Mechanical behavior of materials : engineering methods for deformation, fracture, and fatigue

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 18
 1.1 Introduction......Page 20
 1.2 Types of Material Failure......Page 21
 1.3 Design and Materials Selection......Page 29
 1.4 Technological Challenge......Page 35
 1.5 Economic Importance of Fracture......Page 37
 1.6 Summary......Page 38
 Problems and Questions......Page 39
 2.1 Introduction......Page 41
 2.2 Bonding in Solids......Page 43
 2.3 Structure in Crystalline Materials......Page 47
 2.4 Elastic Deformation and Theoretical Strength......Page 51
 2.5 Inelastic Deformation......Page 56
 2.6 Summary......Page 62
 References......Page 63
 Problems and Questions......Page 64
 3.1 Introduction......Page 66
 3.2 Alloying and Processing of Metals......Page 67
 3.3 Irons and Steels......Page 73
 3.4 Nonferrous Metals......Page 81
 3.5 Polymers......Page 85
 3.6 Ceramics and Glasses......Page 95
 3.7 Composite Materials......Page 101
 3.8 Materials Selection for Engineering Components......Page 106
 3.9 Summary......Page 112
 References......Page 114
 Problems and Questions......Page 115
 4.1 Introduction......Page 119
 4.2 Introduction to Tension Test......Page 124
 4.3 Engineering Stress–Strain Properties......Page 129
 4.4 Trends in Tensile Behavior......Page 138
 4.5 True Stress–Strain Interpretation of Tension Test......Page 144
 4.6 Compression Test......Page 152
 4.7 Hardness Tests......Page 158
 4.8 Notch-Impact Tests......Page 165
 4.9 Bending and Torsion Tests......Page 170
 4.10 Summary......Page 176
 References......Page 177
 Problems and Questions......Page 178
 5.1 Introduction......Page 191
 5.2 Models for Deformation Behavior......Page 192
 5.3 Elastic Deformation......Page 202
 5.4 Anisotropic Materials......Page 215
 5.5 Summary......Page 224
 Problems and Questions......Page 226
 6.1 Introduction......Page 235
 6.2 Plane Stress......Page 236
 6.3 Principal Stresses and the Maximum Shear Stress......Page 246
 6.4 Three-Dimensional States of Stress......Page 254
 6.5 Stresses on the Octahedral Planes......Page 261
 6.6 Complex States of Strain......Page 263
 6.7 Summary......Page 268
 Problems and Questions......Page 270
 7.1 Introduction......Page 276
 7.2 General Form of Failure Criteria......Page 278
 7.3 Maximum Normal Stress Fracture Criterion......Page 280
 7.4 Maximum Shear Stress Yield Criterion......Page 283
 7.5 Octahedral Shear Stress Yield Criterion......Page 289
 7.6 Discussion of the Basic Failure Criteria......Page 296
 7.7 Coulomb–Mohr Fracture Criterion......Page 302
 7.8 Modified Mohr Fracture Criterion......Page 312
 7.9 Additional Comments on Failure Criteria......Page 319
 7.10 Summary......Page 322
 References......Page 323
 Problems and Questions......Page 324
 8.1 Introduction......Page 335
 8.2 Preliminary Discussion......Page 338
 8.3 Mathematical Concepts......Page 345
 8.4 Application of K to Design and Analysis......Page 349
 8.5 Additional Topics on Application of K......Page 360
 8.6 Fracture Toughness Values and Trends......Page 372
 8.7 Plastic Zone Size, and Plasticity Limitations on LEFM......Page 382
 8.8 Discussion of Fracture Toughness Testing......Page 391
 8.9 Extensions of Fracture Mechanics Beyond Linear Elasticity......Page 392
 8.10 Summary......Page 399
 References......Page 402
 Problems and Questions......Page 403
 9.1 Introduction......Page 417
 9.2 Definitions and Concepts......Page 419
 9.3 Sources of Cyclic Loading......Page 430
 9.4 Fatigue Testing......Page 431
 9.5 The Physical Nature of Fatigue Damage......Page 436
 9.6 Trends in S-N Curves......Page 442
 9.7 Mean Stresses......Page 452
 9.8 Multiaxial Stresses......Page 464
 9.9 Variable Amplitude Loading......Page 469
 9.10 Summary......Page 479
 References......Page 480
