Measurement and Data Analysis for Engineering and Science

Contents
1. Fundamentals pf Experimentation
	1.1 Introduction
2. Experiments
	2.1 Chapter Overview
	2.2 Experimental Approach
	2.3 Role of Experiments
	2.4 The Experiment
	2.5 Classification of Expirments
	2.6 Plan for Successful Experimentation
	2.7 Hypothesis Testing
	2.8 Design of Expirments
	2.9 Factorial Design
	2.10 Problems
3. Fundamental Electronics
	3.1 Chapter Overview
	3.2 Concepts and Definitions
		3.2.1 Charge
		3.2.2 Current
		3.2.3 Force
		3.2.4 Field
		3.2.5 Potential
		3.2.6 Resistance and Resistivity
		3.2.7 Power
		3.2.8 Capacitance
		3.2.9 Inductance
	3.3 Circuit Elements
		3.3.1 Resistor
		3.3.2 Capacitor
		3.3.3 Inductor
		3.3.4 Transistor
		3.3.5 Voltage Source
		3.3.6 Current Source
	3.4 RLC Comvinations
	3.5 Elementary DC Circuit Analysis
		3.5.1 Voltage Divider
		3.5.2 Electric Motor with Battery
	3.6 Elmentary AC Circuit Analysis
	3.7 Equivalent Circuits
	3.8 Meters
	3.9 Impedance Matching and Loading Error
	3.10 Electrical Noise
	3.11 Problems
4. Measurement Systems: Sensors and Transducers
	4.1 Chapter Overview
	4.2 Measurement System Overview
	4.3 Sensor Domains
	4.4 Sensor Characteristics
	4.5 Physical Principles of Sebsirs
	4.6 Electric
		4.6.1 Resistive
		4.6.2 Capacitive
		4.6.3 Inductive
	4.7 Piezoelectric
	4.8 Fluid Mechanic
	4.9 Optic
	4.10 Photoelastic
	4.11 Thermoelectric
	4.12 Electrochemical
	4.13 Sensor Scaling
	4.14 Problems
5. Measurement Systems: Other Components
	5.1 Chapter Overview
	5.2 Signal Conditioning, Processing, and Recording
	5.3 Amplifiers
	5.4 Filters
	5.5 Analog-to--Digital Converters
	5.6 Smart Measurement Systems
		5.6.1 Sensors and Microcontroller Platforms
		5.6.2 Arduino Microcontrollers
		5.6.3 Wireless 'Transmission of Data
		5.6.4 Using the MATLAB Programming Environment
		5.6.5 Examples of Arduino Programming using Simulink
	5.7 Other Example Measurement Systems
	5.8 Problems
6. Measurement Systems: Calibration and Response
	6.1 Chapter Overview
	6.2 Static Response Characterization by Calibration
	6.3 Dynamic Response Characterization
	6.4 Zero-Order System Dynamic Response
	6.5 First-Order System Dynamic Response
		6.5.1 Response to Step-Inpnt Forcing
		6.5.2 Response to Sinusoidal-Input Forcing
	6.6 Second-Order System Dynamic Response
		6.6.1 Response to Step-Input Forcing
		6.6.2 Response to Sinusoidal-Input Forcing
	6.7 Measurement System Dynamic Response
	6.8 Problems
7. Measurement Systems: Design-Stage Uncertainty
	7.1 Chapter Overview
	7.2 Design-Stage Uncertainty Analysis
	7.3 Design-Stage Uncertainty Estimate of a Measurand
	7.4 Design-Stage Uncertainty Estimate of a Result
	7.5 Problems
8. Signal Characteristics
	8.1 Chapter Overview
	8.2 Signal Classification
	8.3 Signal Variables
	8.4 Signal Statistical Parameters
	8.5 Problems
9.  The Fourier Transform
	9.1 Chapter Overview
	9.2 Fourier Series of a Periodic Signal
	9.3 Complex Numbers and Waves
	9.4 Exponential Fourier Series
	9.5 Spectral Representations
	9.6 Continuous Fourier Transform
	9.7 Continuous Fourier Transform Properties
	9.8 Discrete Fourier Transform
