Mechanical science II

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Group–A: Thermodynamics
CHAPTER 1:   BASIC CONCEPT AND SOME DEFINITIONS 3–31
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Macroscopic and Microscopic Approach 3
1.3 Thermodynamic System 4
1.4 Classification of Thermodynamic Systems 4
1.5 Control Mass and Control Volume 6
1.6 Thermodynamic Co-ordinates 7
1.7 State of a System 7
1.8 Properties of a System 7
1.9 Classification of Properties of a System 7
1.10 Phase 8
1.11 Thermodynamic Equilibrium 8
1.12 Path 9
1.13 Process 9
1.14 Cyclic Process or Thermodynamic Cycle 10
1.15 Point Function and Path Function 12
1.16 Unit 13
1.17 Systems of Units 15
1.18 Mass (M) 15
1.19 Weight (W) 16
1.20 Force (F) 16
1.21 Specific Weight (WS)17
1.22 Specific Volume (vS)17
CONTENTS
(xii) Mechanical Science-II
1.23 Pressure 17
1.24 Absolute, Gauge and Vacuum Pressure 17
1.25 Pressure Measurement by Manometer 18
1.26 Normal Temperature and Pressure (N.T.P) 20
1.27 Standard Temperature and Pressure (S.T.P) 20
1.28 Energy 20
1.29 Types of Stored Energy 20
1.30 Law of Conservation of Energy 21
1.31 Power 21
CHAPTER 2:   ZEROTH LAW AND TEMPERATURE 33–57
2.1 Temperature 33
2.2 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 33
2.3 Measurement of Temperature 33
2.4 Constant Volume Gas Thermometer and Temperature Scale 34
2.5 Heat and Heat Transfer 37
2.6 Specific Heat 38
2.7 Thermal or Heat Capacity of a Substance 38
2.8 Water Equivalent of a Substance 39
2.9 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat 39
2.10 Work 39
2.11 Sign Convention of Work 41
2.12 Work Done During a Quasi-Static or Quasi-Equilibrium Process 41
2.13 Work and Heat Transfer—A Path Function 43
2.14 Comparison of Heat and Work 44
2.15 Example of Work 45
2.16 Work in Non-flow Process Versus Flow Process 50
CHAPTER 3:   PROPERTIES AND THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES OF GAS 59–102
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 General Gas Equation 59
3.3 Equation of State and Characteristic Equation of Gas 60
3.4 Universal Gas Constant or Molar Gas Constant 60
3.5 Specific Heat of Gas 61
3.6 Linear Relation Between Cp and Cv 62
3.7 Ratio of Cp and Cv 62
3.8 Enthalpy of a Gas 63
3.9 Thermodynamic Processes 63
3.10 Classification of Thermodynamic Process 64
3.11 Heating and Expansion of Gases in Non-flow Process 64
3.12 Constant Volume or Isochoric Process 64
3.13 Constant Pressure or Isobaric Process 66
3.14 Hyperbolic Process 68
3.15 Constant Temperature or Isothermal Process 69
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3.16 Adiabatic Process 71
3.17 Polytropic Process 74
3.18 General Laws for Expansion and Compression 75
3.19 Real Gas 76
3.20 Real Gas and Compressibility Factor 76
3.21 Law of Corresponding State and Generalized Compressibility Chart 77
CHAPTER 4:   FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND ITS APPLICATION 103–131
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 Joule’s Experiment 103
4.3 First Law of Thermodynamics for a System Undergoing a Thermodynamics Cycle 104
4.4 The Important Consequences of the First Law of Thermodynamics 105
4.5 Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics 108
4.6 Application of First Law Thermodynamics to a Non-flow Process 109
4.7 Application of First Law of Thermodynamic to a Steady Flow Process 111
4.8 Mass Balance (Continuity Equation) 113
4.9 Work Done in a Steady Flow Process 113
4.10 Work Done Various Steady Flow Process 114
4.11 Throttling Process 115
4.12 Application of Steady Flow Energy Equation to Engineering System 115
CHAPTER 5:   SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 133–155
 5.1 Introduction 133
5.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 135
5.3 Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius of Second Law of Thermodynamics 137
5.4 Reversible Cycle 138
5.5 Irreversible Cycle 138
