Mechanical Engineering Handbook

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 3
1.1 Introduction......Page 10
Vector Components and Resultants. Parallelogram La.........Page 12
Unit Vectors......Page 13
Free-Body Diagrams......Page 14
Forces on Rigid Bodies......Page 15
Vector Product of Two Vectors......Page 16
Moment of a Force about a Line......Page 17
Common Cases......Page 18
Conditions of Equilibrium......Page 19
Notes on Three-Dimensional Forces and Supports......Page 20
Related Free-Body Diagrams (Figure 1.2.14)......Page 21
Solution. The free-body diagram is drawn in Figure.........Page 22
Forces and Moments in Beams......Page 23
Sign Conventions. Consistent sign conventions shou.........Page 24
Solution. From the free-body diagram of the entire.........Page 25
Example 6......Page 27
Method of Sections......Page 28
Frames and Machines......Page 29
Centroids......Page 30
Distributed Loads on Flexible Cables......Page 31
Friction......Page 32
Wedges and Screws......Page 33
Rolling Resistance......Page 34
Virtual Work......Page 35
Elastic Potential Energy......Page 36
Moments of Inertia of a Mass......Page 37
Parallel-Axis Transformations of Moments of Inerti.........Page 38
Products of Inertia......Page 39
Solution.......Page 40
Vector Notation in Rectangular (Cartesian) Coordin.........Page 42
Tangential and Normal Components......Page 43
Motion of a Particle in Cylindrical Coordinates......Page 44
Newton’s Second Law......Page 45
Potential and Kinetic Energies......Page 46
Conservative Systems and Potential Functions......Page 47
Linear and Angular Momentum Methods......Page 48
Conservation of Total Momentum of Particles......Page 49
Kinetic Energy. The kinetic energy of a system of .........Page 50
Conservation of Momentum......Page 51
Rotation about a Fixed Axis......Page 52
Velocities in General Plane Motion......Page 53
Acceleration in General Plane Motion......Page 54
General Motion of a Rigid Body......Page 55
Example 9......Page 56
Time Derivative of a Vector Using a Rotating Frame.........Page 57
Applications of Equations of Motion......Page 58
General Plane Motion......Page 59
Work of a Force on a Rigid Body......Page 60
Power......Page 61
Impulse and Momentum of a System of Rigid Bodies......Page 62
Angular Momentum in Three Dimensions......Page 63
Kinetic Energy of a Rigid Body in Three-Dimensiona.........Page 64
Solution of Problems in Three-Dimensional Motion......Page 65
Undamped Free and Forced Vibrations......Page 66
Damped Free and Forced Vibrations......Page 67
Vibration Isolation......Page 69
Balancing of Rotating Components......Page 70
Random Vibrations. Shock Excitation......Page 71
Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Systems. Modal Analysis.........Page 72
Vibration-Measuring Instruments......Page 73
Plane Stress......Page 76
Stress Transformation......Page 77
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress......Page 78
Special Cases of Mohr’s Circles for Plane Stress......Page 79
Strain......Page 80
Shear Strain......Page 81
Principal Strains......Page 82
Stress-Strain Diagrams......Page 83
Generalized Stress-Strain Expressions. Hooke’s Law.........Page 84
Uniaxial Elastic Deformations......Page 85
Flexure Formula......Page 86
Unsymmetric Bending......Page 87
Curved Beams......Page 88
Shear Flow......Page 89
Deflections of Beams......Page 90
Torsion......Page 91
Inelastic Torsion......Page 93
Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded Members......Page 94
Statically Indeterminate Beams......Page 95
Critical Load. Euler’s Equation......Page 96
Inelastic Buckling......Page 97
Combined Stresses......Page 98
Cylindrical Shells......Page 99
Solution. From Equation 1.5.54, the required thick.........Page 101
Example 11......Page 102
Nozzle Reinforcement......Page 103
Solution.......Page 104
Electrical-Resistance Strain Gages......Page 105
Electrical-Resistance Strain Gage Mounting Methods.........Page 106
Strain Analysis Methods......Page 107
Photoelasticity. The method of photoelasticity is .........Page 108
Thermoelastic Stress Analysis. Modern thermoelasti.........Page 110
Impact Testing. The most common impact testing mac.........Page 111
Hardness Testing. The major hardness tests are the.........Page 112
Stress Concentrations......Page 113
Brittle and Ductile Behaviors. Embrittlements......Page 115
Stress Intensity Factors. The stresses on an infin.........Page 116
Fracture Toughness Data. Certain criteria about cr.........Page 117
Overview of Toughness Degradations. There is a mul.........Page 118
Design and Failure Analysis Using Stress Intensity.........Page 119
Nondestructive Evaluation......Page 120
Creep and Stress Relaxation......Page 121
Time-Temperature Parameters. Life Estimation......Page 122
Fatigue......Page 123
Stress vs. Life (S-N) Curves......Page 124
Mean Stress, Residual Stress. Several main points .........Page 125
Statistical Scatter. There is always statistical s.........Page 126
Variable Amplitude Loading......Page 127
Cycle Counting. Highly irregular loading requires .........Page 128
Strain vs. Life (e-N) Curves......Page 129
Residual Stresses at Notches. An extremely importa.........Page 130
Fracture Mechanics Method in Fatigue......Page 131
Abridged Example of a Modern Fatigue Analysis......Page 132
Illustrations......Page 134
2. Engineering Thermodynamics......Page 150
Phase and Pure Substance......Page 151
Temperature......Page 152
Energy......Page 153
Heat......Page 154
Power Cycles......Page 155
Irreversibilities......Page 156
Carnot Corollaries......Page 157
Carnot Efficiency......Page 158
Entropy......Page 159
Entropy Balance......Page 160
Control Volume Energy Balance......Page 163
Control Volume Entropy Balance......Page 164
Control Volumes at Steady State......Page 165
