Maternal & child nursing care

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Detailed Contents......Page 21
About the Authors......Page 5
Thank You!......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
Preface......Page 10
Acknowlegments......Page 20
 Chapter 1 Maternal–Child Nursing Today......Page 37
  Nursing Roles in Maternal-Child Nursing......Page 38
   Contemporary Childbirth......Page 40
   Contemporary Care of Children......Page 41
  Access to Health Care......Page 42
  Statistical Data and Maternal-Child Care......Page 43
   Infant Mortality......Page 44
   Scope of Practice......Page 45
   Informed Consent......Page 46
   Abortion......Page 48
   Embryonic Stem Cell Research......Page 49
  Evidence-Based Practice in Maternal-Child Nursing......Page 50
  Concept Maps and Clinical Reasoning......Page 51
 Chapter 2 Culture and the Family......Page 55
   Types of Families......Page 56
   Family Assessment......Page 57
  Cultural Influences Affecting the Family......Page 58
   Family Roles and Structure......Page 59
   Healthcare Practitioners......Page 60
   Impact of Religion and Spirituality......Page 61
   Childrearing Practices......Page 62
  Culture and Nursing Care......Page 63
   Culturally Influenced Responses......Page 64
  Complementary and Alternative Therapies and the Family......Page 66
   Types of Complementary and Alternative Therapies......Page 68
   Nursing Care of the Family Using Complementary Therapies......Page 70
 Chapter 3 The Reproductive System......Page 75
   External Genitals......Page 76
   Female Internal Reproductive Organs......Page 78
   Bony Pelvis......Page 84
   Breasts......Page 87
   Effects of Female Hormones......Page 88
   Neurohormonal Basis of the Female Reproductive Cycle......Page 90
   External Genitals......Page 91
   Male Internal Reproductive Organs......Page 93
 Chapter 4 Conception and Fetal Development......Page 97
   Meiosis......Page 98
   Preparation for Fertilization......Page 99
   The Moment of Fertilization......Page 100
   Cellular Multiplication......Page 102
   Cellular Differentiation......Page 103
  Twins......Page 105
  Development and Functions of the Placenta......Page 106
   Placental Functions......Page 107
  Development of the Fetal Circulatory System......Page 109
   Embryonic Stage......Page 111
   Fetal Stage......Page 114
  Factors Influencing Embryonic and Fetal Development......Page 116
 Chapter 5 Promoting Healthcare for Women......Page 119
   Taking a Sexual History......Page 120
   Educational Topics......Page 121
   Associated Menstrual Conditions......Page 122
   Fertility Awareness Methods......Page 124
   Spermicides......Page 125
   Barrier Methods of Contraception......Page 126
   Hormonal Contraception......Page 130
   Postcoital Emergency Contraception......Page 131
   Male Contraception......Page 132
   Breast Examination......Page 133
   Pap Smear and Pelvic Examination......Page 134
  Menopause......Page 136
   Clinical Therapy......Page 137
  Violence Against Women......Page 138
   Domestic Violence......Page 139
   Sexual Assault and Rape......Page 141
 Chapter 6 Common Gynecologic Problems......Page 145
   Other Benign Breast Disorders......Page 146
  Care of the Woman with Endometriosis......Page 147
   Clinical Therapy......Page 148
  Care of the Woman with Toxic Shock Syndrome......Page 149
   Vulvovaginal Candidiasis......Page 150
  Care of the Individual with a Sexually Transmitted Infection......Page 152
   Chlamydial Infection......Page 153
   Syphilis......Page 154
   Condylomata Acuminata (Venereal Warts)......Page 155
   Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome......Page 156
  Care of the Woman with Pelvic Inflammatory Disease......Page 157
   Uterine Abnormalities......Page 158
   Upper Urinary Tract Infection (Pyelonephritis)......Page 160
