrolytes
	Calcium Metabolism
	Phosphorus Metabolism
	Iron Metabolism
	Importance of Trace Elements
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case Studies
9. Acid–Base Balance
	Introduction
	Maintenance of Acid–Base Balance
	Disturbed Acid–Base Balance
	Respiratory Acidosis
	Respiratory Alkalosis
	Metabolic Acidosis
	Metabolic Alkalosis
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case Studies
10. General Mechanism of Action of Hormones
	Introduction
	Classification of Hormones
	Signal Rransduction by Hormones
	Multiple Choice Questions
11. Vitamins
	Introduction
	Vitamin A
	The National Prophylaxis Programme Against Nutritional Blindness
	Vitamin D
	Vitamin E
	Vitamin K
	Water-Soluble Vitamins
	Vitamin C
	B Complex Vitamins
	Thiamine
	Riboflavin
	Niacin
	Pantothenic Acid
	Pyridoxin
	Biotin
	Folic Acid
	Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
	Other Compounds Which Function Like Vitamins
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case Studies
12. Xenobiotics
	Introduction
	Detoxification of Xenobiotics
	Phases of Detoxification of Xenobiotics
	Multiple Choice Questions
13. Hemoglobin Synthesis, Properties and Related Clinical Conditions
	Introduction
	Synthesis of Hemoglobin
	Porphyrins and Disorders of Hemesynthesis-Porphyrias
	Properties and Functions of Hemoglobin
	Red Cell Destruction:Pathologicand Physiologic
	Iron Metabolism
	Disorders of HB Structure and Synthesis
	Structural Variants of Hemoglobin and Thalassemia Syndromes
	The Hemolytic Anemias
	Laboratory Diagnosis of Hemolytic Anemia
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case Studies
14. Nutrition
	Introduction
	Dietary Components
	Nutritional Food Values
	Determination of Nutritive Value Assessment of Proteins
	Nutritional Needs in Pregnancyand Lactation
	Nutritional Need of a Newborn
	Malnutrition and Starvation
	Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) and Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM)
	Health Risks Associated with Obesity
	Obesity Preventive Strategies
	Dietary Plans in Disease
	Diet for patients Suffering from Coronary Artery Disease
	Critical Illness and Nutritional Support
	Nutritional Disorders in the Elderly
	Nutritional Support for the Patient in Trauma
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case Studies
15. Molecular Biology and Pathology
	Introduction
	Molecular Composition and Structure of DNA and RNA
	Replication, Transcription and Translation Mechanisms
	Transcription
	Translation
	Operon Concept
	Lac Operon
	Tryptophan Operon
	Mechanism of DNA Repair
	Gene Mutations
	Molecular Pathology
	Importance of Molecular Pathology Techniques
	Blot Techniques
	Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
	Gene Cloning
	Recombinant DNA Technology
	Gene Therapy
	Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
	Multiple Choice Questions
16. Cancer and Tumor Markers
	Introduction
	The Carcinogens
	Proto-Oncogenes and Oncogenes
	Oncogenic Viruses
	Definition and Characteristic Features of Cancer
	Characteristics of Growing Tumor Cells
	Multi-Step Process of Cancer
	Cancer Treatment
	Immunotherapy
	Tumor Markers
	Multiple Choice Questions
17. Organ Function Tests
	Introduction
	Renal Function Tests
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case Studies
	Liver Function Tests
	Bilirubin Metabolism
	Liver Diseases
	Clinical Course of Vital Hepatitis
	Investigations of Liver Functions
	The Routinely Performed Liver Function Tests (LFTs)
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case Studies
	Thyroid Function Tests
	Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones
	Thyroid Diseases
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case Studies
	Thyroid National Program
	Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex and Their Functions
	Pathophysiology Related to the Adrenalgl and, Addison’s Disease
	Cushing’s Disease
	Conn’s Syndrome
	Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla and Their Functions
	Beta-Blockers
	Gastric Function Tests
	Pancreatic Function Tests
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
	Laboratory Tests to Determine Gastric Functions
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Adynamic Ileus and Acute Colonicpseudo-Obstruction
	Hirschsprung Disease (HSCR)
18. Immunology
	Introduction
	Immunological Reaction and Related Terms
	The Basic Mechanisms of Innate Immunity
	Origin of Immune Cells
	T cells
	B cells
	CD4 cells
	Functions of the Immune System
	Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
	Immunoglobulin Classes
	The Complement System
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Vaccines
	Use of Human Cell Strains in Vaccine Development
	Epidemiology of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
	Components of the Universal Immunization Program and the Subnational Immunization Program
	Vaccination of Children
	Vaccination of Adults
	Immunization in Special Situations
19. Medical Biochemistry Laboratory Basic Requirements, Principles and Procedures
	Introduction
	Safe Laboratory Practice
	Preparation of Reagents and Buffers (Basic Requirements)
	Basic Steps for Drawing a Blood Specimen
	How to Perform a Biochemistry Laboratory Test?
	Waste Management
	Quality Control
	Reflectance Photometry
	Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose
	Chromatography
	Electrophoresis
	Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)
	Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) Analyzer Use
	Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
	Immunoturbidimetry
	Immuno Diffusion
	Radioassays (RIA)
	Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
20. Medical Biochemistry Practicals
	Primary Standards, Calibrators and QC Serum
	Diagnostic Kits
		Expt. 1: Determination of Plasma Glucoseby Glucose Oxidase Method.
		Expt. 2: Determination of Serum (or Plasma) Urea Nitrogen by Berthelot Reaction Method.
		Expt. 3: Determination of Serum Creatinine by Alkaline Picrate Method.
		Expt. 4: Determination of Urine Creatinine by Alkaline Picrate Method.
		Expt. 5: Determination of Uric Acid by End Point Reaction—Enzymatic Method.
		Expt. 6A: Determination of Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT)by End Point Reaction Method.
		Expt. 6B: Determination of Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT) by End Point Reaction Method.
		Expt. 7: Determination of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (S. ALP) by End Point Reaction Method.
		Expt. 8: Serum Total, Direct and Indirect Bilirubin.
		Expt. 9: Determination of Serum Total Cholesterol by Enzymatic Method.
		Expt. 10: Determination of Serumtri Glycerides by Enzymatic Method.
		Expt. 11: Determination of Serum (or Plasma) Calcium by CPC Method.
		Expt. 12: Determination of Serumin Organic phosphorus by direct UV Determination Without Reduction.
		Expt. 13: Determination of Total Serum Protein by Biuret Method.
		Expt. 14: Determination of Serum Albumin by BCG Method.
		Expt.15: Physical Examination of Urine Using Multi-Stixs.
		Expt.16: Chemical Examination of Urine Using Multi-Stix Reagent Strips.
		Expt. 17: Microscopic Examination of Urine.
		Expt. 18: Determination of Serum Amylase by Colorimetric (Amyloclastic).
		Qualitative Experiments
			Expt. 19: Identification of a Carbo Hydratesolution.
			Expt. 20: Determination of Urine Glucoseby Benedict Test.
			Expt. 21: Selivanoff’s Test (Detection of Lactose).
			Expt. 22: Orthotoluidine Test (for Detection of Galactose).
			Expt. 23: Selivanoff’s Test for the Detectionof Fructose.
			Expt. 24: Observation of Presence of Protein in a Solution.
Index
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