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دانلود کتاب McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent, 11th Edition

دانلود کتاب دندانپزشکی مک دونالد و اوری برای کودکان و نوجوانان، ویرایش یازدهم

McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent, 11th Edition

مشخصات کتاب

McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent, 11th Edition

ویرایش: [11 ed.] 
نویسندگان:   
سری:  
ISBN (شابک) : 9780323698207, 9780323698214 
ناشر: Mosby, Elsevier 
سال نشر: 2021 
تعداد صفحات: [715] 
زبان: English 
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
حجم فایل: 187 Mb 

قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 37,000



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فهرست مطالب

1 Front Matter
	McDonald and Avery’s DENTISTRY for the CHILD and ADOLESCENT
2 Copyright
	Copyright
3 Dedication
	Dedication
4 Contributors
	Contributors
5 Reviewers
	Reviewers
6 Foreword to the 11th edition of McDonald and Avery’s Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent a historical review
	Foreword to the 11th edition of McDonald and Avery’s Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent: a historical review
		Introduction
		References
7 Preface and Acknowledgements
	Preface and Acknowledgements
8 Examination of the Mouth and Other Relevant Structures
	1 - Examination of the Mouth and Other Relevant Structures
		Introduction
		Initial Parental Contact with the Dental Office
		The Diagnostic Method
		Preliminary Medical, Dental, Family, and Social History
		Clinical Examination
		Temporomandibular Evaluation
		Uniform Dental Recording
		Radiographic Examination
		Early Examination
		Infant Dental Care
		Detection of Substance Abuse
			Etiologic Factors in Substance Abuse
			Specific Substances and Frequency of use
			Vaping and Electronic Cigarettes
		Suicidal Tendencies in Children and Adolescents
		Infection Control in the Dental Office
			Biofilm
		Emergency Dental Treatment
		References
9 Radiographic Techniques
	2 - Radiographic Techniques
		Basics of Radiation Protection
			The Justification Principle
				The Limitation Principle
				The Optimization Principle
	Radiographic Techniques
		Protection of the Dental Staff
			Protection of the Patient
		Radiographic Image Receptors
			Analog Film
				Direct Film
				Indirect Film
			Digital Film
				Photostimulable Phosphor Storage Plates
				Solid-State Sensors
			Image Viewing Conditions
		Radiographic Techniques
			Intraoral Radiography
				Periapical Radiography
					. This is the most accurate technique for taking intraoral radiographs. The image receptor should be positioned parallel to the ...
					. In the bisecting angle technique, the image receptor is placed as close to the teeth as possible, and the central x-ray is dir...
				Bitewing Radiography
					. In the anterior maxillary occlusal technique, the patient’s occlusal plane should be parallel to the floor and the sagittal pl...
					. In the posterior maxillary occlusal technique, the patient’s occlusal plane should be parallel to the floor and the sagittal p...
					. The film placement for the anterior mandibular occlusal technique is identical to that for the anterior maxillary occlusal tec...
				Localization Techniques
			Extraoral Radiography
				Panoramic Imaging
				Cephalometric Imaging
				Cone Beam Computed Tomography
				Medical Computed Tomography
				Ultrasound Imaging
				Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Selection Criteria and Radiographic Examinations
			Criteria for Exposing Children to Ionizing Radiation
			Radiographic Exposures in Cases of Dentoalveolar Trauma
			Radiographic Exposures in Patients with Special Needs
		Interpretation of Radiographs
		References
10 Acquired and Developmental Disturbances of the Teeth and Associated Oral Structures
	3 - Acquired and Developmental Disturbances of the Teeth and Associated Oral Structures
		James K. Hartsfield Jr. and Lorri ANN Morford
		Common Disturbances in Children
		Dentoalveolar Abscess
		Cellulitis
		Developmental Anomalies of the Teeth
			Fusion of the Teeth
			Concrescence
			Gemination and Twinning
			Dens Invaginatus (Dens in Dente)
			Dens Evaginatus and Talon Cusp
			Globodontia
		Early Exfoliation of Teeth
			Hypophosphatasia
			Cherubism (Familial Fibrous Dysplasia)
			Gnathodiaphyseal Dysplasia
			Acrodynia
			Hypophosphatemia (Familial or X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets or Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets)
			Cyclic Neutropenia (Cyclic Hematopoiesis)
			Other Disorders
		Enamel Hypoplasia
			Hypoplasia Resulting From Nutritional Deficiencies
			Hypoplasia Related to Brain Injury and Neurologic Defects
			Hypoplasia Associated With Nephrotic Syndrome
			Hypoplasia Associated With Allergies
			Hypoplasia Associated With Lead Poisoning (Plumbism)
			Hypoplasia Caused by Local Infection and Trauma
			Hypoplasia Associated WITH Cleft Lip and Palate
			Hypoplasia Caused by Ionizing Radiation and Chemotherapy