Solution. The nozle exit area can be evaluated usi.........Page 168
Internally Reversible Heat Transfer and Work......Page 169
Basic Relations for Pure Substances......Page 171
Example 4......Page 172
Specific Heats and Other Properties......Page 173
Solution. Identifying x, y, z with s, T, and v, re.........Page 174
P-v-T Surface......Page 177
Compressibility Charts......Page 179
Equations of State......Page 184
Gas Mixtures......Page 185
Evaluating Dh, Du, and Ds......Page 186
Solution. With Equation 2.33 and the Maxwell relat.........Page 187
Thermodynamic Data Retrieval......Page 189
Ideal Gas Model......Page 193
Example 8......Page 195
Solution. Using Equation 5¢ of Table 2.8 together .........Page 197
Ideal Gas Mixtures......Page 198
Moist Air......Page 199
Generalized Charts for Enthalpy, Entropy, and Fuga.........Page 200
Multicomponent Systems......Page 203
Chemical Potential......Page 204
Ideal Solution......Page 205
Reaction Equations......Page 207
Solution.......Page 208
Enthalpy of Formation......Page 209
Absolute Entropy......Page 211
Solution. For combustion of liquid octane with the.........Page 212
Gibbs Function of Formation......Page 214
Solution. The overall cell reaction is H2 + 1/2 O2.........Page 215
Solution. The reaction of CO with the theoretical .........Page 216
Environment......Page 218
Control Volume Exergy Rate Balance......Page 219
Chemical Exergy......Page 220
Solution. Equation 2.88 reduces to read......Page 221
Exergetic Efficiency......Page 222
Solution. The exergetic efficiency from Table 2.13.........Page 223
Exergy Costing......Page 225
Solution. Substituting values into Equation 2.93,......Page 226
Rankine and Brayton Cycles......Page 227
Otto, Diesel, and Dual Cycles......Page 229
Carnot, Ericsson, and Stirling Cycles......Page 234
2.7 Guidelines for Improving Thermodynamic Effecti.........Page 236
3. Fluid Mechanics......Page 442
Hydrostatic Pressure......Page 443
Buoyancy......Page 448
3.2 Equations of Motion......Page 452
Navier-Stokes Eqns......Page 460
Boundary Conditions......Page 462
3.3 Dimensional Analysis......Page 469
3.4 Hydraulics of Pipes......Page 485
Pump Selection......Page 497
3.5 Open Channel Flow......Page 502
3.6 Incompressible Flow......Page 511
Boundary Layers......Page 512
3.7 Compressible Flow......Page 522
Normal Shock Wave......Page 525
Nozzle Flow......Page 531
3.8 Multiphase Flow......Page 539
Gas-Liquid 2-Phase Flow......Page 542
3.9 Non-Newtonian Flows......Page 555
3.10 Tribology and Bearings......Page 569
Lubricant Properties......Page 575
Rolling Bearings......Page 598
Pumps......Page 611
Fans......Page 615
Spray Characterization......Page 618
Atomizer Design......Page 619
3.13 Flow Measurement......Page 627
Venturi Meters......Page 631
3.14 Nanotribology......Page 638
Adhesion and Friction......Page 640
Scratching and Wear......Page 643
4. Heat & Mass Transfer......Page 823
Fourier's Law......Page 824
Fins......Page 829
Finite-Difference Analysis......Page 832
4.2 Convection Heat Transfer......Page 836
Blackbody Radiation......Page 878
Boiling......Page 904
Condensation......Page 914
Melting and Freezing......Page 926
4.5 Heat Exchangers......Page 940
4.6 Measuring Heat Transfer......Page 1004
4.7 Mass Transfer......Page 1028
4.8 Applications......Page 1062
Cooling Towers......Page 1072
4.9 Non-Newtonian Heat Transfer......Page 1101
5. Electrical Engineering......Page 1110
6.1 Human-Machine Interaction......Page 1111
Supervisory Control......Page 1113
Flight Management Systems......Page 1115
Air Traffic Control......Page 1117
Advanced Traffic Management Systems......Page 1118
Telerobots for Space, Undersea, and Medicine......Page 1119
Human Workload and Human Error......Page 1121
Human Error......Page 1122
How Far to Go with Automation......Page 1123
Time Constants. The time constant of a sensor or p.........Page 1125
Cascaded (Master-Slave) Control Loops. If a proces.........Page 1126
Supervisory Controllers. Supervisory controllers a.........Page 1127
Steady-State Operation......Page 1129
Dynamic Response......Page 1130
Frequency-Domain Representation of a Process — Lap.........Page 1131
z-Transform Details. Because z-transforms are impo.........Page 1132
Example of Using z-Transfer Functions. Suppose we .........Page 1133
Integral Control......Page 1139
PID Controller in the z Domain......Page 1140
Roots of the Characteristic Equation. The roots of.........Page 1141
Routh-Hurwitz Stability Criteria. The Routh-Hurwit.........Page 1142
Tuning of Feedback Loops......Page 1143
Ultimate Frequency. The ultimate frequency test in.........Page 1144
Training Neural Networks......Page 1146
Architecture of the Network......Page 1148
Estimating the Size of the Prediction Time Window..........Page 1149
Using Networks as Supervisory Controllers......Page 1150
Fuzzy Logic Controllers......Page 1151
Introduction......Page 1152
The Basic Aspects of an FLC......Page 1153
Rule Refinement. An FLC is characterized by a set .........Page 1155
Completeness and Interaction of Rules and Selectio.........Page 1158
Scale Factors and Output Gain......Page 1160
Conclusion......Page 1161
Special FLC Mathematical Operations......Page 1163
An Example of Numeric Calculation for Influence of.........Page 1164
7. Energy Resouces......Page 1169
7.1 Introduction......Page 1170
7.2 Types of Derived Energy......Page 1172
Coal Composition and Classification......Page 1174
Coal Analysis......Page 1175
Coal Properties......Page 1177
Coal Reserves......Page 1178
Environmental Aspects......Page 1180
Transportation......Page 1183
Crude Oil Classification and World Reserves......Page 1185
Standard Fuels......Page 1187
World Refining Capacity. Refining capacity grew fr.........Page 1188
Compressed Natural Gas......Page 1189
Physical Properties of Hydrocarbons......Page 1190
