Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Water Treatment Operations

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1 Pumping Calculations
	1.1 Pumping
	1.2 Basic Water Hydraulics Calculations
		1.2.1 Weight of Water
		1.2.2 Weight of Water Related to the Weight of Air
		1.2.3 Water at Rest
		1.2.4 Gauge Pressure
		1.2.5 Water in Motion
			1.2.5.1 Discharge
		1.2.6 Pipe Friction
	1.3 Basic Pumping Calculations
		1.3.1 Pumping Rates
		1.3.2 Calculating Head Loss
		1.3.3 Calculating Head
		1.3.4 Calculating Horsepower and Efficiency
			1.3.4.1 Hydraulic Horsepower (WHP)
			1.3.4.2 Pump Efficiency and Brake Horsepower (BHP)
		1.3.5 Specific Speed
	1.4 Positive Displacement Pumps
Chapter 2 Water Source and Storage Calculations
	2.1 Water Sources
	2.2 Water Source Calculations
		2.2.1 Well Drawdown
		2.2.2 Well Yield
		2.2.3 Specific Yield
		2.2.4 Well Casing Disinfection
		2.2.5 Deep Well Turbine Pump Calculations
		2.2.6 Vertical Turbine Pump Calculations
	2.3 Water Storage
	2.4 Water Storage Calculations
	2.5 Copper Sulfate Dosing
	2.6 Potassium Permanganate Dosing
		2.6.1 The 411 on Iron and Manganese Removal
			2.6.1.1 Iron and Manganese Removal Techniques
			2.6.1.2 Precipitation
			2.6.1.3 Oxidation
			2.6.1.4 Ion Exchange
			2.6.1.5 Sequestering
			2.6.1.6 Aeration
			2.6.1.7 Potassium Permanganate Oxidation and Manganese Greensand
Chapter 3 Coagulation and Flocculation Calculations
	3.1 Coagulation
	3.2 Flocculation
	3.3 Coagulation and Flocculation Calculations
		3.3.1 Chamber and Basin Volume Calculations
		3.3.2 Detention Time
			3.3.2.1 Determining Dry Chemical Feeder Setting (Lb/Day)
		3.3.3 Determining Chemical Solution Feeder Setting (GPD)
		3.3.4 Determining Chemical Solution Feeder Setting (ML/Min)
		3.3.5 Determining Percent of Solutions
		3.3.6 Determining Percent Strength of Liquid Solutions
		3.3.7 Determining Percent Strength of Mixed Solutions
		3.3.8 Dry Chemical Feeder Calibration
		3.3.9 Solution Chemical Feeder Calibration
		3.3.10 Determining Chemical Usage
	3.4 Coagulation and Flocculation Practice Problems
	3.5 Chemical Feeders
	3.6 Chemical Feeder Calculations
Chapter 4 Sedimentation Calculations
	4.1 Sedimentation
	4.2 Tank Volume Calculations
		4.2.1 Calculating Tank Volume
	4.3 Detention Time (DT)
	4.4 Surface Overflow Rate (SOR)
	4.5 Mean Flow Velocity
	4.6 Weir Loading Rate (Weir Overflow Rate, WOR)
	4.7 Percent Settled Biosolids
	4.8 Determining Lime Dosage (Mg/L)
	4.9 Determining Lime Dosage (Lb/Day)
	4.10 Determining Lime Dosage (G/Min)
	4.11 Sedimentation Practice Problems
Chapter 5 Filtration Calculations
	5.1 Water Filtration
	5.2 Flow Rate through a Filter (GPM)
	5.3 Filtration Rate
	5.4 Unit Filter Run Volume (UFRV)
	5.5 Backwash Rate
		5.5.1 Backwash Rise Rate
	5.6 Volume of Backwash Water Required (Gal)
	5.7 Required Depth of Backwash Water Tank (Ft)
	5.8 Backwash Pumping Rate (GPM)
	5.9 Percent Product Water Used for Backwatering
	5.10 Percent Mud Ball Volume
	5.11 Filter Bed Expansion
	5.12 Filter Loading Rate
	5.13 Filter Medium Size
	5.14 Mixed Media
	5.15 Head Loss for Fixed-Bed Flow
	5.16 Head Loss through a Fluidized Bed
	5.17 Horizontal Washwater Troughs
	5.18 Filter Efficiency
	5.19 Water Filtration Practice Problems
	5.20 Bibliography
Chapter 6 Water Chlorination Calculations
	6.1 Chlorine Disinfection
	6.2 Determining Chlorine Dosage (Feed Rate)
	6.3 Calculating Chlorine Dose, Demand, and Residual
	6.4 Breakpoint Chlorination Calculations
	6.5 Calculating Dry Hypochlorite Feed Rate
	6.6 Calculating Hypochlorite Solution Feed Rate
	6.7 Calculating Percent Strength of Solutions
		6.7.1 Calculating Percent Strength Using Dry Hypochlorite
		6.7.2 Calculating Percent Strength Using Liquid Hypochlorite
	6.8 Chemical Use Calculations
	6.9 Chlorination Math Practice Problems
Chapter 7 Fluoridation
	7.1 Water Fluoridation
	7.2 Fluoride Compounds
		7.2.1 Sodium Fluoride
		7.2.2 Fluorosilicic Acid
		7.2.3 Sodium Fluorosilicate
	7.3 Optimal Fluoride Levels
	7.4 Fluoridation Process Calculations
		7.4.1 Percent Fluoride Ion in a Compound
		7.4.2 Fluoride Feed Rate
		7.4.3 Fluoride Feed Rates for Saturator
		7.4.4 Calculated Dosages
		7.4.5 Calculated Dosage Problems
		7.4.6 Fluoridation Math Practice Problems
Chapter 8 Water Softening
	8.1 Water Hardness
		8.1.1 Calculating Calcium Hardness, as CaCO3
		8.1.2 Calculating Magnesium Hardness, as CaCO3
		8.1.3 Calculating Total Hardness
		8.1.4 Calculating Carbonate and Noncarbonate Hardness
	8.2 Alkalinity Determination
	8.3 Determining Bicarbonate, Carbonate, and Hydroxide Alkalinity
	8.4 Lime Dosage Calculation for Removal of Carbonate Hardness
	8.5 Calculation for Removal of Noncarbonate Hardness
	8.6 Recarbonation Calculation
	8.7 Calculating Feed Rates
	8.8 Ion Exchange Capacity
	8.9 Water Treatment Capacity
	8.10 Treatment Time Calculation (Until Regeneration Required)
	8.11 Salt and Brine Required for Regeneration
	8.12 Salt Solutions Table
Chapter 9 Water Treatment Practice Calculations: Basic Math Problems
	9.1 Decimal Operations
	9.2 Percentage Calculations
	9.3 Find x
	9.4 Ratio and Proportion
	9.5 Area of Rectangles
	9.6 Circumference and Area of Circles
	9.7 Water Treatment Problems
	9.8 Additional Practice Problems
		9.8.1 Tank Volume Calculations
	9.9 Channel and Pipeline Capacity Calculations
	9.10 Miscellaneous Volume Calculations
	9.11 Flow, Velocity, and Conversion Calculations
	9.12 Average Flow Rates
	9.13 Flow Conversions
	9.14 General Flow and Velocity Calculations
	9.15 Chemical Dosage Calculations
	9.16 Advanced Practice Problems
Appendix A: Basic Math Answers
Index