			Hypoplasia Resulting From Rubella Embryopathy
			Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization
			Treatment of Hypoplastic Teeth
			Hypoplasia Caused by FlUOride (Dental Flourosis)
			Enamel Microabrasion to Remove Superficial Enamel Discolorations
		Pre-Eruptive “Caries” (Pre-eruptive coronal resorption of the pre-eruptive intracoronal radiolucency)
		Taurodontism
		Inherited Defects of Dentin
			Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (Hereditary Opalescent Dentin)
			Dentin Dysplasia
		Amelogenesis Imperfecta
		Enamel and Dentin Aplasia
		Supernumerary Teeth (Hyperdontia)
		Agenesis of Teeth
			Anodontia
			Hypodontia (Oligodontia)
			Palatally Displaced Canines (PDCs)
			Dental Agenesis and Cancer
			Ectodermal Dysplasias
			Dental Treatment in Ectodermal Dysplasias
		Intrinsic Discoloration of Teeth (Pigmentation of Teeth)
			Discoloration in Hyperbilirubinemia
			Discoloration in Porphyria
			Discoloration in Cystic Fibrosis
			Discoloration in Tetracyline Therapy
			Bleaching of Intrinsic Tooth Discoloration
		Micrognathia (Robin Sequence)
		Anomalies of the Tongue
			Macroglossia
			Ankyloglossia (Tongue-Tie)
			Fissured Tongue and Geographic Tongue (Benign Migratory Glossitis)
			Coated Tongue
			White Strawberry Tongue
			Black Hairy Tongue
			Indentation of the TonGue Margin (Crenation)
			Median Rhomboid Glossitis (Central Papillary Atrophy of the Tongue)
			Trauma to the Tongue, Teeth, and Oral Tissues, With Emphasis on Tongue Piercing
		Abnormal Labial Frenum
			Frenectomy
		References
11 Development and Morphology of the Primary Teeth
	4 - Development and Morphology of the Primary Teeth
		Initiation (bud Stage)
			Proliferation (Cap Stage)
			Histodifferentiation and Morphodifferentation (Bell Stage)
			Apposition
			Calcification
		Early Development and Calcification of the Anterior Primary Teeth
		Early Development and Calcification of the Posterior Primary Teeth and the First Permanent Molar
		Morphology of Individual Primary Teeth
			Maxillary Central Incisor
			Maxillary Lateral Incisor
			Maxillary Canine
			Mandibular Central Incisor
			Mandibular Lateral Incisor
			Mandibular Canine
			Maxillary First Molar
			Maxillary Second Molar
			Mandibular First Molar
			Mandibular Second Molar
		Morphologic Differences Between Primary and Permanent Teeth
		Size and Morphology of the Primary Tooth Pulp Chamber and Canals
		References
		Suggested Readings
12 Oral Pathology of the Child and Adolescent
	5 - Oral Pathology of the Child and Adolescent
		Epithelial Lesions
		Fibroma
		Localized Gingival Swellings
			PYOGENIC GRANULOMA
			Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
			Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma
		Congenital Epulis
		Localized Juvenile Spongiotic Gingival Hyperplasia
		Gingival and Palatal Cysts of the Newborn
		Mucocele
		Vascular Malformations
		Lymphangioma
		Benign Neoplasms
			Neurofibroma
			Pleomorphic Adenoma
		Benign Lesions of Bone
			Benign Non-Odontogenic Lesions of Bone
				Idiopathic Bone Sclerosis (Osteosclerosis)
				Idiopathic Bone Cavity
			Benign Fibro-Osseous Lesions of the Jaws
				Fibrous Dysplasia
				Cemento-Ossifying Fibroma
			Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma
			Central Giant Cell Granuloma
			Cherubism
			Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy
			Odontogenic Cyst
				Primordial Cyst
				Radicular Cyst
				Buccal Bifurcation Cyst
				Dentigerous Cyst
				Eruption Cyst or Eruption Hematoma
				Odontogenic Keratocyst (Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor)
				Nevoid Basal Carcinoma (Gorlin) Syndrome
			Odontogenic Tumors
				Ameloblastoma
				Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor
				Odontogenic Myxoma
				Ameloblastic Fibroma
				Ameloblastic Fibro-Odontoma
				Odontoma
		Malignant Tumors
			Fibroblastic Tumors and Fibrosarcoma in Infancy and Childhood
				Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis
				Fibrosarcoma
			Rhabdomyosarcoma
			Osteogenic Sarcoma
			Ewing’s Sarcoma
			Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Histiocytosis X)
		References
13 Clinical Genetics for the Dental Practitioner
	6 - Clinical Genetics for the Dental Practitioner
		Cell Differentiation and Developmental Biology
		Chromosomal Abnormalities
		Hereditary Traits in Families
		Developmental Biology of Enamel
		Autosomal Dominant (AD) Inheritance
		Autosomal Recessive (AR) Inheritance
		X-Linked of Sex-Linked Inheritance
			X-Linked Dominant (XLD)
			X-Linked Recessive (XLR)
				AI and Nephrocalcinosis Syndrome
		Variation in Gene Expression
			Penetrance
			Expressivity
			Epigenetics
		Complex/Multifactorial Inheritance
		Influence of Genetic Factors on Major Cranofacial, Oral, and Dental Conditions
			Genetics and Dental Caries
		Genetics and Periodontal Disease
			Aggressive Periodntitis (Stage III Grade C, Rapid Rate of Progression)
		Genetics of Malocclusion
		External Apical Root Resorption
