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ویرایش: [11 ed.]
نویسندگان: Jeffrey A. Dean
سری:
ISBN (شابک) : 9780323698207, 9780323698214
ناشر: Mosby, Elsevier
سال نشر: 2021
تعداد صفحات: [715]
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 187 Mb
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent, 11th Edition به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب دندانپزشکی مک دونالد و اوری برای کودکان و نوجوانان، ویرایش یازدهم نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
1 Front Matter McDonald and Avery’s DENTISTRY for the CHILD and ADOLESCENT 2 Copyright Copyright 3 Dedication Dedication 4 Contributors Contributors 5 Reviewers Reviewers 6 Foreword to the 11th edition of McDonald and Avery’s Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent a historical review Foreword to the 11th edition of McDonald and Avery’s Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent: a historical review Introduction References 7 Preface and Acknowledgements Preface and Acknowledgements 8 Examination of the Mouth and Other Relevant Structures 1 - Examination of the Mouth and Other Relevant Structures Introduction Initial Parental Contact with the Dental Office The Diagnostic Method Preliminary Medical, Dental, Family, and Social History Clinical Examination Temporomandibular Evaluation Uniform Dental Recording Radiographic Examination Early Examination Infant Dental Care Detection of Substance Abuse Etiologic Factors in Substance Abuse Specific Substances and Frequency of use Vaping and Electronic Cigarettes Suicidal Tendencies in Children and Adolescents Infection Control in the Dental Office Biofilm Emergency Dental Treatment References 9 Radiographic Techniques 2 - Radiographic Techniques Basics of Radiation Protection The Justification Principle The Limitation Principle The Optimization Principle Radiographic Techniques Protection of the Dental Staff Protection of the Patient Radiographic Image Receptors Analog Film Direct Film Indirect Film Digital Film Photostimulable Phosphor Storage Plates Solid-State Sensors Image Viewing Conditions Radiographic Techniques Intraoral Radiography Periapical Radiography . This is the most accurate technique for taking intraoral radiographs. The image receptor should be positioned parallel to the ... . In the bisecting angle technique, the image receptor is placed as close to the teeth as possible, and the central x-ray is dir... Bitewing Radiography . In the anterior maxillary occlusal technique, the patient’s occlusal plane should be parallel to the floor and the sagittal pl... . In the posterior maxillary occlusal technique, the patient’s occlusal plane should be parallel to the floor and the sagittal p... . The film placement for the anterior mandibular occlusal technique is identical to that for the anterior maxillary occlusal tec... Localization Techniques Extraoral Radiography Panoramic Imaging Cephalometric Imaging Cone Beam Computed Tomography Medical Computed Tomography Ultrasound Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging Selection Criteria and Radiographic Examinations Criteria for Exposing Children to Ionizing Radiation Radiographic Exposures in Cases of Dentoalveolar Trauma Radiographic Exposures in Patients with Special Needs Interpretation of Radiographs References 10 Acquired and Developmental Disturbances of the Teeth and Associated Oral Structures 3 - Acquired and Developmental Disturbances of the Teeth and Associated Oral Structures James K. Hartsfield Jr. and Lorri ANN Morford Common Disturbances in Children Dentoalveolar Abscess Cellulitis Developmental Anomalies of the Teeth Fusion of the Teeth Concrescence Gemination and Twinning Dens Invaginatus (Dens in Dente) Dens Evaginatus and Talon Cusp Globodontia Early Exfoliation of Teeth Hypophosphatasia Cherubism (Familial Fibrous Dysplasia) Gnathodiaphyseal Dysplasia Acrodynia Hypophosphatemia (Familial or X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets or Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets) Cyclic Neutropenia (Cyclic Hematopoiesis) Other Disorders Enamel Hypoplasia Hypoplasia Resulting From Nutritional Deficiencies Hypoplasia Related to Brain Injury and Neurologic Defects Hypoplasia Associated With Nephrotic Syndrome Hypoplasia Associated With Allergies Hypoplasia Associated With Lead Poisoning (Plumbism) Hypoplasia Caused by Local Infection and Trauma Hypoplasia Associated WITH Cleft Lip and Palate Hypoplasia Caused by Ionizing Radiation and Chemotherapy Hypoplasia Resulting From Rubella Embryopathy Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization Treatment of Hypoplastic Teeth Hypoplasia Caused by FlUOride (Dental Flourosis) Enamel Microabrasion to Remove Superficial Enamel Discolorations Pre-Eruptive “Caries” (Pre-eruptive coronal resorption of the pre-eruptive intracoronal radiolucency) Taurodontism Inherited Defects of Dentin Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (Hereditary Opalescent Dentin) Dentin Dysplasia