  Pelvic Relaxation......Page 161
  Care of the Woman Requiring a Hysterectomy......Page 162
 Chapter 7 Infertility and Genetic Disorders......Page 167
   Essential Components of Fertility......Page 168
   Initial Investigation: Physical and Psychosocial Issues......Page 169
   Assessment of the Woman’s Fertility......Page 170
   Assessment of the Man’s Fertility......Page 175
   Methods of Infertility Management......Page 176
   Nursing Management of the Infertile Couple......Page 182
   Chromosomes and Chromosomal Analysis......Page 183
   Modes of Inheritance......Page 186
   Prenatal Diagnostic Tests......Page 188
   Nursing Management......Page 190
   Genetic Counseling......Page 191
 Chapter 8 Preparation for Parenthood......Page 197
   Preconception Health Measures......Page 198
   Contraception......Page 201
   Healthcare Provider......Page 202
   Birth Setting......Page 204
  Classes for Family Members During Pregnancy......Page 205
   Adolescent Parenting Classes......Page 206
   Sibling Preparation: Adjustment to a Newborn......Page 207
  Childbirth Preparation Methods......Page 208
   Breathing Techniques......Page 209
  Preparation for Childbirth That Supports Individuality......Page 210
 Chapter 9 Physical and Psychologic Changes of Pregnancy......Page 213
   Reproductive System......Page 214
   Cardiovascular System......Page 215
   Musculoskeletal System......Page 216
   Endocrine System......Page 217
   Hormones in Pregnancy......Page 218
   Subjective (Presumptive) Changes......Page 219
   Objective (Probable) Changes......Page 220
  Psychologic Response of the Expectant Family to Pregnancy......Page 221
   The Mother......Page 223
   The Father......Page 224
  Cultural Values and Pregnancy......Page 225
 Chapter 10 Nursing Assessment: Antepartum Period......Page 229
   Definition of Terms......Page 230
   Patient Profile......Page 231
  Initial Prenatal Assessment......Page 233
   Uterine Assessment......Page 244
  Assessment of Pelvic Adequacy (Clinical Pelvimetry)......Page 245
   Screening Tests......Page 246
  Subsequent Patient History......Page 247
  Subsequent Prenatal Assessment......Page 248
 Chapter 11 Understanding the Needs and Care of the Expectant Family......Page 255
   Planning and Implementation During Pregnancy......Page 256
  Care of the Pregnant Woman’s Family......Page 257
  Cultural Considerations in Pregnancy......Page 258
   First Trimester......Page 260
   Second and Third Trimesters......Page 262
   Travel......Page 265
   Activity and Rest......Page 266
   Exercises to Prepare for Childbirth......Page 267
   Dental Care......Page 269
   Teratogenic Substances......Page 270
  Care of Expectant Parents Over Age 35......Page 273
   Special Concerns of Expectant Parents over Age 35......Page 274
 Chapter 12 Nutritional Needs of the Mother......Page 279
  Maternal Weight Gain......Page 280
   Protein......Page 283
   Minerals......Page 284
   Vitamins......Page 285
   Fluid......Page 286
   Use of Artificial Sweeteners......Page 287
   Lactase Deficiency (Lactose Intolerance)......Page 288
   Eating Disorders......Page 289
   Counseling Issues......Page 290
   Nutritional Care of Breastfeeding Mothers......Page 293
  Community Resources......Page 294
 Chapter 13 Adolescent Pregnancy......Page 297
   Psychosocial Development......Page 298
   Socioeconomic and Cultural Factors......Page 299
   Sociologic Risks......Page 300
   Risks for the Child......Page 301
  Partners of Adolescent Mothers......Page 302
  Reactions of Family and Social Network to Adolescent Pregnancy......Page 303
  Prevention of Adolescent Pregnancy......Page 307
 Chapter 14 Assessing the Well-Being of the Fetus......Page 311
  Maternal Assessment of Fetal Activity......Page 312
  Ultrasound......Page 315
   Clinical Applications......Page 316
  First-Trimester Combined Screening......Page 317