		Genetics of Cleft Lip and Palate
		References
14 Child Abuse and Neglect
	7 - Child Abuse and Neglect
		Physical Abuse
	Child Abuse and Neglect
		Sexual Abuse
			Neglect
			Emotional or Psychological Abuse
			Medical Child Abuse
			Human Trafficking
		The Victims of Abuse
		Possible Indicators of Child Abuse
			Physical Indicators
			Behavioral Indicators
		Evaluating Suspected Cases of Child Abuse
			History-Taking
			Communication With the Patient
			Physical Examination
		Managing Suspected Cases of Child Abuse
			Treatment
			Documentation
			Reporting
			Parental Concerns
		Understanding the Legal Requirements
			Obligation of the Dentist
		Conclusion
		References
15 Mechanical and Chemotherapeutic Home Oral Hygiene
	8 - Mechanical and Chemotherapeutic Home Oral Hygiene
		Microbial Aspects of Oral Hygiene and Plaque Formation
		Mechanical Methods of Plaque Control
			Manual Toothbrush
			Floss
			Powered Mechanical Plaque Removal
			Dentrifices
			Disclosing Agents
			Other Adjuncts for Plaque Control
			Techniques
				Roll Method
				Charters Method
				Horizontal Scrubbing Method
				Modified Stillman Method
			Visual-Motor Skill Mastery
			Time ConsideratIOns
		Chemotherapeutic Plaque Control
			Antiseptic Agents
		Age-Specific Home Oral Hygiene Instructions
			Prenatal Counseling
			Infants (Birth to 1 Year Old)
			Toddlers (1 to 3 Years Old)
			Preschoolers (3 to 6 Years Old)
			School-Aged Children (6 to 12 Years Old)
			Adolescents (12 to 19 Years Old)
			In-Office Oral Hygiene Programs
		References
16 Nutritional Considerations for the Pediatric Dental Patient
	9 - Nutritional Considerations for the Pediatric Dental Patient
		Dietary Intake Patterns
			Eating Out
			Portion Sizes
			Meal Pattern and Frequency
		Malnutrition and Food Insecurity
		Pediatric Undernutrition
			Iron
			Zinc
			Calcium
			Vitamin D
			Vitamin B12
		Pediatric Overnutrition
			Health Impact of High Salt Intake
		Feeding and Eating Disorders
			Anorexia Nervosa
			Bulimia
			Binge Eating Disorder
		Gastroesophageal Reflux
		Q & A Concerning Pediatric Nutrition Issues
		References
17 Dental Caries in the Child and Adolescent
	10 - Dental Caries in the Child and Adolescent
		Etiology of Dental Caries
		Early Childhood Caries, Severe Early Childhood Caries, Baby Bottle Tooth Decay
		Additional Factors Known to Influence Dental Caries
			Saliva
				Salivary Deficiency
			Socioeconomic Status
			Anatomic Characteristics of the Teeth
			Arrangment of the Teeth in the Arch
			Presence of Dental Appliances and Restorations
			Hereditary Factors
		Early Detection of Disease Activity
		Prediction of Patients’ Risk for Future Disease (Risk Assessment)
		Care Pathways for Caries Management
			Management of All Active Caries Lesions
			Reduction of the Intake of Freely Fermentable Carbohydrates
			Reduction of Dental Biofilm (and Microorganisms) with Good Oral Hygiene Procedures
			Use of Fluorides for Caries Prevention and Management
				Community Water Fluoridation
				Fluoride-Containing Dentifrices
				Topical Fluorides in the Dental Office
				Silver Diamine Fluoride
				Over-the-Counter Fluoride Mouthrinses and Gels
				Prescription Home-Use Fluoride Mouthrinses, Toothpastes, and Gels
				Dietary Fluoride Supplements
				Combinations of Fluoride Therapies
				Enamel Fluorosis
		Other Preventive Therapies
			Chlorhexidine and Thymol
			Xylitol
			Other Remineralizing or Antimicrobial Products
			Caries Vaccine
			Dental Caries Activity Tests
		Diagnostic Tools
			Infrared Laser Fluorescence (Diagnodent)
			Digital Imaging Fiberoptic Transillumination
			Quantitative Light Fluorescence
		Conclusion
		References
18 Pit-and-Fissure Sealants and Preventive Resin Restorations
	11 - Pit-and-Fissure Sealants and Preventive Resin Restorations
		Rationale for Use of Sealants
		Selection of Teeth for Sealing
		Sealant Technique
			Cleaning
			Isolation
			Etching
			Washing
			Application of Sealant
				Chemically cured sealant
				Visible light–cured sealant
			Check of Occlusal Interferences
			Re-evaluation
		Preventive Resin Restoration (Sealed Composite Resin Restoration)
		References
19 Restorative Dentistry
	12 - Restorative Dentistry
		Introduction
		Status of Common Restorative Materials
		Maintenance of a Clean Field
			Armamentarium for Rubber Dam Placement
			SELECTION OF A CLAMP
		Isolite System
		Morphologic Considerations
		Basic Principles in Cavity Preparation in Primary Teeth
		Cavity Preparation in Primary Teeth
			INCIPIENT CLASS I CAVITY IN A VERY YOUNG CHILD
			PIT OR FISSURE CLASS I CAVITY
			Deep-Seated Class I Cavity
			Class II Cavity
				Small Lesions
				Lesions With Greater Dentin Involvement
				Amalgam
				Aesthetic Materials
				Resin Infiltrate
			Class III Cavity
			Modified Class III Cavity Preparation
		Restoration of Proximal Incisal Caries in Primary Anterior Teeth
			Aesthetic Resin Restoration
			Stainless-Steel Crowns
			Direct Resin Crowns
