Measurement Techniques in Space Plasmas Fields

Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 8
Reviewers......Page 9
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 10
2. PROBE-PLASMA COUPLING......Page 12
3. INFLUENCES FROM PROBE SUPPORTS ANDSPACECRAFT......Page 14
4. PHOTOEMISSION FROM SURFACES IN SPACE......Page 15
5.1 Probe Photoelectron Coupling to Supports......Page 17
5.3 Comparison with Ion Drifts at the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer......Page 18
6. ELECTRON DENSITY OR FLUX MEASUREMENTS -A BI-PRODUCT......Page 19
7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 20
REFERENCES......Page 21
INTRODUCTION......Page 22
PASSIVE DOUBLE PROBE TECHNIQUE......Page 23
SOURCES OF ERROR......Page 26
DESIGN TRADE-OFF CONSDERATIONS......Page 33
SUMMARY......Page 34
REFERENCES......Page 35
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 37
2.1. Drift Velocity from Beam Direction Measurements......Page 38
2.2. Drift Velocities from Time-of-Flight Measurements......Page 41
2.4. Separation of Electric and Magnetic Gradient Drift......Page 42
3.1. Beam Return Fluzes......Page 43
3.3. Beam Recognition, Tracking and Coding......Page 44
4. CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF TIlETECHNIQUE......Page 45
REFERENCES......Page 46
THE MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE......Page 47
BOOMERANG INSTRUMENT ON GEOTAIL......Page 48
BOOMERANG EXPERIMENT IN THE DAYSIDE MAGNETOSPHERE......Page 49
BOOMERANG EXPERIMENT IN THE TAIL LOBE......Page 51
DISCUSSIONS......Page 52
REFERENCES......Page 53
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 54
2. PSEUDO NOISE CODES......Page 55
3.1. Main Elements......Page 56
3.2. Setup and Operation......Page 58
REFERENCES......Page 59
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION......Page 60
Beam Detector and Mechanical Design......Page 61
Synchronous Detection......Page 62
Geometrical Considerations......Page 63
Empirical Correction and Comparison with Double Probe......Page 64
REFERENCES......Page 65
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 66
3.1 Source......Page 67
3. 4 Strip Solid State Detector......Page 69
4. ELECTRONICS......Page 70
REFERENCES......Page 71
2. SPACE CHARGE EFFECTS......Page 72
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS......Page 73
4. DISCUSSION......Page 74
5. PRESHEATHS......Page 75
REFERENCES......Page 77
INTRODUCTION......Page 79
Photoelectron and Bias Currents......Page 80
Temperature Gradient Effect......Page 81
Influence of Bias Current......Page 83
REFERENCES......Page 84
VECTOR ELECTRIC FIELD MEASUREMENTS IN THE STRATOSPHERE......Page 85
TECHNIQUE ADVANTAGES AND POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS......Page 87
REFERENCES......Page 89
INTRODUCTION......Page 91
THE PROTON FREE PRECESSION SCALAR MAGNETOMETER......Page 92
THE OVERHAUSER EFFECT PROTON PRECESSION MAGNETOMETER......Page 94
OMNIDIRECTIONAL CONTINUOUSLY OSCILLATING OVERHAUSER MAGNETOMETER......Page 95
THE DC AND RF DOUBLY POLARIZED OVERHAUSER MAGNETOMETER......Page 96
ALKALI VAPOR OPTICALLY PUMPED MAGNETOMETERS......Page 97
THE METASTABLE HE 4 OPTICALLY PUMPED MAGNETOMETER......Page 101
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION......Page 102
REFERENCES......Page 104
Vector Sensors......Page 106
Magnetometer Designs......Page 110
Offset Determinations......Page 112
Scales and Ranging......Page 113
Data Processing......Page 114
CONCLUSION......Page 116
REFERENCES......Page 117
Magnetic Field Measurements In Orbit and on Planetary Surfaces Using a Digital Fluxgate Magnetomet
......Page 120
INTRODUCTION......Page 126
Frequency Range......Page 127
ELECTRIC ANTENNAS......Page 128
High Frequency Limit......Page 129
Low Frequency Limit......Page 130
Short Wavelength Effects......Page 133
Noise Levels......Page 134
MAGNETIC ANTENNAS......Page 135
Analog Processing......Page 138
Digital Processing......Page 139
REFERENCES......Page 140
INTRODUCTION......Page 142
PLASMA WAVE INTERFEROMETERS......Page 143
SPATIAL IRREGULARITIES......Page 144
LOWER HYBRID WAVES......Page 145
CONCLUDING COMMENT......Page 148
REFERENCES......Page 149
INTRODUCTION......Page 151
2.2 Probe-Satellite-Plasma System......Page 152
3.1 Linear Waves: Electrostatic Ion Cyclotron Waves......Page 153
3.2 Nonlinear Waves: Solitary Electrostatic Waves......Page 154
REFERENCES......Page 156
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 158
2.1. Antennas in Warm Plasmas......Page 159
4. UPPER HYBRID RESONANCE......Page 160
6. LOWER OBLIQUE RESONANCE......Page 161
REFERENCES......Page 162
INTRODUCTION......Page 164
THE SPACED RECEIVER TECHNIQUE......Page 165
SPATIAL RESONANCE EFFECTS......Page 167
OPTIMUM BASELINE SELECTION......Page 168
SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK......Page 169
REFERENCES......Page 170
MOTIVATION......Page 171
Analog Electronics......Page 172
FREQUENCY SETTING ALGORITHMS......Page 173
RESULTS......Page 174
REFERENCES......Page 176