Amelogenesis Imperfecta Enamel and Dentin Aplasia Supernumerary Teeth (Hyperdontia) Agenesis of Teeth Anodontia Hypodontia (Oligodontia) Palatally Displaced Canines (PDCs) Dental Agenesis and Cancer Ectodermal Dysplasias Dental Treatment in Ectodermal Dysplasias Intrinsic Discoloration of Teeth (Pigmentation of Teeth) Discoloration in Hyperbilirubinemia Discoloration in Porphyria Discoloration in Cystic Fibrosis Discoloration in Tetracyline Therapy Bleaching of Intrinsic Tooth Discoloration Micrognathia (Robin Sequence) Anomalies of the Tongue Macroglossia Ankyloglossia (Tongue-Tie) Fissured Tongue and Geographic Tongue (Benign Migratory Glossitis) Coated Tongue White Strawberry Tongue Black Hairy Tongue Indentation of the TonGue Margin (Crenation) Median Rhomboid Glossitis (Central Papillary Atrophy of the Tongue) Trauma to the Tongue, Teeth, and Oral Tissues, With Emphasis on Tongue Piercing Abnormal Labial Frenum Frenectomy References 11 Development and Morphology of the Primary Teeth 4 - Development and Morphology of the Primary Teeth Initiation (bud Stage) Proliferation (Cap Stage) Histodifferentiation and Morphodifferentation (Bell Stage) Apposition Calcification Early Development and Calcification of the Anterior Primary Teeth Early Development and Calcification of the Posterior Primary Teeth and the First Permanent Molar Morphology of Individual Primary Teeth Maxillary Central Incisor Maxillary Lateral Incisor Maxillary Canine Mandibular Central Incisor Mandibular Lateral Incisor Mandibular Canine Maxillary First Molar Maxillary Second Molar Mandibular First Molar Mandibular Second Molar Morphologic Differences Between Primary and Permanent Teeth Size and Morphology of the Primary Tooth Pulp Chamber and Canals References Suggested Readings 12 Oral Pathology of the Child and Adolescent 5 - Oral Pathology of the Child and Adolescent Epithelial Lesions Fibroma Localized Gingival Swellings PYOGENIC GRANULOMA Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma Congenital Epulis Localized Juvenile Spongiotic Gingival Hyperplasia Gingival and Palatal Cysts of the Newborn Mucocele Vascular Malformations Lymphangioma Benign Neoplasms Neurofibroma Pleomorphic Adenoma Benign Lesions of Bone Benign Non-Odontogenic Lesions of Bone Idiopathic Bone Sclerosis (Osteosclerosis) Idiopathic Bone Cavity Benign Fibro-Osseous Lesions of the Jaws Fibrous Dysplasia Cemento-Ossifying Fibroma Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma Central Giant Cell Granuloma Cherubism Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy Odontogenic Cyst Primordial Cyst Radicular Cyst Buccal Bifurcation Cyst Dentigerous Cyst Eruption Cyst or Eruption Hematoma Odontogenic Keratocyst (Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor) Nevoid Basal Carcinoma (Gorlin) Syndrome Odontogenic Tumors Ameloblastoma Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor Odontogenic Myxoma Ameloblastic Fibroma Ameloblastic Fibro-Odontoma Odontoma Malignant Tumors Fibroblastic Tumors and Fibrosarcoma in Infancy and Childhood Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis Fibrosarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Osteogenic Sarcoma Ewing’s Sarcoma Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Histiocytosis X) References 13 Clinical Genetics for the Dental Practitioner 6 - Clinical Genetics for the Dental Practitioner Cell Differentiation and Developmental Biology Chromosomal Abnormalities Hereditary Traits in Families Developmental Biology of Enamel Autosomal Dominant (AD) Inheritance Autosomal Recessive (AR) Inheritance X-Linked of Sex-Linked Inheritance X-Linked Dominant (XLD) X-Linked Recessive (XLR) AI and Nephrocalcinosis Syndrome Variation in Gene Expression Penetrance Expressivity Epigenetics Complex/Multifactorial Inheritance Influence of Genetic Factors on Major Cranofacial, Oral, and Dental Conditions Genetics and Dental Caries Genetics and Periodontal Disease Aggressive Periodntitis (Stage III Grade C, Rapid Rate of Progression) Genetics of Malocclusion External Apical Root Resorption Genetics of Cleft Lip and Palate References 14 Child Abuse and Neglect 7 - Child Abuse and Neglect Physical Abuse Child Abuse and Neglect Sexual Abuse Neglect Emotional or Psychological Abuse Medical Child Abuse Human Trafficking The Victims of Abuse Possible Indicators of Child Abuse Physical Indicators Behavioral Indicators Evaluating Suspected Cases of Child Abuse History-Taking Communication With the Patient Physical Examination Managing Suspected Cases of Child Abuse Treatment Documentation Reporting Parental Concerns Understanding the Legal Requirements Obligation of the Dentist Conclusion References 15 Mechanical and Chemotherapeutic Home Oral Hygiene 8 - Mechanical and Chemotherapeutic Home Oral Hygiene Microbial Aspects of Oral Hygiene and Plaque Formation Mechanical Methods of Plaque Control Manual Toothbrush Floss Powered Mechanical Plaque Removal Dentrifices Disclosing Agents Other Adjuncts for Plaque