		Preparation of Cavities in Young Permanent Teeth
			Interim Therapeutic Restoration for Hypoplastic Or Hypomineralized Permanent Molars
		Stainless-Steel Crowns for Posterior Teeth
			Preparation of the Tooth (Video 12.4)
			Selection of the Crown Size (Video 12.5)
			Contouring of the Crown (When Necessary)
		Cosmetic Zirconia Crowns (Video 12.6)
		Alternative Restorative Treatment
		Cosmetic Restorative Procedures for Young Permanent Anterior Teeth
			Bonded Composite Veneer Restorations (Resin-Based Composite Bonding)
			Bonded Laminate Veneer Restorations (Dental Laminates or Laminate Veneers)
		Controversies in Pediatric Restorative Dentistry
			Laser Use
			Minimalist Approach to Restorative Care
		Bleaching and Microabrasion
		References
20 Dental Materials
	13 - Dental Materials
		The Tooth-Restoration Interface
			Overview
	Dental Materials
		Treatment of the Cavity Preparation
			Dental Pulp Protection
			Bonding to the Tooth Structure—Acid Etching
			Bonding to the Tooth Structure—Primer
			Bonding to the Tooth Structure—Adhesive
		Temporary and Permanent Restorations
		Restorative Resins
			Composite Resin
			Microfilled Composites
			Hybrid Composites
			Bulk-Fill Composites
			Flowable Composites
			Light-Cured Composites
			Posterior Composite Restoration
			Resin Inlays
			Light-Curing Units
		Amalgam
			Selection of the Alloy
			High-Copper Alloys
			Mercury/Alloy Ratio
			Trituration
			Mechanical AmalgAmators
			Condensation
			Moisture
			Marginal Breakdown and Bulk Fracture
			Bonded Amalgam Restorations
			Mercury Toxicity
		Ceramics
		Other Aesthetic Alternatives/Fiberglass-Reinforced Resin
		Cements
			Luting Cements
				Zinc Oxide–Eugenol Cement
				Zinc Phosphate Cement
				Polycarboxylate Cement
				Glass-Ionomer Cement
				Resin-Modified Glass-Ionomer Cements
				Resin Cements
		Bioactive Dental Materials
		Suggested Readings
21 Treatment of Deep Caries, Vital Pulp Exposure, and Nonvital Teeth
	14 - Treatment of Deep Caries, Vital Pulp Exposure, and Nonvital Teeth
		History of Pain
			Clinical Signs and Symptoms
			Radiographic Interpretation
			Pulp Testing
			Physical Condition of the Patient
		Evaluation of Treatment Prognosis Before Pulp Therapy
		Vital Pulp Therapy Techniques
		Treatment of the Deep Caries Lesion
			Indirect Pulp Treatment (Gross Caries Removal or Indirect Pulp Therapy)
		Vital Pulp Exposure
			Size of the Exposure and Pulpal Hemorrhage
			Direct Pulp Capping
			Pulpotomy (Video 14.1)
				Pulpotomy Technique for Permanent Teeth
				Pulpotomy Technique for Primary Teeth
		Nonvital Pulp Treatment With Irreversible Pulpitis or Necrotic Pulp
			Pulpectomy
		Summary of Pulp Therapy
		Restoration of the Pulpally Involved Tooth
		Reaction of the Pulp to Various Capping Materials and Use of Dental Stem Cells
			Zinc Oxide–Eugenol
			Calcium Hydroxide
			Preparations Containing Formalin
			Ferric Sulfate
			Mineral Trioxide Aggregate
			Other Capping Materials and Methods
			Summary of Pulp Capping Materials
		Failures After Vital Pulp Therapy
			Internal Resorption
			Alveolar Abscess
		Early Exfoliation or Over Retention of Primary Teeth With Pulp Treatments
		References
22 Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease
	15 - Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease
		Eruption Gingivitis
		Dental Biofilm-Induced Gingivitis—Gingivitis Caused by Biofilm (Bacteria)
		Allergy and Gingival Inflammation
		Acute Gingival Disease
			Oral Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
			Recurrent Apthous Ulcer (Canker Sore)
			Necrotizing Gingivitis
			Acute Candidiasis (Thrush, Candidosis, Moniliasis)
			Acute Bacterial Infections
		Chronic Nonspecific Gingivitis
		Chlorhexidine as a Therapeutic Plaque Control Agent
		Gingival Diseases Modified by Systemic Factors
			Gingival Diseases Associated with the Endocrine System
			Gingival Lesions of Genetic Origin
			Phenytoin-Induced Gingival Overgrowth
			Ascorbic Acid Deficiency Gingivitis (Scorbutic Gingivitis)
		Periodontal Diseases in Children
			Periodontitis (Previously Called Aggressive Periodontitis and Early-Onset Periodontitis)
			Generalized Periodontitis (Previously Called Generalized Aggresive Periodontitis)
			Treatment of Generalized Periodontitis and Periodontitis with a Molar-Incisor Distribution
		Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic Disease
			Vanishing Bone Disease (Gorham-Stout Syndrome) Premature Bone Loss in the Primary Dentition
			Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome
			Gingival Recession
				The New Classification of Gingival Recession
					. Recession type 1 (RT1) refers to gingival recession with no loss of interproximal attachment. Interproximally, the CEJ is clin...
					. RT2 refers to gingival recession associated with loss of interproximal attachment. The amount of interproximal attachment loss...
					. RT3 refers to gingival recession associated with loss of interproximal attachment. The amount of interproximal attachment loss...