	9.9 Fast Fourier Transform
	9.10 Problems
10. Digital Signal Analysis
	10.1 Chapter Overview
	10.2 Digital Sampling
	10.3 Digital Sampling Errors
		10.3.1 Aliasing
		10.3.2 Amplitude Ambiguity
	10.4 Windowing
	10.5 Determining a Sample Period
	10.6 Problems
11. Probability
	11.1 Chapter Overview
	11.2 Relation to Measurements
	11.3 Basic Probability Concepts
		11.3.1 Union and Intersection of Sets
		11.3.2 Conditional Probability
	11.4 Sample versus Population
	11.5 Plotting Statistical Information
	11.6 Probability Density Function
	11.7 Various Probability Density Functions
		11.7.1 Binomial Distribution
		11.7.2 Poisson Distribution
	11.8 Central Moments
	11.9 Probability Distribution Function
	11.10 Problems
12. Statistics
	12.1 Chapter Overview
	12.2 Normal Distribution
	12.3 Normalized Variables
	12.4 Student's t Distribution
	12.5 Rejection of Data
		12.5.1 Single-Variable Outlier Determination
		12.5.2 Paired-Variable Outlier Determination
	12.6 Standard Deviation of the Means
	12.7 Chi-Square Distribution
		12.7.1 Estimating the True Variance
		12.7.2 Establishing a Rejection Criterion
		12.7.3 Comparing Observed and Expected Distributions
	12.8 Pooling Samples
	12.9 Problems
13. Uncertainty Analysis
	13.1 Chapter Overview
	13.2 Modeling and Experimental Uncertainties
	13.3 Probabilistic Basis of Uncertainty
	13.4 Identifying Sources of Error
	13.5 Systematic and Random Errors
	13.6 Quantifying Systematic and Random Errors
	13.7 Measurement Uncertainty Analysis
	13.8 Uncertainty Analysis of a Multiple-Measurement Result
	13.9 Uncertainty Analyses for Other Measurement Situations
	13.10 Uncertainty Analysis Summary
	13.11 Finite-Difference Uncertainties
		13.11.1 Derivative Approximation
		13.11.2 Integral Approximation
		13.11.3 Uncertainty Estimate Approximation
	13.12 Uncertainty Based upon Interval Statistics
	13.13 Problems
14. Regression and Correlation
	14.1 Chapter Overview
	14.2 Least-Squares Approach
	14.3 Least-Squares Regression Analysis
	14.4 Linear Analysis
	14.5 Higher-Order Analysis
	14.6 Multi-Variable Linear Analysis
	14.7 Determining the Appropriate Fit
	14.8 Regression Confidence Intervals
	14.9 Regression Parameters
	14.10 Linear Correlation Analysis
	14.11 Signal Correlations in Time
		14.11.1 Autocorrelation
		14.11.2 Cross-Correlation
	14.12 Problems
15. Units and Significant Figures
	15.1 Chapter Overview
	15.2 English and Metric Systems
	15.3 Systems of Units
	15.4 SI Standards
	15.5 Technical English and SI Conversion Factors
		15.5.1 Length
		15.5.2 Area and Volume
		15.5.3 Density
		15.5.4 Mass and Weight
		15.5.5 Force
		15.5.6 Work and Energy
		15.5.7 Power
		15.5.8 Light Radiation
		15.5.9 Temperature
		15.5.10 Other Properties
	15.6 Prefixes
	15.7 Significant Figures
	15.8 Problems
16. Technical Communication
	16.1 Chapter Overview
	16.2 Guidelines for Writing
		16.2.1 Writing in General
		16.2.2 Writing Technical Memoranda
		16.2.3 Number and Unit Formats
		16.2.4 Graphical Presentation
	16.3 Technical Memo
	16.4 Technical Report
	16.5 Oral Teclmical Presentation
	16.6 Problems
A Glossary
B Symbols
C Review Problem Answers
Index