Control Techniques Roll Method Charters Method Horizontal Scrubbing Method Modified Stillman Method Visual-Motor Skill Mastery Time ConsideratIOns Chemotherapeutic Plaque Control Antiseptic Agents Age-Specific Home Oral Hygiene Instructions Prenatal Counseling Infants (Birth to 1 Year Old) Toddlers (1 to 3 Years Old) Preschoolers (3 to 6 Years Old) School-Aged Children (6 to 12 Years Old) Adolescents (12 to 19 Years Old) In-Office Oral Hygiene Programs References 16 Nutritional Considerations for the Pediatric Dental Patient 9 - Nutritional Considerations for the Pediatric Dental Patient Dietary Intake Patterns Eating Out Portion Sizes Meal Pattern and Frequency Malnutrition and Food Insecurity Pediatric Undernutrition Iron Zinc Calcium Vitamin D Vitamin B12 Pediatric Overnutrition Health Impact of High Salt Intake Feeding and Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Binge Eating Disorder Gastroesophageal Reflux Q & A Concerning Pediatric Nutrition Issues References 17 Dental Caries in the Child and Adolescent 10 - Dental Caries in the Child and Adolescent Etiology of Dental Caries Early Childhood Caries, Severe Early Childhood Caries, Baby Bottle Tooth Decay Additional Factors Known to Influence Dental Caries Saliva Salivary Deficiency Socioeconomic Status Anatomic Characteristics of the Teeth Arrangment of the Teeth in the Arch Presence of Dental Appliances and Restorations Hereditary Factors Early Detection of Disease Activity Prediction of Patients’ Risk for Future Disease (Risk Assessment) Care Pathways for Caries Management Management of All Active Caries Lesions Reduction of the Intake of Freely Fermentable Carbohydrates Reduction of Dental Biofilm (and Microorganisms) with Good Oral Hygiene Procedures Use of Fluorides for Caries Prevention and Management Community Water Fluoridation Fluoride-Containing Dentifrices Topical Fluorides in the Dental Office Silver Diamine Fluoride Over-the-Counter Fluoride Mouthrinses and Gels Prescription Home-Use Fluoride Mouthrinses, Toothpastes, and Gels Dietary Fluoride Supplements Combinations of Fluoride Therapies Enamel Fluorosis Other Preventive Therapies Chlorhexidine and Thymol Xylitol Other Remineralizing or Antimicrobial Products Caries Vaccine Dental Caries Activity Tests Diagnostic Tools Infrared Laser Fluorescence (Diagnodent) Digital Imaging Fiberoptic Transillumination Quantitative Light Fluorescence Conclusion References 18 Pit-and-Fissure Sealants and Preventive Resin Restorations 11 - Pit-and-Fissure Sealants and Preventive Resin Restorations Rationale for Use of Sealants Selection of Teeth for Sealing Sealant Technique Cleaning Isolation Etching Washing Application of Sealant Chemically cured sealant Visible light–cured sealant Check of Occlusal Interferences Re-evaluation Preventive Resin Restoration (Sealed Composite Resin Restoration) References 19 Restorative Dentistry 12 - Restorative Dentistry Introduction Status of Common Restorative Materials Maintenance of a Clean Field Armamentarium for Rubber Dam Placement SELECTION OF A CLAMP Isolite System Morphologic Considerations Basic Principles in Cavity Preparation in Primary Teeth Cavity Preparation in Primary Teeth INCIPIENT CLASS I CAVITY IN A VERY YOUNG CHILD PIT OR FISSURE CLASS I CAVITY Deep-Seated Class I Cavity Class II Cavity Small Lesions Lesions With Greater Dentin Involvement Amalgam Aesthetic Materials Resin Infiltrate Class III Cavity Modified Class III Cavity Preparation Restoration of Proximal Incisal Caries in Primary Anterior Teeth Aesthetic Resin Restoration Stainless-Steel Crowns Direct Resin Crowns Preparation of Cavities in Young Permanent Teeth Interim Therapeutic Restoration for Hypoplastic Or Hypomineralized Permanent Molars Stainless-Steel Crowns for Posterior Teeth Preparation of the Tooth (Video 12.4) Selection of the Crown Size (Video 12.5) Contouring of the Crown (When Necessary) Cosmetic Zirconia Crowns (Video 12.6) Alternative Restorative Treatment Cosmetic Restorative Procedures for Young Permanent Anterior Teeth Bonded Composite Veneer Restorations (Resin-Based Composite Bonding) Bonded Laminate Veneer Restorations (Dental Laminates or Laminate Veneers) Controversies in Pediatric Restorative Dentistry Laser Use Minimalist Approach to Restorative Care Bleaching and Microabrasion References 20 Dental Materials 13 - Dental Materials The Tooth-Restoration Interface Overview Dental Materials Treatment of the Cavity Preparation Dental Pulp Protection Bonding to the Tooth Structure—Acid Etching Bonding to the Tooth Structure—Primer Bonding to the Tooth Structure—Adhesive Temporary and Permanent Restorations Restorative Resins Composite Resin Microfilled Composites Hybrid Composites Bulk-Fill Composites Flowable Composites Light-Cured Composites Posterior Composite Restoration Resin Inlays Light-Curing Units Amalgam Selection of the Alloy High-Copper Alloys Mercury/Alloy Ratio Trituration Mechanical AmalgAmators Condensation Moisture Marginal Breakdown and Bulk Fracture