  Doppler Blood Flow Studies (Umbilical Velocimetry)......Page 318
   Interpretation of NST Results......Page 319
  Fetal Acoustic and Vibroacoustic Stimulation Tests......Page 320
  Contraction Stress Test......Page 321
   Interpretation of CST Results......Page 322
   Diagnostic Uses of Amniocentesis......Page 323
   Nursing Management......Page 325
 Chapter 15 Pregnancy at Risk: Pregestational Problems......Page 329
   Classification......Page 330
   Influence of Diabetes on Pregnancy Outcome......Page 331
   Clinical Therapy......Page 332
   Intrapartum Management of Diabetes Mellitus......Page 333
   Postpartum Management of Diabetes Mellitus......Page 334
  Care of the Woman with Anemia......Page 338
  Care of the Woman with Substance Abuse Problems......Page 339
   Substances Commonly Abused During Pregnancy......Page 341
   Clinical Therapy......Page 343
   Clinical Therapy......Page 344
   Maternal Risks......Page 345
   Clinical Therapy......Page 346
  Care of the Woman with Heart Disease......Page 349
   Clinical Therapy......Page 350
   Labor and Birth......Page 351
  Other Medical Conditions and Pregnancy......Page 352
 Chapter 16 Pregnancy at Risk: Gestational Onset......Page 359
   General Principles of Nursing Intervention......Page 360
   Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage)......Page 361
   Ectopic Pregnancy......Page 363
   Gestational Trophoblastic Disease......Page 364
   Clinical Therapy......Page 366
   Preeclampsia and Eclampsia......Page 367
   Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation......Page 375
  Care of the Woman Suffering Major Trauma......Page 376
  Care of the Pregnant Woman Who Has Experienced Domestic Violence......Page 377
   Rubella......Page 378
   Herpes Simplex Virus......Page 379
   Group B Streptococcal Infection......Page 380
   Other Infections in Pregnancy......Page 381
   Fetal-Neonatal Risks......Page 383
   Clinical Therapy......Page 384
  Care of the Woman at Risk from ABO Incompatibility......Page 385
 Chapter 17 Labor and Birth: Processes and Stages......Page 389
   The Birth Passage......Page 390
   The Fetus......Page 391
   Relationship Between the Maternal Pelvis and Presenting Part......Page 394
   Physiologic Forces of Labor......Page 395
   Possible Causes of Labor Onset......Page 397
   Myometrial Activity......Page 398
   Premonitory Signs of Labor......Page 399
   First Stage......Page 400
   Second Stage......Page 401
   Third Stage......Page 404
   Cardiovascular System......Page 405
   Pain......Page 406
  Fetal Response to Labor......Page 408
 Chapter 18 Nursing Assessment: Intrapartum Period......Page 411
   History......Page 412
   Intrapartum High-Risk Screening......Page 414
   Methods of Evaluating Labor Progress......Page 416
   Cervical Assessment......Page 417
   Fetal Position and Presentation......Page 419
   Electronic Monitoring of Fetal Heart Rate......Page 420
   Nursing Management......Page 426
   Cord Blood Analysis at Birth......Page 429
 Chapter 19 Understanding the Needs and Care of the Family in Childbirth......Page 437
  Nursing Care During Admission......Page 438
   Integration of Cultural Beliefs......Page 440
   Provision of Care in the First Stage of Labor......Page 441
   Promotion of Comfort in the First Stage......Page 444
  Nursing Care During the Second Stage of Labor......Page 448
   Assisting During Birth......Page 449
   Initial Care of the Newborn......Page 451
   Enhancing Attachment......Page 454
   Provision of Care in the Fourth Stage......Page 455
  Nursing Care During Precipitous Labor and Birth......Page 457
  Evaluation......Page 459
 Chapter 20 Managing Pain Using Pharmacologic Agents......Page 461
  Systemic Medications......Page 462
   Nursing Management......Page 463
   Opioid Analgesics......Page 464