			Oral Factitious Injuries
			Abnormal Frenum Attachment
			Frenotomy and Frenectomy
			Technique for Mandibular Frenectomy and Vestibular Depth Increase
				Complete Denudation
				Periosteum Retention
				Vestibular Incision
			Free Soft Tissue Autograft (Previously Known as the Free Gingival Autograft) Procedure
			Lasers
		Clinical Assessment of Oral Cleanliness and Periodontal Disease
			Plaque Control Record
			Periodontal Screening and Recording
		Extrinsic Stains and Deposits on Teeth
			Green Stain
			Orange Stain
			Black Stain
			Removal of Extrinsic Stains
			Pigmentation Caused by Stannous Flouride Application
		Calculus
		References
23 Local Anesthesia and Pain Control for the Child and Adolescent
	16 - Local Anesthesia and Pain Control for the Child and Adolescent
		Topical Anesthetics
		Jet Injection
		Local Anesthesia by Conventional Injection
		Anesthetization of Mandibular Teeth and Soft Tissue
			Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (Conventional Mandibular Block)
			Lingual Nerve Block
			Long Buccal Nerve Block
			Infiltration Anesthesia for Mandibular Primary Molars
			Infiltration for Mandibular Incisors
			Mandibular Conduction Anesthesia (Gow-Gates Mandibular Block Technique)
		Anesthetization of Maxillary Primary and Permanent Incisors and Canines
			Supraperiosteal Technique (Local Infiltration)
		Anesthetization of Maxillary Primary Molars and Premolars
		Anesthetization of Maxillary Permanent Molars
		Anesthetization of the Palatal Tissues
			Nasopalatine Nerve Block
			Greater (Anterior) Palatine Injection
		Supplemental Injection Techniques
			Infraorbital Nerve Block and Mental Nerve Block
			Periodontal Ligament Inection (Intraligamentary Injection)
			Intraosseous Injection, Interseptal Injection, and Intrapulpal Injection
			Computer-Controlled Local Anesthetic Delivery System (WAND)
		Complications After a Local Anesthetic
			Anesthetic Toxicity
			Trauma to Soft Tissue
		Reversal of Dental Anesthesia
		Analgesics
		References
		Suggested Readings
24 Nonpharmacologic Management of Children’s Behaviors
	17 - Nonpharmacologic Management of Children’s Behaviors
		Variables Influencing Children’s Dental Behaviors
			Parental Anxiety
				Parenting Styles
				Toxic Stress
				Medical Experiences
				Awareness of Dental Problem
				General Behavior Problems
			Classifying Children’s Cooperative Behavior
			The Functional Inquiry
		Parents of Pediatric Patients
		Strategies of the Dental Team
			Preappointment Behavior Modification
			Fundamentals of Behavior Guidance
				Positive Approach
				Team Attitude
				Organization
				Truthfulness
				Tolerance
				Flexibility
			Communicating With Children
				Establishment of Communication
				Establishment of the Communicator
				Message Clarity
				Voice Control
				Multisensory Communication
				Problem Ownership
				Active Listening
				Enhancing Control
				Appropriate Responses
			Behavior Shaping
			Retraining
			Practical Considerations
				Scheduling
				Parent-Child Separation
				Tangible Reinforcements
			Limitations
		References
		Suggested Readings
25 Pharmacologic Management of Patient Behavior
	18 - Pharmacologic Management of Patient Behavior
		Pharmacologic Management
			The Continuum of Anesthesia and Sedation
		Fundamental Concepts
			Anatomic and Physiologic Differences
				Central Nervous System
				Cardiovascular System
				Respiratory System
				Body Size and Composition
			Routes of Drug Administration
				Inhalational Route
				Enteral Route
				Intramuscular Route
				Submucosal and Subcutaneous Routes
				Intravenous Route
				Rectal Route
			Drugs and Agents Used for Sedation
				Nitrous Oxide
			Antihistamines
				Hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril)
				Promethazine (Phenergan)
				Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
			Benzodiazepine Agonists and Antagonists
				Diazepam (Valium)
				Midazolam (Versed)
				Flumazenil (Romazicon)
			Opioid Agonists and Antagonists
				Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
				Meperidine (Demerol)
				Naloxone (Narcan)
			Other Sedative-Hypnotics
				Chloral Hydrate
		Nitrous Oxide Administration
			Objectives
			Equipment
			Technique
			Monitoring and Documentation
		Enteral Sedation Technique
		Combinations of Methods and Agents
		Facilities and Equipment
		Documentation
		Patient Selection and Preparation
			Indications
		Preoperative Evaluation
			Informed Consent
			Instructions to Parents
		Monitoring
			Intraoperative Monitoring
			Postoperative Monitoring
		Concluding Thoughts
		References
		Suggested Readings
26 Hospital Dental Services for Children and the Use of General Anesthesia
	19 - Hospital Dental Services for Children and the Use of General Anesthesia
		Indications for General Anesthesia in the Treatment of Children
		Psychological Effects of Hospitalization on Children
		Outpatient Versus Inpatient Surgery
		Medical History and Physical Examination
		Admission to the Hospital
		Operating Room Protocol
		Inhaled General Anesthesia and Conduct of Anesthesia
		Neurotoxicity of Anesthetic Agents in Young Children
		Anesthetic Preparation of the Child
			Time-Out Protocol
		Perioral Cleaning, Draping, and Placement of Pharyngeal Throat Pack
		Restorative Dentistry in the Operating Room
		Completion of the Procedure
			End Time-Out Protocol
		Postanesthesia Care Unit
		Postoperative Care
		References
		Suggested Readings
27 Eruption of the Teeth Local, Systemic, and Congenital Factors that Influence the Process
	20 - Eruption of the Teeth: Local, Systemic, and Congenital Factors that Influence the Process
		Chronologic Development and Eruption of the Teeth
			Influence of Premature Loss of Primary Molars on Eruption Time of Their Successors
			Variations in Sequence of Eruption
		Lingual Eruption of Mandibular Permanent Incisors
		Teething and Difficult Eruption
			Eruption Hematoma (Eruption Cyst)
			Eruption Sequestrum
			Ectopic Eruption
		Natal and Neonatal Teeth
		Epstein Pearls, Bohn Nodules, and Dental Lamina Cysts
		Local and System Factors that Influence Eruption
			Ankylosed Teeth
			Ankylosis of Primary Molars With Absence of Permanent Successors
			Ankylosed Permanent Teeth
			Trisomy 21 Sydrome (Down Syndrome)
			Cleidocranial Dysplasia
			Hypothyroidism
				Congenital Hypothyroidism (Cretinism)
				Juvenile Hypothyroidism (Acquired Hypothyroidism)
			Hypopituitarism
			Achondroplastic Dwarfism
			Other Causes
		References
28 Growth of the Face and Dental Arches
	21 - Growth of the Face and Dental Arches
		Basic Concepts of Human Growth
			Principles of Craniofacial Growth
			Basic Concepts of Craniofacial Growth
		Craniofacial Pattern
			Ideal Paradigms for Dentofacial Pattern
		Growth and Facial Pattern
			Consistency in Pattern Maturation
			Ideal Frontal Facial Pattern
			Ideal Facial Profile Pattern
			Maintenance of Overall Pattern
			Facial Growth Emulates General Somatic Growth
		Growth and Pattern of Occlusion
			Consistency in Pattern Development