Cropland and Grassland......Page 1192
Terrestrial Limitations......Page 1193
Direct Combustion, Combined Heat, and Power and St.........Page 1194
Gasification......Page 1195
Liquefaction to Produce a Biofuel Oil......Page 1197
Ethanol......Page 1198
Biodiesel......Page 1199
Anaerobic Digestion. Anaerobic digestion is the bi.........Page 1200
Sources of Nuclear Fuels and World Reserves......Page 1202
Processing of Nuclear Fuel......Page 1203
Earth-Sun Relationships......Page 1205
Solar Time......Page 1207
Solar Radiation on a Tilted Surface......Page 1208
Solar Radiation Measurements......Page 1209
Solar Radiation Data......Page 1210
7.7 Wind Energy Resources......Page 1218
Wind Energy Resource......Page 1219
Biological Indicators......Page 1224
Effects of Topography......Page 1226
Wind Energy Capture Potential......Page 1227
Environmental Impacts......Page 1228
Geothermal Energy Potential ......Page 1230
Geothermal Applications......Page 1231
Environmental Constraints......Page 1233
Acknowledgments......Page 1236
8. Energy Conversion......Page 1240
Introduction......Page 1241
Rankine Cycle Analysis......Page 1242
Once-Through Boilers......Page 1245
Superheaters. Superheaters are bundles of boiler t.........Page 1246
Blading......Page 1247
Choosing the Turbine Arrangement......Page 1248
Materials......Page 1249
Heaters. There are two classifications of condensa.........Page 1250
Feedwater Booster Pump. The DA outlet supplies the.........Page 1251
Generators......Page 1252
Modern Steam Power Plant — An Example......Page 1254
Power Plant System......Page 1255
Circulating Water System. The circulating water sy.........Page 1256
Air Evacuation System. The air evacuation system r.........Page 1257
Fuels and Firing......Page 1258
Efficiency......Page 1259
Gas Turbine Cycles......Page 1260
Cycle Configurations......Page 1261
Components Used in Complex Cycles......Page 1262
Upper Temperature Limit......Page 1265
Materials......Page 1266
Mechanical Product Features......Page 1267
Appendix......Page 1268
Four-Stroke SI Engine......Page 1270
Two-Stroke SI Engine......Page 1271
Compression Ignition Engine......Page 1273
Constant-Volume Heat Addition — Ideal Otto Cycle......Page 1275
Constant-Pressure Heat Addition — Ideal Diesel Cyc.........Page 1276
Actual Cycles......Page 1277
Normal Combustion Process. The combustion processe.........Page 1280
Abnormal Combustion. Abnormal combustion may occur.........Page 1281
Knock in CI Engines. As the combustion process in .........Page 1282
Unburned Hydrocarbons. When UHCs combine with NOx .........Page 1283
Control of Emissions from IC Engines......Page 1284
Gasoline......Page 1286
Diesel Fuels......Page 1287
Backround......Page 1288
Turbocharging......Page 1289
Typical Hydropower Installation......Page 1294
Impulse Turbines. Modern impulse units are general.........Page 1295
Power Available, Efficiency......Page 1296
Similitude and Scaling Formulae......Page 1297
Impulse Turbines. Of the head available at the noz.........Page 1300
Reaction Turbines. The main difference between imp.........Page 1301
Speed Regulation......Page 1302
Cavitation and Turbine Setting......Page 1304
Introduction......Page 1306
Heat Exchange......Page 1307
Piston/Displacer Configurations......Page 1308
Free-Piston Engine/Converters. An innovative way o.........Page 1311
Seals and Bearings......Page 1312
Future of the Stirling Engine......Page 1313
Stirling Engine Developers......Page 1315
Clean Coal Technology Development......Page 1316
Cleaning of Low-Rank Coal......Page 1317
Pulverized Coal Plants......Page 1318
Conventional Lime/Limestone Wet Scrubber......Page 1319
Control of Nitrogen Oxides......Page 1320
Fluidized Bed Plants......Page 1321
Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion......Page 1322
Advanced PFBCs......Page 1324
Gasification Plants......Page 1325
Pinon Pine IGCC......Page 1326
Polk County IGCC......Page 1328
Buggenum IGCC......Page 1329
Combustion Turbine Plants......Page 1330
Humidified Air Power Plants (Cohn, 1994)......Page 1331
Summary......Page 1332
Thermal Energy Storage (TES)......Page 1337
Applications and Examples......Page 1339
Potential Energy......Page 1340
Compressed Air Storage......Page 1341
Electrical Energy Storage......Page 1342
Power Plants. Recent start-up of a commercial unit.........Page 1343
The Fission Process......Page 1344
Cross Sections......Page 1345
Conversion and Breeding......Page 1346
LWR Fuel......Page 1347
Pressurized Water Reactors......Page 1348
Boiling Water Reactors......Page 1349
Tokamak Reactor Development......Page 1352
Fusion Energy Conversion and Transport......Page 1354
Flat Plate Collectors......Page 1356
Nontracking Concentrators. The simplest concentrat.........Page 1357
Tracking Concentrators. For temperatures up to 350.........Page 1358
Solar Ponds......Page 1359
Natural Circulation......Page 1360
Space-Heating Systems......Page 1361
Parabolic Trough Systems......Page 1363
Parabolic Dish Systems......Page 1364
Introduction......Page 1368
Wind Turbine Aerodynamics......Page 1369
Momentum Models......Page 1371
Wind Turbine Loads......Page 1373
Aerodynamic Loads/Blade Motion Coupling......Page 1374
Peak Power Regulation......Page 1375
Wind Turbine Electrical Generators......Page 1376
Water-Pumping Applications......Page 1377
Geothermal Resource Characteristics Applicable to .........Page 1380
Electrical Energy Generation from Geothermal Resou.........Page 1381
Flash Steam Systems — Liquid Dominated Resources......Page 1382
Binary Systems — Liquid-Dominated Resources......Page 1384
Direct Use of the Geothermal Resource......Page 1386
Introduction to Semiconductors......Page 1388
The p-n Junction Diode......Page 1389
Cell Operation. Photovoltaic energy conversion in .........Page 1390