   Opiate Antagonist: Naloxone (Narcan)......Page 465
  Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia......Page 466
   Epidural Block......Page 467
   Continuous Epidural Infusion......Page 470
   Spinal Block......Page 471
   Pudendal Block......Page 472
   Nursing Management......Page 473
 Chapter 21 Childbirth at Risk: Prelabor Complications......Page 477
  Care of the Woman with Premature Rupture of Membranes......Page 478
   Clinical Therapy......Page 479
   Clinical Therapy......Page 481
   Placenta Previa......Page 486
   Abruptio Placentae......Page 488
  Care of the Woman with Cervical Insufficiency......Page 490
   Cerclage Procedures......Page 493
   Clinical Therapy......Page 494
   Hydramnios......Page 496
   Oligohydramnios......Page 497
 Chapter 22 Childbirth at Risk: Labor-Related Complications......Page 501
   Tachysystolic Labor Patterns......Page 502
   Hypotonic Labor Patterns......Page 504
   Clinical Therapy......Page 505
   Compound Presentation......Page 507
   Clinical Therapy......Page 509
   Care of the Woman and Fetus at Risk Because of Fetal Malpresentation......Page 511
   Brow Presentation......Page 512
   Clinical Therapy......Page 513
   Clinical Therapy......Page 514
   Nursing Management......Page 515
   Clinical Therapy......Page 516
   Common Causes of Perinatal Loss......Page 517
   Postbirth Evaluation......Page 519
   Maternal Death......Page 520
 Chapter 23 Birth-Related Procedures......Page 529
   Contraindications for External Version......Page 530
  Care of the Woman During Amniotomy......Page 531
   Dinoprostone (Cervidil)......Page 532
   Misoprostol (Cytotec)......Page 533
   Labor Readiness......Page 534
   Methods of Inducing Labor......Page 535
   Preventive Measures......Page 540
   Episiotomy Procedure......Page 541
   Neonatal and Maternal Risks......Page 542
  Care of the Woman During Vacuum-Assisted Birth......Page 544
   Maternal Mortality and Morbidity......Page 545
   Analgesia and Anesthesia......Page 546
   Nursing Management......Page 550
 Chapter 24 The Newborn at Birth: Physiologic Responses......Page 555
   Intrauterine Factors Supporting Respiratory Function......Page 556
   Initiation of Breathing......Page 557
   Factors Opposing the First Breath......Page 558
  Cardiovascular Adaptations......Page 559
   Fetal-Newborn Transitional Physiology......Page 560
   Characteristics of Cardiac Function......Page 561
  Hematopoietic System......Page 562
  Temperature Regulation......Page 563
   Heat Loss......Page 564
   Heat Production (Thermogenesis)......Page 565
   Physiologic Jaundice......Page 566
   Breastfeeding Jaundice and Breast Milk Jaundice......Page 568
   Digestion and Absorption......Page 569
   Elimination......Page 570
  Immunologic Adaptations......Page 571
   Periods of Reactivity......Page 572
   Behavioral States of the Newborn......Page 573
   Sensory Capacities of the Newborn......Page 574
 Chapter 25 Nursing Assessment of the Newborn......Page 579
  Timing of Newborn Assessments......Page 580
  Estimation of Gestational Age......Page 581
   Assessment of Physical Maturity Characteristics......Page 582
   Assessment of Neuromuscular Maturity Characteristics......Page 585
   Weight and Measurements......Page 588
   Temperature......Page 589
   Skin Characteristics......Page 590
   Birthmarks......Page 592
   Head......Page 593
   Hair......Page 594
   Eyes......Page 595
   Mouth......Page 596
   Chest......Page 597
   Heart......Page 598
   Umbilical Cord......Page 599
   Extremities......Page 600
   Assessment of Neurologic Status......Page 601
   The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale......Page 605
   Newborn Physical Assessment Guide......Page 607
 Chapter 26 Understanding the Needs, Care, and Feeding of the Normal Newborn......Page 619
   Nursing Plan and Implementation......Page 620