Bonded Amalgam Restorations Mercury Toxicity Ceramics Other Aesthetic Alternatives/Fiberglass-Reinforced Resin Cements Luting Cements Zinc Oxide–Eugenol Cement Zinc Phosphate Cement Polycarboxylate Cement Glass-Ionomer Cement Resin-Modified Glass-Ionomer Cements Resin Cements Bioactive Dental Materials Suggested Readings 21 Treatment of Deep Caries, Vital Pulp Exposure, and Nonvital Teeth 14 - Treatment of Deep Caries, Vital Pulp Exposure, and Nonvital Teeth History of Pain Clinical Signs and Symptoms Radiographic Interpretation Pulp Testing Physical Condition of the Patient Evaluation of Treatment Prognosis Before Pulp Therapy Vital Pulp Therapy Techniques Treatment of the Deep Caries Lesion Indirect Pulp Treatment (Gross Caries Removal or Indirect Pulp Therapy) Vital Pulp Exposure Size of the Exposure and Pulpal Hemorrhage Direct Pulp Capping Pulpotomy (Video 14.1) Pulpotomy Technique for Permanent Teeth Pulpotomy Technique for Primary Teeth Nonvital Pulp Treatment With Irreversible Pulpitis or Necrotic Pulp Pulpectomy Summary of Pulp Therapy Restoration of the Pulpally Involved Tooth Reaction of the Pulp to Various Capping Materials and Use of Dental Stem Cells Zinc Oxide–Eugenol Calcium Hydroxide Preparations Containing Formalin Ferric Sulfate Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Other Capping Materials and Methods Summary of Pulp Capping Materials Failures After Vital Pulp Therapy Internal Resorption Alveolar Abscess Early Exfoliation or Over Retention of Primary Teeth With Pulp Treatments References 22 Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease 15 - Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease Eruption Gingivitis Dental Biofilm-Induced Gingivitis—Gingivitis Caused by Biofilm (Bacteria) Allergy and Gingival Inflammation Acute Gingival Disease Oral Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Recurrent Apthous Ulcer (Canker Sore) Necrotizing Gingivitis Acute Candidiasis (Thrush, Candidosis, Moniliasis) Acute Bacterial Infections Chronic Nonspecific Gingivitis Chlorhexidine as a Therapeutic Plaque Control Agent Gingival Diseases Modified by Systemic Factors Gingival Diseases Associated with the Endocrine System Gingival Lesions of Genetic Origin Phenytoin-Induced Gingival Overgrowth Ascorbic Acid Deficiency Gingivitis (Scorbutic Gingivitis) Periodontal Diseases in Children Periodontitis (Previously Called Aggressive Periodontitis and Early-Onset Periodontitis) Generalized Periodontitis (Previously Called Generalized Aggresive Periodontitis) Treatment of Generalized Periodontitis and Periodontitis with a Molar-Incisor Distribution Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic Disease Vanishing Bone Disease (Gorham-Stout Syndrome) Premature Bone Loss in the Primary Dentition Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome Gingival Recession The New Classification of Gingival Recession . Recession type 1 (RT1) refers to gingival recession with no loss of interproximal attachment. Interproximally, the CEJ is clin... . RT2 refers to gingival recession associated with loss of interproximal attachment. The amount of interproximal attachment loss... . RT3 refers to gingival recession associated with loss of interproximal attachment. The amount of interproximal attachment loss... Oral Factitious Injuries Abnormal Frenum Attachment Frenotomy and Frenectomy Technique for Mandibular Frenectomy and Vestibular Depth Increase Complete Denudation Periosteum Retention Vestibular Incision Free Soft Tissue Autograft (Previously Known as the Free Gingival Autograft) Procedure Lasers Clinical Assessment of Oral Cleanliness and Periodontal Disease Plaque Control Record Periodontal Screening and Recording Extrinsic Stains and Deposits on Teeth Green Stain Orange Stain Black Stain Removal of Extrinsic Stains Pigmentation Caused by Stannous Flouride Application Calculus References 23 Local Anesthesia and Pain Control for the Child and Adolescent 16 - Local Anesthesia and Pain Control for the Child and Adolescent Topical Anesthetics Jet Injection Local Anesthesia by Conventional Injection Anesthetization of Mandibular Teeth and Soft Tissue Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (Conventional Mandibular Block) Lingual Nerve Block Long Buccal Nerve Block Infiltration Anesthesia for Mandibular Primary Molars Infiltration for Mandibular Incisors Mandibular Conduction Anesthesia (Gow-Gates Mandibular Block Technique) Anesthetization of Maxillary Primary and Permanent Incisors and Canines Supraperiosteal Technique (Local Infiltration) Anesthetization of Maxillary Primary Molars and Premolars Anesthetization of Maxillary Permanent Molars Anesthetization of the Palatal Tissues Nasopalatine Nerve Block Greater (Anterior) Palatine Injection Supplemental Injection Techniques Infraorbital Nerve Block and Mental Nerve Block Periodontal Ligament Inection (Intraligamentary Injection) Intraosseous Injection, Interseptal Injection, and Intrapulpal Injection Computer-Controlled