Cell Efficiency. In order to derive the solar conv.........Page 1391
Cell Material vs. Efficiency......Page 1393
Single-Crystal Cells. The p-n photovoltaic cells m.........Page 1394
Thin Film Cells. Thin films cells provide an even .........Page 1395
Design of a Photovoltaic Generating System......Page 1396
Introduction......Page 1399
Thermodynamic Performance......Page 1400
Types of Fuel Cells......Page 1402
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. SOFCs offer a number of adv.........Page 1403
Fuel Cell Performance......Page 1405
Fuel Cell Power Systems......Page 1406
Liquid Fuel Processing. Liquid fuels such as disti.........Page 1407
Introduction......Page 1408
Surface Work Function. In a simple form, the energ.........Page 1409
Electron Saturation Current. In the absence of a s.........Page 1410
Converter Output Characteristics......Page 1411
Thermodynamic Analysis......Page 1412
Design Transition to Space Reactors — Concluding R.........Page 1413
Introduction......Page 1414
Thermoelectric Applications......Page 1415
Power Generation. When a temperature gradient is a.........Page 1416
Refrigeration. When a current source is used to de.........Page 1417
Additional Considerations......Page 1420
Introduction......Page 1422
Generator Configurations and Loading......Page 1423
Components......Page 1424
Future Prospects......Page 1425
Tidal Power......Page 1427
Wave Power......Page 1428
Concluding Remarks......Page 1429
10A.1.3 Printed Circuit Assembly Processes......Page 1430
8.16 EMERGY Evaluation and Transformity......Page 1436
An Example of EMERGY Evaluation, Lignite......Page 1438
9. Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration......Page 1441
Air-Conditioning Systems......Page 1442
Air Systems......Page 1443
Control Systems......Page 1444
Air-Conditioning Project Development and System De.........Page 1447
Design Documents......Page 1448
Codes and Standards......Page 1449
Moist Air......Page 1451
Humidity and Enthalpy......Page 1452
Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature and Wet Bulb Te.........Page 1453
Psychrometric Charts......Page 1455
Example 9.2.1......Page 1456
Space Conditioning, Sensible Cooling, and Sensible.........Page 1458
Humidifying and Cooling and Dehumidifying Processe.........Page 1460
Cooling and Dehumidifying Process......Page 1461
Two-Stream Mixing Process and Bypass Mixing Proces.........Page 1462
Air-Conditioning Cycle and Operating Modes......Page 1464
Basic Air-Conditioning Cycle — Summer Mode......Page 1465
Design Supply Volume Flow Rate......Page 1466
Rated Supply Volume Flow Rate......Page 1467
Outside Surface Condensation......Page 1468
Example 9.3.1......Page 1469
Cold Air Supply without Space Humidity Control......Page 1470
Warm Air Supply without Space Humidity Control......Page 1471
Cold Air Supply with Space Humidity Control......Page 1472
Cool-Down and Warm-Up Modes......Page 1473
Refrigerants, Cooling Mediums, and Absorbents......Page 1474
Inorganic Compounds......Page 1475
Required Properties of Refrigerants......Page 1480
Refrigeration Cycles......Page 1481
Refrigeration Processes in an Ideal Single-Stage C.........Page 1482
Refrigeration Cycle of Two-Stage Compound Systems .........Page 1484
Cascade System Characteristics......Page 1486
Outdoor Design Conditions......Page 1488
Indoor Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Air Vel.........Page 1489
Indoor Air Quality and Outdoor Ventilation Air Req.........Page 1490
Clean Rooms......Page 1491
Sound Levels......Page 1492
Convective Heat and Radiative Heat......Page 1494
Cooling Load Calculation Methodology......Page 1496
Transfer Function Method (TFM)......Page 1497
Conduction Heat Gains......Page 1498
External Wall and Roof......Page 1499
Heat Gain through Window Glass......Page 1500
Machines and Appliances......Page 1501
Conversion of Heat Gains into Cooling Load by TFM......Page 1502
Cooling Coil Load......Page 1503
Heating Load......Page 1504
Draw-Through or Blow-Through Units......Page 1505
Indoor Packaged Units......Page 1506
Rating Conditions and Minimum Performance......Page 1507
Direct Expansion (DX) Coil......Page 1508
Water Cooling Coils — Dry–Wet Coils......Page 1509
Coil Accessories and Servicing......Page 1510
Test Methods......Page 1511
Low-Efficiency Air Filters......Page 1512
Humidifiers......Page 1513
Selection of AHUs and PUs......Page 1515
Performance Indices......Page 1516
Screw Compressors......Page 1517
Refrigeration Condensers......Page 1519
Air-Cooled Condensers......Page 1520
Evaporative Condenser......Page 1522
Evaporators and Refrigerant Flow Control Devices......Page 1523
Direct Evaporative Cooler......Page 1524
Indirect Evaporative Coolers......Page 1525
Operating Characteristics......Page 1526
Volume Flow and Temperature Difference......Page 1527
Main and Branch Pipes......Page 1528
Direct Return and Reverse Return......Page 1530
Operating Characteristics......Page 1531
Plant-Distribution-Building Loop......Page 1533
Natural Vent Combustion Systems......Page 1535
Furnace Performance Indices......Page 1536
Types of Hot Water Boilers......Page 1537
Scotch Marine Boiler......Page 1538
System Characteristics......Page 1539
Fin-Tube Heaters......Page 1540
Design Considerations......Page 1541
Components and Accessories......Page 1543
Safety Controls......Page 1545
Main Problems in DX Systems......Page 1546
System Performance......Page 1547
System Components......Page 1548
Centrifugal Compressor Performance Map......Page 1550
Centrifugal Chillers Incorporating Heat Recovery......Page 1551
Oil Separation, Oil Cooling, and Oil Injection......Page 1552
Full Storage and Partial Storage......Page 1554
System Characteristics......Page 1555
Case Study of a Brine-Coil Ice-Storage System......Page 1556
Stratified Tanks......Page 1557
Fan-Laws......Page 1560