 Problems and Questions......Page 482
 10.1 Introduction......Page 492
 10.2 Notch Effects......Page 494
 10.3 Notch Sensitivity and Empirical Estimates of k[sub(f)]......Page 498
 10.4 Estimating Long-Life Fatigue Strengths (Fatigue Limits)......Page 502
 10.5 Notch Effects at Intermediate and Short Lives......Page 507
 10.6 Combined Effects of Notches and Mean Stress......Page 511
 10.7 Estimating S-N Curves......Page 521
 10.8 Use of Component S-N Data......Page 528
 10.9 Designing to Avoid Fatigue Failure......Page 537
 10.10 Discussion......Page 542
 10.11 Summary......Page 543
 References......Page 545
 Problems and Questions......Page 546
 11.1 Introduction......Page 561
 11.2 Preliminary Discussion......Page 562
 11.3 Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Testing......Page 570
 11.4 Effects of R = S[sub(min)]/S[sub(max)] on Fatigue Crack Growth......Page 575
 11.5 Trends in Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior......Page 585
 11.6 Life Estimates for Constant Amplitude Loading......Page 591
 11.7 Life Estimates for Variable Amplitude Loading......Page 602
 11.8 Design Considerations......Page 608
 11.9 Plasticity Aspects and Limitations of LEFM for Fatigue Crack Growth......Page 610
 11.10 Environmental Crack Growth......Page 617
 11.11 Summary......Page 622
 References......Page 624
 Problems and Questions......Page 625
 12.1 Introduction......Page 639
 12.2 Stress–Strain Curves......Page 642
 12.3 Three-Dimensional Stress–Strain Relationships......Page 650
 12.4 Unloading and Cyclic Loading Behavior from Rheological Models......Page 660
 12.5 Cyclic Stress–Strain Behavior of Real Materials......Page 669
 12.6 Summary......Page 682
 References......Page 684
 Problems and Questions......Page 685
 13.1 Introduction......Page 694
 13.2 Plasticity in Bending......Page 695
 13.3 Residual Stresses and Strains for Bending......Page 704
 13.4 Plasticity of Circular Shafts in Torsion......Page 708
 13.5 Notched Members......Page 711
 13.6 Cyclic Loading......Page 723
 13.7 Summary......Page 734
 References......Page 735
 Problems and Questions......Page 736
 14.1 Introduction......Page 746
 14.2 Strain Versus Life Curves......Page 749
 14.3 Mean Stress Effects......Page 759
 14.4 Multiaxial Stress Effects......Page 768
 14.5 Life Estimates for Structural Components......Page 772
 14.6 Discussion......Page 782
 14.7 Summary......Page 790
 References......Page 791
 Problems and Questions......Page 792
 15.1 Introduction......Page 803
 15.2 Creep Testing......Page 805
 15.3 Physical Mechanisms of Creep......Page 810
 15.4 Time–Temperature Parameters and Life Estimates......Page 822
 15.5 Creep Failure under Varying Stress......Page 834
 15.6 Stress–Strain–Time Relationships......Page 837
 15.7 Creep Deformation under Varying Stress......Page 842
 15.8 Creep Deformation under Multiaxial Stress......Page 849
 15.9 Component Stress–Strain Analysis......Page 851
 15.10 Energy Dissipation (Damping) in Materials......Page 856
 15.11 Summary......Page 865
 References......Page 868
 Problems and Questions......Page 869
 A.2 Basic Formulas for Stresses and Deflections......Page 881
 A.3 Properties of Areas......Page 883
 A.5 Stresses in Pressure Vessels, Tubes, and Discs......Page 885
 A.6 Elastic Stress Concentration Factors for Notches......Page 890
 A.7 Fully Plastic Yielding Loads......Page 891
 References......Page 900
 B.2 Mean and Standard Deviation......Page 901
 B.3 Normal or Gaussian Distribution......Page 903
 B.5 One-Sided Tolerance Limits......Page 906
 B.6 Discussion......Page 908
 References......Page 909
Answers for Selected Problems and Questions......Page 910
Bibliography......Page 921
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 G......Page 942
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