			Primary Dentition Terminus
			Opposing First Molars at Initial Contact
			Ideal Static Occlusion Pattern
			Maintenance of Overall Pattern
		Growth and Dental Arch Pattern
			Similar Stage Sequencing
			Ideal Dental Arch Pattern
			Tooth Size/Arch Size Ratio as Pattern Determinant
			Computation of Tooth Size/Arch Size Balance
			Compensations in Dental Arch Development
			Maintenance of Overall Pattern
			Effects of Environmental Factors on Dental Arch Pattern
		Summary
		References
29 Cephalometrics and Facial Aesthetics The Key to Complete Treatment Planning
	22 - Cephalometrics and Facial Aesthetics: The Key to Complete Treatment Planning
		Lateral Head Film
			Frontal (Posteroanterior) Film
			Cone Beam Computed Tomography
			Cbct Technique
			3D Exposure (Quick Steps)
		Cephalometric Tracing Technique
		Reference Points for Lateral Tracing
		Reference Lines, Angles, and Planes
		Interpretation of Measurements
		Lateral Cephalometric Assessment
			Maxillary Skeletal
			Maxillary Dental
			Mandibular Skeletal
			Mandibular Dental
			Vertical
			Soft Tissue
		Frontal (Posteroanterior) Cephalometric Assesment
		Directions of Growth
		Computerized Cephalometric Diagnosis and Treatment Planning
			Digital Imaging
		Anteroposterior Interarch Discrepancies
			Class I
			Class II Division I
			Class II Division II
			Class III
		Facial Types
			Mesofacial Pattern
			Dolichofacial Pattern
			Brachyfacial Pattern
		Vertical Arch Discrepancies
			Open Bite
			Deep Bite
		Angle Classification of Occlusion
			Descriptive Skeletal and Dental Evaluation
		Evaluation of Facial Aesthetics
			Frontal View
			Profile View
		Suggested Readings
30 Managing the Developing Occlusion
	23 - Managing the Developing Occlusion
		Primate Spaces
			Mesial Molar Shift
			Leeway Space
			Intervention Considerations
		Early Loss of Teeth and Space Maintenance
			Needs Assessment
			Specific Tooth Loss Strategies
				Loss of Primary Incisors
				Loss of Primary Canines
				Loss of First Primary Molars
				Loss of Second Primary Molars
				Areas of Multiple Primary Molar Loss
				Loss of First Permanent Molars
		Oral Habits in Children
			Bruxism
			Non-Nutritive Sucking
			Tongue-Thrust Swallowing
		Anterior Crossbite in Primary and Mixed Dentitions
			Tongue Blade/Popsicle Stick Therapy
			Lower Iinclined Plane
			Palatal Spring Appliances (Removable Hawley or Fixed Palatal Wire)
			Fixed Transpalatal Wires With Springs
				Labial Edgewise Brackets and Archwires
		Posterior Crossbite in Primary and Mixed Dentitions
			Selective Equilibration
			Maxillary Expansion
		Eruption Problems and Eruption “Guidance”
			Ectopic Eruption of First Permanent Molars
			Eruption Guidance in the Lower Incisor Segment
			Eruption Guidance in the Mandibular Canine And Premolar Segment
			Eruption Guidance in the Maxillary Canine and Premolar Segment
				Maxillary Anterior Diastemas
				Supernumerary Teeth
				Congenitally Missing Teeth
		Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Orthodontics
		Comprehensive Orthodontics for the Developing Occlusion
			Primary to Mid-Mixed Dentition (Ages 4–10 Years)
			Mid- to Late Mixed Dentition (Ages 10–12 Years)
			Early Permanent Dentition (Ages 12–16 Years)
		References
		Suggested Readings
31 Multidisciplinary Team Approach to Cleft Lip and Palate Management
	24 - Multidisciplinary Team Approach to Cleft Lip and Palate Management
		Multidisciplinary Cleft Lip and Palate Team
		General Responsibilities of Team Members
			Dental Specialties
				Pediatric Dentist
				Orthodontist
				Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon
				Prosthodontist
			Medical and Allied Health Specialties
		Multidisciplinary Sequencing of Treatment in Clefts
			Stage I (Infant Appliance Stage: Birth to 18 Months of Age)
				Impression Technique and Feeding Obturator Construction
				Clinical Management of Initial Obturator Therapy
				Presurgical Orthopedics
				Airway Obstruction
				Cheiloplasty
				Maxillary Orthopedics
				Bone Grafting of Alveolar Cleft Defects
				Primary Alveolar Cleft Bone Grafting
				Alternatives to Primary Alveolar Cleft Bone Grafting
				Palatoplasty
				Dental Care
			Stage II (Primary Dentition Stage: 18 Months to 5 Years of Age)
			Stage III (Late Primary or Early Mixed Dentition Stage: 6 to 10 or 11 Years of Age)
				Secondary Alveolar Cleft Bone Graft
				Effect of Facial Aesthetics on Self-Concept
			Stage IV (Permanent Dentition Stage: 12 to 18 Years of Age)
				Cosmetic Surgery
		References
32 Prosthodontic Treatment of the Adolescent Patient
	25 - Prosthodontic Treatment of the Adolescent Patient
		Direct Restoration of Discolored Teeth
			Teeth With Pulpal Involvement
			All-Ceramic and Metal-Ceramic Crowns
			Conservative Indirect Restorations
		Fixed Partial Dentures
			Resin-Bonded Retainers
			Complete Crown Retainers
			Fixed Partial Denture Pontics
		Removable Partial Dentures
		Overdentures
		Implant Prostheses
		Recare Program
		Protective Mouthguards
			Fabrication of Mouthguard Using Digital Workflow
			Occlusal Guards for Therapeutic Effect
			CAD-CAM Applications in Pediatric Dentistry
		References
33 Dental Problems of Children with Special Health Care Needs
	26 - Dental Problems of Children with Special Health Care Needs
		Dental Access
		First Dental Visit
		Radiographic Examination
		Preventive Dentistry
			Home Dental Care
			Diet and Nutrition
			Fluoride Exposure
			Preventive Restorations
			Regular Professional Supervision
		Management of a Child With Special Health Care Needs During Dental Treatment
			Protective Stabilization
		Intellectual Disability
			Dental Treatment of a Person With Intellectual Disability
		Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21 Syndrome)
		Learning Disabilities
		Fragile X Syndrome
		Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
		Autism Spectrum Disorder
		Cerebral Palsy
		Spina Bifida
		Respiratory Diseases
			Asthma (Reactive Airway Disease)
			Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
			Cystic Fibrosis
		Hearing Loss
		Visual Impairment
		Heart Disease
			Congenital Heart Disease
				Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
				Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
			Acquired Heart Disease
				Rheumatic Fever
				Infective Endocarditis
				Infective Endocarditis Prophylaxis
			Dental Management
			CardiaC Surgery Patients
		References
		Suggested Readings
34 Management of the Medically Compromised Patient Hematologic Disorders, Cancer, Hepatitis, and AIDS
	27 - Management of the Medically Compromised Patient: HEMATOLOGIC DISORDERS, CANCER, HEPATITIS, AND AIDS
		Introduction
			Von Willebrand Disease
				Genetics and Epidemiology
				Classification
				Bleeding Symptoms
				Treatment
			Hemophilia
				Genetics
				Classification
				Bleeding Symptoms
				Oral Cavity Bleeding
				Treatment
					. Treatment regimens may be divided into on-demand therapy (replacement therapy administered after a bleeding episode has occurr...