   Nursing Plan and Implementation......Page 625
  Infant Feeding......Page 630
   Physiologic and Endocrine Control of Lactogenesis......Page 631
   Advantages of Breast Milk......Page 633
   Timing of Newborn Feedings......Page 635
   Cultural Considerations in Infant Feeding......Page 637
   Breastfeeding Technique......Page 638
   Formula-Feeding Guidelines and Technique......Page 647
   Nursing Assessment and Diagnosis......Page 650
   Planning and Implementation......Page 651
   Evaluation......Page 656
 Chapter 27 The Newborn at Risk: Conditions Present at Birth......Page 661
  Identification of At-Risk Newborns......Page 662
  Care of the Small-for-Gestational-Age/Intrauterine Growth Restriction Newborn......Page 663
   Common Complications of the SGA/IUGR Newborn......Page 664
   Clinical Therapy......Page 665
  Care of the Large-for-Gestational-Age (LGA) Newborn......Page 668
  Care of the Infant of a Diabetic Mother......Page 669
   Clinical Therapy......Page 670
   Clinical Therapy......Page 671
  Care of the Preterm (Premature) Newborn......Page 672
   Alteration in Gastrointestinal Physiology......Page 673
   Alteration in Reactivity Periods and Behavioral States......Page 674
   Management of Nutrition and Fluid Requirements......Page 675
   Common Complications of Preterm Newborns and Their Clinical Management......Page 677
   Long-Term Needs and Outcome......Page 678
   Alcohol Dependence......Page 684
   Drug Dependency......Page 689
   Common Complications of the Drug-Exposed Newborn......Page 690
   Infants of Mothers Who Are Tobacco Dependent......Page 693
  Care of the Newborn with a Congenital Heart Defect......Page 696
   Overview of Congenital Heart Defects......Page 697
 Chapter 28 The Newborn at Risk: Stressors Related to Birth......Page 701
   Risk Factors Predisposing to Asphyxia......Page 702
   Resuscitation Management......Page 703
   Respiratory Distress Syndrome......Page 706
   Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn......Page 711
   The Newborn with Meconium Aspiration Syndrome......Page 716
   Nursing Management......Page 717
  Care of the Newborn with Hypoglycemia......Page 718
   Clinical Therapy......Page 719
   Causes of Hyperbilirubinemia......Page 721
   Clinical Therapy......Page 722
   Clinical Therapy......Page 729
   Clinical Therapy......Page 730
   Developmental Consequences......Page 735
   Considerations for the Nurse Who Works with At-Risk Newborns......Page 741
 Chapter 29 Adaptation and Nursing Assessment at the Postpartum Stage......Page 745
   Reproductive System......Page 746
   Abdomen......Page 749
   Vital Signs......Page 750
   Postpartum Chill......Page 751
   Postpartum Blues......Page 752
   Maternal–Infant Attachment Behavior......Page 753
   Siblings and Others......Page 754
   Risk Factor......Page 755
   Physical Assessment......Page 756
   Psychologic Assessment......Page 761
  Discharge Assessment and Follow-Up......Page 763
 Chapter 30 Understanding the Early Care Needs, and Home Care of the Postpartum Family......Page 769
   Nursing Plan and Implementation......Page 770
   Relief of Perineal Discomfort......Page 771
   Relief of Hemorrhoidal Discomfort......Page 774
   Relief of Afterpains......Page 775
   Relief of Discomfort from Immobility and Muscle Strain......Page 776
  Promotion of Maternal Rest and Activity......Page 777
   Sexual Activity and Contraception......Page 778
  Promotion of Effective Parent Learning......Page 779
   Reactions of Siblings......Page 780
   Promotion of Parent–Infant Attachment During the Postpartum Period......Page 781
   Promotion of Maternal Physical Well-Being After Cesarean Birth......Page 782
   Promotion of Parent–Infant Interaction After Cesarean Birth......Page 784
  Nursing Care of the Postpartum Adolescent......Page 785