Local Anesthetic Delivery System (WAND) Complications After a Local Anesthetic Anesthetic Toxicity Trauma to Soft Tissue Reversal of Dental Anesthesia Analgesics References Suggested Readings 24 Nonpharmacologic Management of Children’s Behaviors 17 - Nonpharmacologic Management of Children’s Behaviors Variables Influencing Children’s Dental Behaviors Parental Anxiety Parenting Styles Toxic Stress Medical Experiences Awareness of Dental Problem General Behavior Problems Classifying Children’s Cooperative Behavior The Functional Inquiry Parents of Pediatric Patients Strategies of the Dental Team Preappointment Behavior Modification Fundamentals of Behavior Guidance Positive Approach Team Attitude Organization Truthfulness Tolerance Flexibility Communicating With Children Establishment of Communication Establishment of the Communicator Message Clarity Voice Control Multisensory Communication Problem Ownership Active Listening Enhancing Control Appropriate Responses Behavior Shaping Retraining Practical Considerations Scheduling Parent-Child Separation Tangible Reinforcements Limitations References Suggested Readings 25 Pharmacologic Management of Patient Behavior 18 - Pharmacologic Management of Patient Behavior Pharmacologic Management The Continuum of Anesthesia and Sedation Fundamental Concepts Anatomic and Physiologic Differences Central Nervous System Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Body Size and Composition Routes of Drug Administration Inhalational Route Enteral Route Intramuscular Route Submucosal and Subcutaneous Routes Intravenous Route Rectal Route Drugs and Agents Used for Sedation Nitrous Oxide Antihistamines Hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril) Promethazine (Phenergan) Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) Benzodiazepine Agonists and Antagonists Diazepam (Valium) Midazolam (Versed) Flumazenil (Romazicon) Opioid Agonists and Antagonists Fentanyl (Sublimaze) Meperidine (Demerol) Naloxone (Narcan) Other Sedative-Hypnotics Chloral Hydrate Nitrous Oxide Administration Objectives Equipment Technique Monitoring and Documentation Enteral Sedation Technique Combinations of Methods and Agents Facilities and Equipment Documentation Patient Selection and Preparation Indications Preoperative Evaluation Informed Consent Instructions to Parents Monitoring Intraoperative Monitoring Postoperative Monitoring Concluding Thoughts References Suggested Readings 26 Hospital Dental Services for Children and the Use of General Anesthesia 19 - Hospital Dental Services for Children and the Use of General Anesthesia Indications for General Anesthesia in the Treatment of Children Psychological Effects of Hospitalization on Children Outpatient Versus Inpatient Surgery Medical History and Physical Examination Admission to the Hospital Operating Room Protocol Inhaled General Anesthesia and Conduct of Anesthesia Neurotoxicity of Anesthetic Agents in Young Children Anesthetic Preparation of the Child Time-Out Protocol Perioral Cleaning, Draping, and Placement of Pharyngeal Throat Pack Restorative Dentistry in the Operating Room Completion of the Procedure End Time-Out Protocol Postanesthesia Care Unit Postoperative Care References Suggested Readings 27 Eruption of the Teeth Local, Systemic, and Congenital Factors that Influence the Process 20 - Eruption of the Teeth: Local, Systemic, and Congenital Factors that Influence the Process Chronologic Development and Eruption of the Teeth Influence of Premature Loss of Primary Molars on Eruption Time of Their Successors Variations in Sequence of Eruption Lingual Eruption of Mandibular Permanent Incisors Teething and Difficult Eruption Eruption Hematoma (Eruption Cyst) Eruption Sequestrum Ectopic Eruption Natal and Neonatal Teeth Epstein Pearls, Bohn Nodules, and Dental Lamina Cysts Local and System Factors that Influence Eruption Ankylosed Teeth Ankylosis of Primary Molars With Absence of Permanent Successors Ankylosed Permanent Teeth Trisomy 21 Sydrome (Down Syndrome) Cleidocranial Dysplasia Hypothyroidism Congenital Hypothyroidism (Cretinism) Juvenile Hypothyroidism (Acquired Hypothyroidism) Hypopituitarism Achondroplastic Dwarfism Other Causes References 28 Growth of the Face and Dental Arches 21 - Growth of the Face and Dental Arches Basic Concepts of Human Growth Principles of Craniofacial Growth Basic Concepts of Craniofacial Growth Craniofacial Pattern Ideal Paradigms for Dentofacial Pattern Growth and Facial Pattern Consistency in Pattern Maturation Ideal Frontal Facial Pattern Ideal Facial Profile Pattern Maintenance of Overall Pattern Facial Growth Emulates General Somatic Growth Growth and Pattern of Occlusion Consistency in Pattern Development Primary Dentition Terminus Opposing First Molars at Initial Contact Ideal Static Occlusion Pattern Maintenance of Overall Pattern Growth and Dental Arch Pattern Similar Stage Sequencing Ideal Dental Arch Pattern Tooth Size/Arch Size Ratio as Pattern Determinant Computation of Tooth Size/Arch