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 177
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM......Page 178
3.2 Synchronized super-heterodyne radio receivers......Page 179
3.3 Direct-Digitizing Receivers......Page 180
3.4 Accuracy of Two-Point Wave Measurements......Page 181
REFERENCES......Page 182
1. 1 The Spherical Double-Probe Configuration......Page 183
2. METHOD......Page 184
3. RESULTS......Page 185
5. REFERENCES......Page 186
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 187
3. OVERVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA......Page 188
4. UNFOLDING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC EMISSIONS......Page 190
5. DISCUSSION......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 192
2. BACKGROUND AND HERITAGE......Page 194
4. INSTRUMENT CHARACTERISTIC......Page 195
6. SIMULATIONS......Page 197
REFERENCES......Page 198
2.1. Experiment description......Page 200
2.3. Floating potential on the SLP......Page 201
2.4. Model values of the conductivity......Page 202
3.1 Example of the Faraday cup measurements......Page 203
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 204
REFERENCES......Page 205
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 206
2.2. Measuring the Electron Density and Bulk Temperature,and Estimating the Hot Component......Page 207
3.2. Solar Wind......Page 208
4.2. Advantages, Drawbacks, and Design......Page 209
6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 211
2. OBJECTIVES......Page 212
3. THEORY......Page 213
4. TECHNOLOGY......Page 214
5. RESULTS......Page 215
6. DISCUSSION......Page 216
REFERENCES......Page 217
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 218
2.2 Charging of Booms......Page 219
3. ENERGY SHIFT IN CHARGED PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION UNCTIONS......Page 220
5. CONCLUSION......Page 221
REFERENCES......Page 222
INTRODUCTION......Page 223
THE SPEAR III EXPERIMENT......Page 224
HIGH VOLTAGE PROBES......Page 225
SPEAR III FLIGHT RESULTS......Page 226
REFERENCES......Page 228
2. SPACECRAFT CHARGING EFFECTS......Page 229
3. SPACECRAFT MODIFICATIONS......Page 231
5. DISCUSSION......Page 233
REFERENCES......Page 234
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 235
2. BRIEF HISTORY......Page 236
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF ENA FLUXES......Page 238
4. ENA IMAGING PROCESSES & REQUIREMENTS......Page 239
5.2 Imaging Scheme......Page 241
5.4 Mass spectrometry......Page 242
5.7 Redundancy......Page 243
6.2 HSTOF of CELIAS on SOHO......Page 244
6.3 Further comparison......Page 245
REFERENCES......Page 247
1. INTRODUCTION: THE UV DILEMMA......Page 250
2.2 Angular Scattering of ENAs in the Foil......Page 251
3. LENA IMAGING: CHARGE MODIFICATION BY TRANSIT THROUGH AN ULTRATHIN FOIL......Page 252
5. IMAGING WITH FREESTANDING GOLD GRATINGS......Page 253
REFERENCES......Page 254
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 256
3. CALIBRATIONS AND TESTS......Page 257
REFERENCES......Page 260
INTRODUCTION......Page 262
INSTRUMENT REQUIREMENTS......Page 263
OPTICAL DESIGN......Page 264
TEST SETUP......Page 265
RESULTS......Page 266
REFERENCES......Page 267
PROJECT OBJECTIVES......Page 268
SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS......Page 269
THE GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT......Page 270
PHOTON BACKGROUND......Page 271
TEAM MEMBER RESPONSIBILITIES......Page 272
REFERENCES......Page 273
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 274
2. INDIRECT DETECTION: FOIL-BASED IMAGER......Page 275
3. DIRECT DETECTION......Page 278
REFERENCES......Page 279
INTRODUCTION......Page 280
1.1 Deflector......Page 281
1.2 Measurement Technique......Page 282
1.4 Sensitivity and Background Rejection......Page 283
4. FUTURE POSSIBILITIES......Page 284
REFERENCES......Page 285
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 287
3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP......Page 288
4.1. Converter Degradation due to Residual Gas......Page 290
4.4 . Reflection Properties......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 292
INTRODUCTION......Page 294
MHD MODEL......Page 295
INTEGRATION RESULTS......Page 296
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 298
REFERENCES......Page 301
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 302
2.3 The Host Spacecraft System......Page 303
3. THE ELECTRON TUNNELING SENSOR MAGNETOMER......Page 304
5. CURRENT STATUS......Page 305
REFERENCES......Page 306
INTRODUCTION......Page 308
INTRA-CALIBRATION......Page 309
INTER-CALIBRATION......Page 310
FORMULATING THE LEAST SQUARES EQUATIONS......Page 311
A TEST OF THE TECHNIQUE......Page 312
REFERENCES......Page 313
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 314
2. SCIENCE MOTIVATION......Page 315
Effects of Plasma Structures on Large and Small Scale Electrodynamics......Page 316
MITM Tether Missions from the Space Stations......Page 317
Sensor Attitude Pointing......Page 318
REFERENCES......Page 319