					. Des-mopressin acetate (subcutaneous DDAVP or intranasal Stimate) may be used for minor hemorrhagic episodes to achieve hemosta...
			Complications of Bleeding Disorders
				Hemophilia—Inhibitor Development
				Blood-Borne Infections
			Women With Bleeding Disorders
			Other Rare Congenital Bleeding Disorders
			Dental Care for Patients With Bleeding Disorders
				Dental Management
					. The normal exfoliation of primary teeth does not usually result in bleeding or require factor replacement. Bleeding in these c...
					Prevention of Dental Disease. A program that includes brushing, flossing, appropriate topical fluoride exposure, adequate system...
					. Patients who require deep scaling due to gross calculus should initially undergo supragingival scaling. The tissue should be a...
					. Patients with bleeding disorders should be allowed to consider all restorative procedures. Most restorative procedures on prim...
					. Pulp exposure in primary and permanent teeth may be avoided if some of the carious dentin is left remaining (i.e., not all the...
				Oral Surgery
					. Despite all precautions, bleeding may occur 3 to 4 days postoperatively when the clot begins to resorb. If bleeding does occur...
				Antibiotic Prophylaxis
				Orthodontic Treatment
				Dental Emergencies
				Development of a Treatment Plan
				Use of Antifibrinolytic Agents
					. In children, ε-aminocaproic acid is administered immediately prior to dental treatment using an optional initial loading dose ...
					. The common side effects associated with the use of antifibrinolytics include headache, nausea, and dry mouth; these side effec...
			Pain Control
				Analgesia
			Local Anesthesia
			Risks to Dental Staff
			Summary
		Sickle Cell Disease
			Background
			Dental Management
		Childhood Cancers
			Leukemia
				Oral Manifestations of Leukemia
				Dental Management of Patients with Leukemia
				Prevention and Management of Mucositis
				Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
				Oral Complications of Bone Marrow Transplantation
				Graft-Versus-Host Disease
				Pretransplantation Preparation
			Solid Tumors
			Management of Childhood Cancer Survivors
		Viral Hepatitis
		Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
			Oral Manifestations of HIV Infection
				Fungal Infection
				Viral Infection
				Bacterial Infections, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis
				Neoplasms
				Idiopathic Lesions
			Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (Sars-Cov-2) and COVID-19
		References
35 Management of Trauma to the Teeth and Supporting Tissues
	28 - Management of Trauma to the Teeth and Supporting Tissues
		History of the Injury
			Clinical Examination
			Radiographic Examination
		Emergency Treatment of Soft Tissue Injury
		Emergency Treatment and Temporary Restoration of Fractured Teeth Without Pulp Exposure
			Fragment Restoration (Reattachment of Tooth Fragment)
			Temporary Bonded Resin Restoration
		Treatment of Vital Pulp Exposures
			Direct Pulp Cap
			Apexogenesis
			Pulpectomy With Endodontic Treatment
		Therapy to Stimulate Root Growth and Apical Repair in Immature Teeth With Pulpal Necrosis
			Apexification
			Regenerative Endodontic Procedures
				First Appointment
				Second Appointment
		Reaction of the Tooth to Trauma
			Pulpal Hyperemia
			Internal Hemorrhage
			Calcific Metamorphosis of the Dental Pulp (Progressive Canal Calcification or Dystrophic Calcification)
			Internal Resorption
			Peripheral (External) Root Resorption
			Pulpal Necrosis
			Ankylosis
		Restoration of Fractured Teeth
			Aesthetic Bonded Composite Resin Restoration
		Reaction of Permanent Tooth Buds to Injury
			Hypocalcification and Hypoplasia
			Reparative Dentin Production
			Dilaceration
		Displacement of Primary and Permanent Anterior Teeth (Luxation)
			Intrusion and Extrusion of Teeth
				Primary Teeth
				Permanent Teeth
			Avulsion and Replantation
				Stabilization of Replanted Teeth
				Endodontic Management of Replanted Teeth
			Management of Root Fractures
			Other Displacement Injuries of Teeth Requiring Stabilization
		Management of Oral Burns
			Nature of the Injury
			Treatment
		Trauma Prevention
		References
		Suggested Readings
36 Oral Surgery for the Pediatric Patient
	29 - Oral Surgery for the Pediatric Patient
		Impacted Teeth
			Impacted Third Molars
			Impacted Teeth Othat than Third Molars
				Surgical Exposure
				Extraction of Impacted Teeth Other Than Third Molars
		Associated Hard Tissue Lesions
			Pediatric Odontogenic Tumors
			Pediatric Odontogenic Cysts
		Soft Tissue Procedures
			Mucoceles and Ranulas
			Fibromas and Pyogenic Granulomas
		Infection of the Head and Neck Region
			Fracture of the Mandible
		Summary
		References
37 Pediatric Oral Health and Dental Care From Demography to Advocacy
	30 - Pediatric Oral Health and Dental Care: From Demography to Advocacy
		Pediatric Oral Disease Characteristics
		Pediatric Dental Care
			Pediatric Dental Workforce