Modulation of Air Systems......Page 1561
Example 9.13.1......Page 1563
Supply and Exhaust Fan/Barometric Damper Combinati.........Page 1564
Supply Fan and Return Fan Combination......Page 1565
Fan Energy Use......Page 1566
Basics......Page 1568
Types of Minimum Outdoor Ventilation Air Control......Page 1569
Double-Effect Direct-Fired Absorption Chillers......Page 1570
Solution and Refrigerant Flow......Page 1572
Safety Controls......Page 1573
Absorption Chiller/Heater......Page 1574
Room Air-Conditioner Systems......Page 1575
Four-Pipe Fan-Coil Systems......Page 1576
Water-Source Heat Pump Systems......Page 1577
Single-Zone Constant-Volume (CV) Packaged Systems......Page 1579
VAV Reheat Packaged Systems......Page 1580
Fan-Powered VAV Packaged Systems......Page 1581
Single-Zone Constant-Volume Central Systems......Page 1582
VAV Central Systems......Page 1583
VAV Reheat Central Systems......Page 1584
Air-Conditioning System Selection......Page 1585
Comparison of Various Systems......Page 1587
Heating Systems......Page 1588
Energy Conservation Recommendations......Page 1589
Sorbents and Desiccants......Page 1592
Additional Requirements for Liquid Desiccant Dehum.........Page 1594
Disadvantages......Page 1595
Rotary Desiccant Dehumidifiers......Page 1596
The Desiccant Wheel......Page 1597
Solid Desiccant Air-Conditioning......Page 1598
Conclusions......Page 1599
Plastic Die Package......Page 1602
Wirebond Interconnects......Page 1605
Tape-Automated Bonding (TAB)......Page 1609
Three-Dimensional Die Packaging......Page 1610
Conventional Printed Circuit Board Technology......Page 1612
High-Density Interconnect Technology......Page 1614
Ceramic Substrate Technology......Page 1616
SMT Assembly......Page 1617
Connectors......Page 1618
References......Page 1432
Supplemental References......Page 1621
11. Engineering Design......Page 1623
11.1 Introduction......Page 1624
11.2 Elements of the Design Process......Page 1625
11.3 Concept of Domains......Page 1626
11.4 The Axiomatic Approach to Design......Page 1628
Example 1: Shaping of Hydraulic Tubes......Page 1629
Decomposition, Zigzagging, and Hierarchy......Page 1630
Example 2: Refrigerator Design......Page 1632
The Second Axiom: The Information Axiom......Page 1635
Example 3: Cutting a Rod to a Length......Page 1637
Systematic Design......Page 1640
The Taguchi Method......Page 1641
Design for Assembly......Page 1642
The Life Cycle Usage Environment......Page 1644
Redundancy......Page 1645
Protective Architectures......Page 1646
Potential Failure Sites and Failure Mechanisms......Page 1647
Temperature Control......Page 1649
Shock and Vibration Control......Page 1650
Chemical Action Control......Page 1651
Moisture Control......Page 1652
Sand and Dust Protection......Page 1653
Electromagnetic Radiation Control......Page 1654
Designing for Maintainability......Page 1655
The Design Team......Page 1656
Summary......Page 1657
Design of Manufacturing Systems......Page 1659
Metals Processing......Page 1660
Polymer Processing......Page 1661
11.8 Precision Machine Design......Page 1663
Accuracy, Repeatability, and Resolution......Page 1664
Amplification of Angular Errors......Page 1665
The Reversal Principle......Page 1666
Modeling the Errors in a Machine......Page 1667
Determination of the Relative Errors Between the T.........Page 1669
Linear Motion System Errors......Page 1670
Estimating Position Errors from Modular Bearing Ca.........Page 1671
Axis of Rotation Errors......Page 1672
Combinational Rules for Errors......Page 1676
Kinematic Errors......Page 1677
External Load-Induced Errors......Page 1678
Thermal Expansion Errors......Page 1679
Structures......Page 1680
Dynamic System Requirements......Page 1681
System Bandwidth Requirements......Page 1683
Effects of Changing the System’s Stiffness......Page 1684
Methods of Achieving Damping......Page 1685
Tuned Mass Dampers......Page 1686
Constrained Layer Dampers......Page 1687
Experimental Modal Analysis of a Machine’s Dynamic.........Page 1688
Identification, Control, and Isolation of Heat Sou.........Page 1689
Granite Structures......Page 1690
Ceramic Structures......Page 1691
Polymer Concrete Castings......Page 1693
Closed-Section (Bridge or Portal) Frames......Page 1694
Tetrahedral Frames......Page 1695
Counterweights and Counterbalances......Page 1696
Structural Connectivity......Page 1697
Bolted Joints......Page 1699
Bearings......Page 1700
Surface Roughness......Page 1701
Sliding Contact Bearings......Page 1703
Rolling Element Bearings......Page 1704
Rolling Element Linear Motion Bearings......Page 1705
Flexural Bearings......Page 1706
Hydrostatic Bearings......Page 1707
11.9 Robotics......Page 1708
Genetic Algorithm Tutorial......Page 1709
Truss Parameter Selection......Page 1711
Topology Optimization......Page 1714
Hierarchial Shape Packing......Page 1717
Classification of MDO Formulations......Page 1721
Single-NAND-NAND......Page 1723
Compromise DSP......Page 1724
Deviation Variables and Goals......Page 1727
The Lexicographic Minimum and the Deviation Functi.........Page 1728
The Use of Coupled DSPs in Modeling and Solving Sy.........Page 1729
Introduction — Nature and Properties of Pure Metal.........Page 1733
Casting......Page 1736
Strength and Deformation, Fracture Toughness......Page 1737
Solute, Dispersion, and Precipitation Strengthenin.........Page 1739
Strengthening of Steels and Steel Heat Treatment......Page 1742
Fatigue......Page 1745
High-Temperature Effects — Creep and Stress Ruptur.........Page 1748
Corrosion and Environmental Effects......Page 1749
Metal Surface Treatments......Page 1750
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS)......Page 1752
Cellulosics......Page 1753
Fluorocarbons......Page 1754
Polyethersulfone......Page 1759
Polyphenylene Sulfide......Page 1760
Polyester......Page 1761