5.6 Reversibility and Irreversibility of Thermodynamic Process 138
5.7 Carnot Cycle 139
5.8 Reversed Carnot Cycle 142
5.9 Carnot Theorem 142
CHAPTER 6:   ENTROPY 157–182
6.1 Introduction 157
6.2 Importance of Entropy 157
6.3 Units of Entropy 158
6.4 Clausius Theorem 158
6.5 Entropy—A Point Function or a Property of a System 161
6.6 Clausius Inequality 162
6.7 Principle of Increase of Entropy 162
6.8 Entropy and Temperature Relation 163
6.9 General Expression for Change of Entropy of a Perfect Gas 164
6.10 Change of Entropy of Perfect Gas During Various Thermodynamic Process 165
6.11 Irreversibility 167
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CHAPTER 7:   PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 183–227
7.1 Introduction 183
7.2 Phase Equilibrium of a Pure Substance on T-V Diagram 183
7.3 Temperature and Total Heat Graph During Steam Formation 185
7.4 Phase Equilibrium at Higher Pressure 185
7.5 Phase Equilibrium at Lower Pressures 187
7.6 Thermodynamic Surface 187
7.7 p–∀ Diagram of a Pure Substances 188
7.8 Important Terms of Steam 189
7.9 Entropy of Steam 213
7.10 Entropy of Water 213
7.11 Entropy Increases During Evaporation 213
7.12 Entropy of Wet and Dry Steam 214
7.13 Entropy for Superheated Steam 214
7.14 External Work of Evaporation 215
7.15 Internal Latent Heat 215
7.16 Internal Energy of Steam 215
7.17 Temperature-Entropy Diagram of Water and Steam 216
7.18 Isothermal Lines on T-S Diagram 216
7.19 Isentropic Lines 216
7.20 Enthalpy–Entropy (h-s) Diagram for Water and Steam or Mollier Chart 217
7.21 Dryness Fraction Lines on h-s Diagram 219
7.22 Constant Volume Line 219
7.23 Constant Pressure Line 219
7.24 Isothermal Line 219
7.25 Isentropic Line on (h-s) Diagram 220
7.26 Throttling Lines on h-s Diagram 220
CHAPTER 8:    THERMODYNAMIC AIR STANDARD CYCLES 229–248
8.1 Introduction 229
8.2 Assumptions in Thermodynamic Cycles 229
8.3 Classification of Thermodynamic Cycles 230
8.4 Important Parameters in Air Standard Cycle Analysis 230
8.5 Important Terms used in Thermodynamic Cycles 230
8.6 Types of Thermodynamic Cycles 232
8.7 Carnot Cycle 232
8.8 Otto Cycle 232
8.9 Joule’s Cycle 234
8.10 Diesel Cycle 235
8.11 Comparison between the Efficiency of Otto and Diesel Cycle for same Compression Ratio 237
CHAPTER 9:   STEAM POWER CYCLE 249–258
9.1 Introduction 249
9.2 Rankine Cycle 249
9.3 Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle 251
BIBLIOGRAPHY 259
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Group–B: Fluid Mechanics
CHAPTER 1:   INTRODUCTION AND  FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 263–288
1.1 Definition of Fluid 263
1.2 Fluid Mechanics and its Perview 263
1.3 Fluid as a Continuum 263
1.4 Properties of Fluid 264
CHAPTER 2:   FLUID STATICS 289–327
2.1 Forces on Fluid Element 289
2.2 Equilibrium of Static Fluid Element 290
2.3 Solution of Euler’s Equations 291
2.4 Gauge Pressure and Absolute Pressure 294
2.5 Measurement of Pressure 295
2.6 Manometer 296
2.7 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Plane Surface 298
2.8 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Curved Surface 300
2.9 Buoyancy and Archimedes Law 301
2.10 Equilibrium and Metacentre 302
CHAPTER 3:   KINEMATICS OF FLUID FLOW 329–355
3.1 Introduction 329
3.2 Scalar and Vector Field 329
3.3 Description of Fluid Flow 329
3.4 Classification of Flow 330
3.5 Description of Flow Patterns 333
3.6 Conservation of Mass 335
CHAPTER 4:   DYNAMICS OF FLUID FLOW 357–392
4.1 Introduction 357
4.2 Equation of Steady Motion Along Streamline 358
4.3 Bernoulli’s Equation 359
4.4 Different Heads 360
4.5 Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and Energy Grade Line (EGL) 360
4.6 Major and Minor Head Loss 361
4.7 Absolute and Relative Roughness 361
4.8 Reynold’s Number 361
4.9 Application of Bernoulli’s Equation 362
4.10 Static Pressure and Stagnation Pressure 365
4.11 Pitot Tube 366
BIBLIOGRAPHY 393
QUESTIONS PAPER 395–408
INDEX 409–416