			Pediatric Dental Delivery Systems
			Pediatric Dental Financing, Payment, and Coverage
			Pediatric Dental Utilization
		Advocacy Action in Support of Pediatric Oral Health
		References
		Advocacy Case Study
38 Practice Management
	31 - Practice Management
	Practice Management
		Part 1: Doctor’s Vision for the Practice
		Part 2: Mission Statements: Practice and Team
		Part 3: Fiscal Management
			Business Plan
			Monitor Goal Numbers
			Monitoring Schedule
				Daily
				Monthly
				Quarterly
				Yearly
			Setting a Budget
			Reports That Should be Monitored Regularly
			Fees
			Accounts Payable
			Retirement Planning
		Part 4: Team Dynamics
			Doctor Leadership
				Assume the Leadership Role
				Constantly Evaluate if Things Can Be Done Better. Do Not Settle For the Status Quo
				Have Excellent Advisors, Mentors, and a Support System
				Lead by Example and Create a Healthy Practice Culture
					Anchor 1154
				Be “People Smart”: Understand People’s Different Behavioral Traits and Strengths
					Anchor 1156
					Anchor 1157
					Anchor 1158
					Anchor 1159
					Anchor 1160
					Anchor 1161
					Anchor 1162
					Anchor 1163
				Work-Style Approaches
					Anchor 1165
					Anchor 1166
					Anchor 1167
				Hold Employees Accountable
				Motivate with Praise, Appreciation, and Recognition
				Conflict Resolution
				Hold Regular Meetings
				Types of Meetings to Hold
				Celebrate Success
			Employee Managment
				Personnel Needs
				Office Manual
				Personnel Records
				Standard Operating Procedures Manual
				Interviewing, Hiring, and Training
					Anchor 1180
					Anchor 1181
					Anchor 1182
					Anchor 1183
					Anchor 1184
					. This is one of the most important guidelines when a new employee is hired. You can train a new employee for specific job skill...
					Anchor 1186
					Anchor 1187
					Anchor 1188
					Anchor 1189
					Anchor 1190
					Anchor 1191
					Anchor 1192
					. In The One Minute Manager, a book long-favored by business managers, Blanchard and Johnson7 wrote, “Most companies spend 50% t...
					. A training/benefits waiting period may be the first 60–90 days of employment, during which time the dentist determines whether...
					Anchor 1195
					. Much of the responsibility for training new employees can be delegated to current team members. A well-trained veteran team me...
					. Conduct a 5- to 10-minute debriefing with the employee at the end of each day for the first 2 weeks (every other day is suffic...
				Job Descriptions
					. The doctor of a small practice can perform many of the employee management and business administrative duties. Once a team rea...
						Anchor 1200
						Anchor 1201
						Anchor 1202
						Anchor 1203
						.If the practice is large enough, it can also have a clinical coordinator and a front office coordinator. A coordinator is an ex...
						Anchor 1205
						Anchor 1206
					Front Office Team Duties
						Anchor 1208
						Anchor 1209
						Anchor 1210
						Anchor 1211
						Anchor 1212
						Anchor 1213
					Anchor 1214
					. A flow coordinator is a clinical assistant who also watches the overall schedule and directs the doctor and other assistants t...
					Anchor 1216
					Anchor 1217
					. A hygiene assistant assists the hygienist and/or coronal polishing assistant with the flow of recare patients. For every two c...
					. A well-done performance review is a powerful leadership tool for the doctor and a great learning experience for the employee. ...
				Coach to Improve Performance
				Dismissal
				Wages, Raises, And Benefits
				Employee Retention
		Part 5: Systems
			New-Patient Appointment
				Initial Telephone Call
				Before the New-Patient Appointment
				New-Patient Appointment in the Office
				Forms
			Effective Scheduling
			Surgical Referrals
			Managing Collections
				Collect Accurate Insurance Information for Patients With Insurance Coverage
				Collect all Patient Payments, Deductibles, and Copayments at the Time of Service
				Preparing Deposits
				Sending Statements
				Accounts Receivable Report
			Managing Insurance
				Steps for Effective Insurance Management
				Coordination of Benefits
				Dental Insurance Fraud
				Different Types of Dental Insurance Programs
					Anchor 1243
					Anchor 1244
					Anchor 1245
			Treatment Tracking
				Treatment Plan Acceptance
				What to Track at the End of the Day
				Actions
				Unscheduled Treatment
				Recare
				Checking Recare System Effectiveness
				Purging Charts and Reactivating Patients
			Internal and External Marketing
				Practice Branding
				Monthly Marketing Meeting
				Internal Marketing
				Prevention of Dental Disease
				Dental Team
				Facility
				External Marketing
				Marketing to Health Care Professionals
				Dental Health Education Programs
				Online Presence
				Website
				Social Media
			Dental Office Technology
			Compliance
			Clinical Organization
			Inventory Control
		References




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