Polyimide......Page 1762
Cellular Rubbers......Page 1763
Synthetic Rubbers......Page 1764
Performance of Adhesives......Page 1766
Mechanical Properties......Page 1776
Composites......Page 1777
Strength......Page 1779
Volume Change and Crack Control......Page 1781
Portland Cements......Page 1783
Aggregates for Concrete......Page 1786
Proportioning Normal Concrete Mixtures......Page 1787
Mixing, Transporting, and Placing Concrete......Page 1789
Sulfate-Resistant Concrete......Page 1790
Corrosion Protection......Page 1794
Related Standards and Specifications......Page 1795
Introduction......Page 1796
Introduction......Page 1797
Architecture......Page 1798
Introduction......Page 1799
Carbon Fiber......Page 1800
Polyester Matrix......Page 1801
Processing......Page 1802
Mechanical Properties......Page 1803
Cermets and Cemented Carbides — Particulate-Reinfo.........Page 1808
Fiber-Reinforced MMCs......Page 1810
Introduction......Page 1811
Continuous and Chopped Fiber Composites......Page 1812
Ceramic Matrix Whisker Composites (CMWCs)......Page 1813
High-Temperature Oxidation......Page 1814
Mechanical Properties......Page 1815
Earthenware......Page 1817
China and Porcelain......Page 1819
Porosity......Page 1820
Glazes and Enamels......Page 1821
Classes of Advanced Ceramics......Page 1822
Electronic and Magnetic Ceramics......Page 1823
Definition and Introduction......Page 1825
Borosilicate Glass......Page 1827
Strengthening and Tempering......Page 1829
Behavior at Elevated Temperatures......Page 1830
Chemical Durability......Page 1831
Non-Silica-Oxide Glasses......Page 1832
Amorphous Semiconductors......Page 1833
Glass Ceramics......Page 1834
13. Manufacturing......Page 1836
Modern Manufacturing......Page 1838
Control and Automation of Unit Processes......Page 1840
Unit Processes......Page 1841
Process Selection......Page 1843
TRADITIONAL MACHINING......Page 1844
Basic Machine Tool Components......Page 1845
Cutting Tool Materials......Page 1846
Wear of Cutting Tool Materials......Page 1847
Single-Point Cutting Tool Geometry......Page 1848
Key System Components......Page 1849
Capabilities and Process Limitations......Page 1850
Key System Components......Page 1851
Machine Tool and Machining Parameters......Page 1852
Principle of Operation......Page 1853
Key System Components......Page 1854
Key System Components......Page 1855
 Machine Tool and Machining Parameters......Page 1856
Broaching......Page 1857
Key System Components......Page 1858
Mechanics of Grinding......Page 1859
Types of Grinding......Page 1860
Key System Components......Page 1861
Capabilities and Process Limitations......Page 1863
EDM Power System......Page 1864
Capabilities and Process Limitations......Page 1865
Machining Parameters......Page 1866
Principle of Operation and Machine Structures......Page 1867
Key System Components......Page 1868
Advantages and Applications of Metal Casting......Page 1869
Key System Components......Page 1870
Description and Applications......Page 1873
Key System Components......Page 1874
Structure-Change Processes......Page 1875
Principle of Operation......Page 1876
Process Parameters......Page 1877
Deformation Processes......Page 1878
Description and Applications......Page 1879
Design Considerations......Page 1880
Principle of Operation......Page 1882
Design Factors......Page 1883
Consolidation Processes......Page 1884
Principle of Operation......Page 1885
Process Parameters......Page 1886
Key System Components......Page 1888
Process Limitations......Page 1889
Assembly Methods and Systems......Page 1890
Selection of Assembly Systems......Page 1892
Assembly Line......Page 1893
Design for Assembly......Page 1894
Material Handling......Page 1895
Basic Elements......Page 1896
Overview of Ballscrew Design and Manufacturing Con.........Page 1897
Surface Treatments......Page 1898
Grinding and Finishing Operations......Page 1899
Assembly and Inspection......Page 1900
Classification of Sensors......Page 1902
Use of Sensors in Supervisory and Intelligent Cont.........Page 1905
CNC Part Programs......Page 1906
Point-to-Point Systems......Page 1907
Interpolators......Page 1908
Control Loops......Page 1909
Control Loops for Contouring Systems......Page 1911
Error Sources in CNC Systems......Page 1912
Factors in Precision Engineering......Page 1913
Instrumentation and Inspection in Precision Engine.........Page 1915
Laser Interferometer......Page 1916
Inspection System and Metrology......Page 1917
Other Inspection Systems......Page 1918
Elements of Mechatronic Systems Engineering......Page 1919
Solid Models and Manufacturing......Page 1922
Design for “X” Tools......Page 1923
Introduction......Page 1924
Computer-Aided Process Planning......Page 1925
Variant Process Planning......Page 1926
Generative Approach......Page 1927
Conclusions......Page 1928
Continuous......Page 1929
GPSS World......Page 1930
SLAMSYSTEM......Page 1931
Conclusion......Page 1932
Neural Networks......Page 1933
Applications of Fuzzy Logic......Page 1934
Expert Systems......Page 1935
Applications of Expert Systems......Page 1936
Introduction......Page 1937
Group Technology......Page 1938
Material Handling......Page 1939
Conclusion......Page 1940
Rapid Prototyping by Laser Stereolithography......Page 1942
Other Rapid-Prototyping Methods......Page 1944
Application of Rapid Prototyping......Page 1946
Use of Three-Dimentional CAD Data......Page 1951
Task Objectives......Page 1952
Task Management......Page 1953
Introduction......Page 1954
Who Is Doing CM?......Page 1955
EDI Elements......Page 1956
EDI Standards......Page 1957
Summary......Page 1958
14. Robotics......Page 1960
14.1 Introduction......Page 1961
Manipulator Performance Characteristics......Page 1962
Type I SCARA......Page 1963
Cartesian Coordinate Robots......Page 1966