Size Balance Compensations in Dental Arch Development Maintenance of Overall Pattern Effects of Environmental Factors on Dental Arch Pattern Summary References 29 Cephalometrics and Facial Aesthetics The Key to Complete Treatment Planning 22 - Cephalometrics and Facial Aesthetics: The Key to Complete Treatment Planning Lateral Head Film Frontal (Posteroanterior) Film Cone Beam Computed Tomography Cbct Technique 3D Exposure (Quick Steps) Cephalometric Tracing Technique Reference Points for Lateral Tracing Reference Lines, Angles, and Planes Interpretation of Measurements Lateral Cephalometric Assessment Maxillary Skeletal Maxillary Dental Mandibular Skeletal Mandibular Dental Vertical Soft Tissue Frontal (Posteroanterior) Cephalometric Assesment Directions of Growth Computerized Cephalometric Diagnosis and Treatment Planning Digital Imaging Anteroposterior Interarch Discrepancies Class I Class II Division I Class II Division II Class III Facial Types Mesofacial Pattern Dolichofacial Pattern Brachyfacial Pattern Vertical Arch Discrepancies Open Bite Deep Bite Angle Classification of Occlusion Descriptive Skeletal and Dental Evaluation Evaluation of Facial Aesthetics Frontal View Profile View Suggested Readings 30 Managing the Developing Occlusion 23 - Managing the Developing Occlusion Primate Spaces Mesial Molar Shift Leeway Space Intervention Considerations Early Loss of Teeth and Space Maintenance Needs Assessment Specific Tooth Loss Strategies Loss of Primary Incisors Loss of Primary Canines Loss of First Primary Molars Loss of Second Primary Molars Areas of Multiple Primary Molar Loss Loss of First Permanent Molars Oral Habits in Children Bruxism Non-Nutritive Sucking Tongue-Thrust Swallowing Anterior Crossbite in Primary and Mixed Dentitions Tongue Blade/Popsicle Stick Therapy Lower Iinclined Plane Palatal Spring Appliances (Removable Hawley or Fixed Palatal Wire) Fixed Transpalatal Wires With Springs Labial Edgewise Brackets and Archwires Posterior Crossbite in Primary and Mixed Dentitions Selective Equilibration Maxillary Expansion Eruption Problems and Eruption “Guidance” Ectopic Eruption of First Permanent Molars Eruption Guidance in the Lower Incisor Segment Eruption Guidance in the Mandibular Canine And Premolar Segment Eruption Guidance in the Maxillary Canine and Premolar Segment Maxillary Anterior Diastemas Supernumerary Teeth Congenitally Missing Teeth Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Orthodontics Comprehensive Orthodontics for the Developing Occlusion Primary to Mid-Mixed Dentition (Ages 4–10 Years) Mid- to Late Mixed Dentition (Ages 10–12 Years) Early Permanent Dentition (Ages 12–16 Years) References Suggested Readings 31 Multidisciplinary Team Approach to Cleft Lip and Palate Management 24 - Multidisciplinary Team Approach to Cleft Lip and Palate Management Multidisciplinary Cleft Lip and Palate Team General Responsibilities of Team Members Dental Specialties Pediatric Dentist Orthodontist Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon Prosthodontist Medical and Allied Health Specialties Multidisciplinary Sequencing of Treatment in Clefts Stage I (Infant Appliance Stage: Birth to 18 Months of Age) Impression Technique and Feeding Obturator Construction Clinical Management of Initial Obturator Therapy Presurgical Orthopedics Airway Obstruction Cheiloplasty Maxillary Orthopedics Bone Grafting of Alveolar Cleft Defects Primary Alveolar Cleft Bone Grafting Alternatives to Primary Alveolar Cleft Bone Grafting Palatoplasty Dental Care Stage II (Primary Dentition Stage: 18 Months to 5 Years of Age) Stage III (Late Primary or Early Mixed Dentition Stage: 6 to 10 or 11 Years of Age) Secondary Alveolar Cleft Bone Graft Effect of Facial Aesthetics on Self-Concept Stage IV (Permanent Dentition Stage: 12 to 18 Years of Age) Cosmetic Surgery References 32 Prosthodontic Treatment of the Adolescent Patient 25 - Prosthodontic Treatment of the Adolescent Patient Direct Restoration of Discolored Teeth Teeth With Pulpal Involvement All-Ceramic and Metal-Ceramic Crowns Conservative Indirect Restorations Fixed Partial Dentures Resin-Bonded Retainers Complete Crown Retainers Fixed Partial Denture Pontics Removable Partial Dentures Overdentures Implant Prostheses Recare Program Protective Mouthguards Fabrication of Mouthguard Using Digital Workflow Occlusal Guards for Therapeutic Effect CAD-CAM Applications in Pediatric Dentistry References 33 Dental Problems of Children with Special Health Care Needs 26 - Dental Problems of Children with Special Health Care Needs Dental Access First Dental Visit Radiographic Examination Preventive Dentistry Home Dental Care Diet and Nutrition Fluoride Exposure Preventive Restorations Regular Professional Supervision Management of a Child With Special Health Care Needs During Dental Treatment Protective Stabilization Intellectual Disability Dental Treatment of a Person With Intellectual Disability Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21 