Spherical and Cylindrical Coordinate Robots......Page 1967
Basic Performance Specifications......Page 1968
Drive Types of Commerical Robots......Page 1969
Motion/Process Integration......Page 1972
Information Integration......Page 1973
Fundamentals and Design Issues......Page 1974
Forward (Direct) Kinematics......Page 1975
Inverse Kinematics......Page 1976
Example 14.3.3......Page 1977
Velocity Kinematics: The Manipulator Jacobian......Page 1978
Singularities......Page 1979
Redundant Manipulator Kinematics......Page 1980
Example 14.3.6......Page 1981
Summary......Page 1982
Passive End Effectors......Page 1983
Active End Effectors and Hands......Page 1986
End Effector Design Issues......Page 1988
Compound End Effectors......Page 1989
Redesigned Parts and Fixtures......Page 1990
Summary......Page 1991
Tactile and Proximity Sensors......Page 1992
Resistive and Conductive Transduction......Page 1993
Magnetoelastic Transduction......Page 1994
Piezoelectric/Pyroelectric Effect......Page 1995
Other Force Sensors......Page 1996
Vision......Page 1997
Flexible Integrated Vision System Hardware......Page 1998
Flexible Integrated Vision System Imbedded Softwar.........Page 1999
Illumination Source......Page 2000
Vision Algorithms for Robotic Applications......Page 2001
Direct-Drive Joint Motor......Page 2002
Spherical Induction Motor......Page 2004
Variable-Reluctance (VR) Spherical Motor......Page 2005
Multi-DOF Microactuators......Page 2006
System Control......Page 2007
Program Execution......Page 2008
Off-Line Programming and Simulation......Page 2009
Robot Dynamics and Properties......Page 2010
State Variable Representations and Computer Simula.........Page 2011
Actuator Dynamics......Page 2012
Computed-Torque (CT) Control and Feedback Lineariz.........Page 2013
PID CT Control......Page 2014
Classical PD Controller......Page 2016
Adaptive and Robust Control......Page 2018
Robust Saturation Controller......Page 2021
Adaptive Control......Page 2022
Learning Control......Page 2023
Flexible-Joint Robots......Page 2024
Force Control......Page 2025
Teleoperation......Page 2026
Path Planning......Page 2028
Road Map Approach Based on Voronoi Diagram......Page 2029
Potential Field Approach......Page 2030
Error Detection and Recovery......Page 2032
Two-Arm Coordination......Page 2033
Planning and Artificial Intelligence......Page 2034
Man-Machine Interface......Page 2035
Number of Part Types......Page 2036
Electronic Product Assembly......Page 2037
Subassembly of Electrical and Mechanical Component.........Page 2038
Part-Feeding and Transfers......Page 2039
Vibratory Bowl Feeders......Page 2040
Vision-Based Flexible Part-Feeding......Page 2041
Product Design for Robot Automation......Page 2043
Economic Analysis......Page 2044
Cost Justification for Robots......Page 2045
Part Feeding and Presentation......Page 2047
Combining Process......Page 2048
Manipulation Capability of Process Robots......Page 2049
Palletizing and Depalletizing......Page 2050
Machine Tending: Loading and Unloading......Page 2051
Resistance Spot Welding......Page 2052
Inspection......Page 2054
Compound Dispensing......Page 2055
Router......Page 2056
Arc Welding......Page 2057
Finish Machining......Page 2058
Legged Mobile Robots......Page 2061
Sensors and Measurements......Page 2062
Navigation......Page 2063
Modeling of Flexible-Link Robots......Page 2064
Parallel-Link Robots......Page 2065
The Stewart Platform......Page 2066
Advantages and Problems of the Stewart Platform......Page 2067
Manufacturing Applications of the Stewart Platform.........Page 2068
Defining Terms......Page 2070
References......Page 2072
Additional Reading......Page 2074
16.1 Introduction......Page 2076
16.2 Reference Conditions......Page 2079
Soils and Water Basins......Page 2082
Acceptable Pollutant Levels......Page 2084
Carbon Monoxide Levels......Page 2086
Ozone Levels......Page 2087
16.3 Sources of Pollution......Page 2089
Groundwater Pollution......Page 2092
Pollutant Monitoring......Page 2094
Water......Page 2097
Air......Page 2098
16.5 Mitigating Pollution......Page 2100
16.6 Environmental Modeling......Page 2108
Secondary Pollutants......Page 2120
16.7 Global Climate Change......Page 2127
Mitigating Global Warming......Page 2129
References......Page 2136
19. Mathematics......Page 2141
International System of Units (SI)......Page 2142
SI Derived Units with Special Names and Symbols......Page 2143
Units in Use Together with the SI......Page 2144
Conversion Factors — English to Metric......Page 2145
Temperature Factors......Page 2146
Constants Involving e......Page 2147
Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical .........Page 2148
Logarithms......Page 2152
Factors and Expansion......Page 2153
Polar Form......Page 2154
Combinations......Page 2155
Geometry......Page 2156
Additional Relations with Derivatives......Page 2157
Elementary Forms (Add an arbitrary constant to eac.........Page 2160
Forms Containing (a + bx)......Page 2161
The Fourier Transforms......Page 2162
Fourier Transforms......Page 2163
Finite Sine Transforms......Page 2165
Fourier Sine Transforms......Page 2166
Fourier Cosine Transforms......Page 2167
Fourier Transforms......Page 2168
Bessel Functions of the Second Kind, Yn(x) (Also C.........Page 2169
Associated Legendre Functions of the First Kind, (.........Page 2170
Table of Differential Equations......Page 2172
Basic Definitions......Page 2173
Systems of Equations......Page 2174
Rank and Nullity......Page 2176
Determinants......Page 2177
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors......Page 2178
Basic Definitions......Page 2179
Vector Functions......Page 2180
Integration......Page 2182
Integral Thorems......Page 2183
Second-Order Equations......Page 2184
Generating Function (z Transform)......Page 2185
First-Order Equations......Page 2187
Second-Order Equations......Page 2188
Second-Order Inhomogeneous Equations......Page 2189
Series Solution......Page 2190
Partial Differential Equations......Page 2191
Separation of Variables......Page 2192
Similarity (Invariance)......Page 2193
Characteristics......Page 2194
Conversion to Other Orthogonal Coordinate Systems......Page 2195
Relation to Differential Equations......Page 2198
Approximate Method (Picard’s Method)......Page 2199
Singular Perturbation......Page 2200
Picard’s Method......Page 2201
Properties of the Laplace Transform......Page 2202
Fourier Transform......Page 2204
Properties of the Fourier Cosine Transform......Page 2205
The Variation......Page 2207
Constraints......Page 2208
Unconstrained Nonlinear Programming......Page 2210
Constrained Nonlinear Programming......Page 2211
Expectations......Page 2213
The Normal Distribution......Page 2214
Theorem 2......Page 2215
Fact 7......Page 2216
Example 10......Page 2217
1. Confidence Interval for m When s2 is Known......Page 2218
2. Confidence Interval for m1 – m2 when are Unknow.........Page 2219
1. Test for Mean......Page 2220
1. Test for Difference of Two Means......Page 2221
One-Sample Case......Page 2222
Concluding Remarks......Page 2223
Gauss Reduction......Page 2225
The Tridiagonal Algorithm......Page 2226
Algorithm for Pentadiagonal Matrix......Page 2227
General Band Algorithm......Page 2228
Cholesky Decomposition......Page 2229
Special Methods for Polynomials......Page 2230
The Graeffe Root-Squaring Technique......Page 2231
Successive Substitutions......Page 2232
The Newton-Raphson Procedure......Page 2233
The Newton-Raphson Procedure......Page 2234
The Method of Continuity......Page 2235
Divided Differences of Higher Order and Higher-Ord.........Page 2237
Lagrange Interpolation Formulas......Page 2238
Central Differences......Page 2239
Five-point Formulas......Page 2240
Smoothing Techniques......Page 2241
Quartic (Douglas-Avakian)......Page 2242
Parabolic Rule (Simpson’s Rule)......Page 2243
The Modified Euler Method......Page 2244
Predictor Steps......Page 2245
Runge-Kutta Methods......Page 2246
Equations of Higher Order and Simultaneous Differe.........Page 2247
Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equatio.........Page 2248
Finite Difference Methods......Page 2249
Weighted Residual Methods (WRMs)......Page 2250
Finite Elements......Page 2251
Method of Lines......Page 2252
DFT Properties......Page 2253
Partial Differential Equations Packages......Page 2255
General......Page 2256
Partial Differential Equations......Page 2257
Uncertainty of a Measured Variable......Page 2258
Uncertainty of a Result......Page 2260
Using Uncertainty Analysis in Experimentation......Page 2263
Flows, Attractors, and Liapunov Exponents......Page 2265
Synchronous Motor......Page 2268
Defining Terms......Page 2272
Fundamental Notions......Page 2274
20. Patent Law and Misc......Page 2286
Patents......Page 2287
Trade Secrets......Page 2292
Copyrights......Page 2293
Trademarks......Page 2294
Final Observations......Page 2295
Legal Concepts......Page 2296
Engineering Analysis......Page 2297
Human Error......Page 2298
Warnings and Instructions......Page 2299
Hard Tissue Mechanics......Page 2301
Cartilage......Page 2303
Tendon/Ligaments......Page 2304
Factors Affecting Biomechanical Properties......Page 2305
Storage/Preservation......Page 2306
Computational Biomechanics......Page 2307
Biomaterials......Page 2308
The Physiological Environment......Page 2309
Biodegradable Polymers......Page 2310
Materials of Natural Origin......Page 2313
In Vivo Studies......Page 2315
Accreditation......Page 2319
Role of ASME International in Mechanical Engineeri.........Page 2320
Role of ANSI in These and Other Related Standards......Page 2321
Listing of Topics Covered by ASME International St.........Page 2322
Where Do I Go If the Subject I Want Is Not on This.........Page 2323
Geometrical Optics......Page 2325
Symmetrical Optical Systems......Page 2326
Plane Mirrors and Prisms......Page 2330
Nonimaging Optics......Page 2335
Edge-Ray Optics......Page 2337
Lasers......Page 2339
Gaussian Beams......Page 2340
Tracing Gaussian Beams......Page 2341
Gaussian Beams and Aberrations......Page 2342
Non-Gaussian Beams from Lasers......Page 2343
Introduction and Overview......Page 2344
Multistage Flash Evaporation (MSF)......Page 2345
Multi-Effect Distillation (ME)......Page 2349
Vapor Compression Distillation (VC)......Page 2350
Solar Distillation......Page 2352
Reverse Osmosis (RO)......Page 2354
Electrodialysis (ED)......Page 2358
Human Hearing......Page 2362
Noise Measures......Page 2364
Response of People to Noise and Noise Criteria and.........Page 2365
Noise Control Approaches......Page 2367
20.8 Lighting Technology......Page 2370
Lamps......Page 2371
Lighting Fixtures......Page 2375
Lighting Efficiency......Page 2376
Appendices......Page 2381
Symbols and Units:......Page 2382
Part a. Ideal Gas Properties of Nitrogen, N2......Page 2384
Symbols and Units:......Page 2390
Symbols and Units:......Page 2391
Part a. Temperature Table......Page 2392
Part b. Pressure Table......Page 2394
Symbols and Units:......Page 2395
Part a. SI Units......Page 2410
Part b. English Units......Page 2412
Symbols and Units:......Page 2415
Part a. SI Units......Page 2416
Part b. English Units......Page 2417
Appendix C. Properties of Solids......Page 2418
Part a. Pure Metals......Page 2435
Part b. Commercial Metals and Alloys......Page 2436
Appendix D. Gases and Vapors......Page 2454
Part a. Nominal and Minimum-Dressed Sizes of Lumbe.........Page 2455
Part b. Species, Sizes, Allowable Stresses, and Mo.........Page 2456
Part a: SAE Grades for Steel Bolts......Page 2458
Part b: ASTM Grades for Steel Bolts......Page 2459
Part c: Metric Mechanical Property Classes for Ste.........Page 2460