Syndrome) Learning Disabilities Fragile X Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder Cerebral Palsy Spina Bifida Respiratory Diseases Asthma (Reactive Airway Disease) Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Cystic Fibrosis Hearing Loss Visual Impairment Heart Disease Congenital Heart Disease Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Acquired Heart Disease Rheumatic Fever Infective Endocarditis Infective Endocarditis Prophylaxis Dental Management CardiaC Surgery Patients References Suggested Readings 34 Management of the Medically Compromised Patient Hematologic Disorders, Cancer, Hepatitis, and AIDS 27 - Management of the Medically Compromised Patient: HEMATOLOGIC DISORDERS, CANCER, HEPATITIS, AND AIDS Introduction Von Willebrand Disease Genetics and Epidemiology Classification Bleeding Symptoms Treatment Hemophilia Genetics Classification Bleeding Symptoms Oral Cavity Bleeding Treatment . Treatment regimens may be divided into on-demand therapy (replacement therapy administered after a bleeding episode has occurr... . Des-mopressin acetate (subcutaneous DDAVP or intranasal Stimate) may be used for minor hemorrhagic episodes to achieve hemosta... Complications of Bleeding Disorders Hemophilia—Inhibitor Development Blood-Borne Infections Women With Bleeding Disorders Other Rare Congenital Bleeding Disorders Dental Care for Patients With Bleeding Disorders Dental Management . The normal exfoliation of primary teeth does not usually result in bleeding or require factor replacement. Bleeding in these c... Prevention of Dental Disease. A program that includes brushing, flossing, appropriate topical fluoride exposure, adequate system... . Patients who require deep scaling due to gross calculus should initially undergo supragingival scaling. The tissue should be a... . Patients with bleeding disorders should be allowed to consider all restorative procedures. Most restorative procedures on prim... . Pulp exposure in primary and permanent teeth may be avoided if some of the carious dentin is left remaining (i.e., not all the... Oral Surgery . Despite all precautions, bleeding may occur 3 to 4 days postoperatively when the clot begins to resorb. If bleeding does occur... Antibiotic Prophylaxis Orthodontic Treatment Dental Emergencies Development of a Treatment Plan Use of Antifibrinolytic Agents . In children, ε-aminocaproic acid is administered immediately prior to dental treatment using an optional initial loading dose ... . The common side effects associated with the use of antifibrinolytics include headache, nausea, and dry mouth; these side effec... Pain Control Analgesia Local Anesthesia Risks to Dental Staff Summary Sickle Cell Disease Background Dental Management Childhood Cancers Leukemia Oral Manifestations of Leukemia Dental Management of Patients with Leukemia Prevention and Management of Mucositis Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Oral Complications of Bone Marrow Transplantation Graft-Versus-Host Disease Pretransplantation Preparation Solid Tumors Management of Childhood Cancer Survivors Viral Hepatitis Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Oral Manifestations of HIV Infection Fungal Infection Viral Infection Bacterial Infections, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis Neoplasms Idiopathic Lesions Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (Sars-Cov-2) and COVID-19 References 35 Management of Trauma to the Teeth and Supporting Tissues 28 - Management of Trauma to the Teeth and Supporting Tissues History of the Injury Clinical Examination Radiographic Examination Emergency Treatment of Soft Tissue Injury Emergency Treatment and Temporary Restoration of Fractured Teeth Without Pulp Exposure Fragment Restoration (Reattachment of Tooth Fragment) Temporary Bonded Resin Restoration Treatment of Vital Pulp Exposures Direct Pulp Cap Apexogenesis Pulpectomy With Endodontic Treatment Therapy to Stimulate Root Growth and Apical Repair in Immature Teeth With Pulpal Necrosis Apexification Regenerative Endodontic Procedures First Appointment Second Appointment Reaction of the Tooth to Trauma Pulpal Hyperemia Internal Hemorrhage Calcific Metamorphosis of the Dental Pulp (Progressive Canal Calcification or Dystrophic Calcification) Internal Resorption Peripheral (External) Root Resorption Pulpal Necrosis Ankylosis Restoration of Fractured Teeth Aesthetic Bonded Composite Resin Restoration Reaction of Permanent Tooth Buds to Injury Hypocalcification and Hypoplasia Reparative Dentin Production Dilaceration Displacement of Primary and Permanent Anterior Teeth (Luxation) Intrusion and Extrusion of Teeth Primary Teeth Permanent Teeth Avulsion and Replantation Stabilization of Replanted Teeth Endodontic Management of Replanted Teeth Management of Root Fractures Other Displacement Injuries of Teeth Requiring Stabilization Management of Oral Burns Nature of the Injury Treatment Trauma Prevention References Suggested Readings 36 Oral Surgery for the Pediatric Patient 29 - Oral Surgery for the Pediatric Patient Impacted Teeth Impacted Third Molars Impacted Teeth Othat than Third Molars Surgical Exposure Extraction of Impacted Teeth Other Than Third Molars Associated Hard Tissue Lesions Pediatric Odontogenic Tumors Pediatric Odontogenic Cysts Soft Tissue Procedures Mucoceles and Ranulas Fibromas and Pyogenic Granulomas Infection of the Head and Neck Region Fracture of the Mandible Summary References 37 Pediatric Oral Health and Dental Care From Demography to Advocacy 30 - Pediatric Oral Health and Dental Care: From Demography to Advocacy Pediatric Oral Disease Characteristics Pediatric Dental Care Pediatric Dental Workforce Pediatric Dental Delivery Systems Pediatric Dental Financing, Payment, and Coverage Pediatric Dental Utilization Advocacy Action in Support of Pediatric Oral Health References Advocacy Case Study 38 Practice Management 31 - Practice Management Practice Management Part 1: Doctor’s Vision for the Practice Part 2: Mission Statements: Practice and Team Part 3: Fiscal Management Business Plan Monitor Goal Numbers Monitoring Schedule Daily Monthly Quarterly Yearly Setting a Budget Reports That Should be Monitored Regularly Fees Accounts Payable Retirement Planning Part 4: Team Dynamics Doctor Leadership Assume the Leadership Role Constantly Evaluate if Things Can Be Done Better. Do Not Settle For the Status Quo Have Excellent Advisors, Mentors, and a Support System Lead by Example and Create a Healthy Practice Culture Anchor 1154 Be “People Smart”: Understand People’s Different Behavioral Traits and Strengths Anchor 1156 Anchor 1157 Anchor 1158 Anchor 1159 Anchor 1160 Anchor 1161 Anchor 1162 Anchor 1163 Work-Style Approaches Anchor 1165 Anchor 1166 Anchor 1167 Hold Employees Accountable Motivate with Praise, Appreciation, and Recognition Conflict Resolution Hold Regular Meetings Types of Meetings to Hold Celebrate Success Employee Managment Personnel Needs Office Manual Personnel Records Standard Operating Procedures Manual Interviewing, Hiring, and Training Anchor 1180 Anchor 1181 Anchor 1182 Anchor 1183 Anchor 1184 . This is one of the most important guidelines when a new employee is hired. You can train a new employee for specific job skill... Anchor 1186 Anchor 1187 Anchor 1188 Anchor 1189 Anchor 1190 Anchor 1191 Anchor 1192 . In The One Minute Manager, a book long-favored by business managers, Blanchard and Johnson7 wrote, “Most companies spend 50% t... . A training/benefits waiting period may be the first 60–90 days of employment, during which time the dentist determines whether... Anchor 1195 . Much of the responsibility for training new employees can be delegated to current team members. A well-trained veteran team me... . Conduct a 5- to 10-minute debriefing with the employee at the end of each day for the first 2 weeks (every other day is suffic... Job Descriptions . The doctor of a small practice can perform many of the employee management and business administrative duties. Once a team rea... Anchor 1200 Anchor 1201 Anchor 1202 Anchor 1203 .If the practice is large enough, it can also have a clinical coordinator and a front office coordinator. A coordinator is an ex... Anchor 1205 Anchor 1206 Front Office Team Duties Anchor 1208 Anchor 1209 Anchor 1210 Anchor 1211 Anchor 1212 Anchor 1213 Anchor 1214 . A flow coordinator is a clinical assistant who also watches the overall schedule and directs the doctor and other assistants t... Anchor 1216 Anchor 1217 . A hygiene assistant assists the hygienist and/or coronal polishing assistant with the flow of recare patients. For every two c... . A well-done performance review is a powerful leadership tool for the doctor and a great learning experience for the employee. ... Coach to Improve Performance Dismissal Wages, Raises, And Benefits Employee Retention Part 5: Systems New-Patient Appointment Initial Telephone Call Before the New-Patient Appointment New-Patient Appointment in the Office Forms Effective Scheduling Surgical Referrals Managing Collections Collect Accurate Insurance Information for Patients With Insurance Coverage Collect all Patient Payments, Deductibles, and Copayments at the Time of Service Preparing Deposits Sending Statements Accounts Receivable Report Managing Insurance Steps for Effective Insurance Management Coordination of Benefits Dental Insurance Fraud Different Types of Dental Insurance Programs Anchor 1243 Anchor 1244 Anchor 1245 Treatment Tracking Treatment Plan Acceptance What to Track at the End of the Day Actions Unscheduled Treatment Recare Checking Recare System Effectiveness Purging Charts and Reactivating Patients Internal and External Marketing Practice Branding Monthly Marketing Meeting Internal Marketing Prevention of Dental Disease Dental Team Facility External Marketing Marketing to Health Care Professionals Dental Health Education Programs Online Presence Website Social Media Dental Office Technology Compliance Clinical Organization Inventory Control References