   Nursing Care of the Lesbian Mother......Page 786
   Discharge Teaching......Page 787
   Considerations for Follow-Up Care......Page 788
   Purpose and Timing of the Home Visit......Page 789
   Maintaining Safety......Page 790
   Assessment of the Mother and Family......Page 791
   Breastfeeding Concerns Following Discharge......Page 792
   Handling and Positioning......Page 800
   Bathing......Page 802
   Dressing the Newborn......Page 804
   Sleep and Activity......Page 805
   Safety Considerations......Page 808
  Postpartum Classes and Support Groups......Page 809
 Chapter 31 The Family at Risk in the Postpartum Stage......Page 813
  Care of the Woman with Postpartum Hemorrhage......Page 814
   Early (Primary) Postpartum Hemorrhage......Page 815
   Late (Secondary) Postpartum Hemorrhage......Page 818
  Care of the Woman with a Reproductive Tract Infection or Wound Infection......Page 821
   Postpartum Uterine Infection......Page 822
   Clinical Therapy......Page 823
   Overdistention of the Bladder......Page 826
   Cystitis (Lower Urinary Tract Infection)......Page 827
  Care of the Woman with Mastitis......Page 828
   Clinical Therapy......Page 829
   Deep Vein Thrombosis......Page 831
   Clinical Therapy......Page 832
   Types of Postpartum Psychiatric Disorders......Page 837
   Clinical Therapy......Page 839
 Chapter 32 Growth and Development......Page 847
  Principles of Growth and Development......Page 848
   Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development......Page 849
   Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development......Page 852
   Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development......Page 853
   Social Learning Theory......Page 854
   Ecologic Theory......Page 855
   Temperament Theory......Page 857
   Resiliency Theory......Page 859
  Influences on Development......Page 860
   Physical Growth and Development......Page 861
   Cognitive Development......Page 864
   Psychosocial Development......Page 865
   Physical Growth and Development......Page 866
   Psychosocial Development......Page 867
  Preschool Child (3 to 6 Years)......Page 869
   Psychosocial Development......Page 871
   Physical Growth and Development......Page 873
   Cognitive Development......Page 874
   Psychosocial Development......Page 875
   Cognitive Development......Page 876
   Psychosocial Development......Page 877
 Chapter 33 Nutritional Needs of the Infant, Child, and Adolescent......Page 883
  General Nutrition Concepts......Page 884
   Infancy......Page 885
   Preschool......Page 889
   School Age......Page 890
  Nutritional Assessment......Page 891
   Physical and Behavioral Measurement......Page 892
   Dietary Intake......Page 893
   Overweight and Obesity......Page 895
   Common Dietary Deficiencies......Page 899
   Celiac Disease......Page 901
   Feeding and Eating Disorders......Page 902
   Food Reactions......Page 908
   Sports Nutrition and Ergogenic Agents......Page 909
   Enteral Therapy......Page 910
   Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)......Page 911
 Chapter 34 Pediatric Assesment......Page 915
   Communication Strategies......Page 916
   Data to Be Collected......Page 918
   Developmental Approach to the Examination......Page 921
  General Appraisal......Page 923
   Palpation of the Skin......Page 924
   Palpation of the Hair......Page 925
   Inspection of the Head and Face......Page 926
   Inspection of the External Eye Structures......Page 927
   Inspection of the External Ear Structures......Page 930
   Hearing Assessment......Page 931
   Inspection of the External Nose......Page 933
   Inspection of the Sinuses......Page 934
   Inspection of the Mouth......Page 935
   Inspection of the Neck......Page 937
  Assessing the Chest for Shape, Movement, Respiratory Effort, and Lung Function......Page 938
   Inspection of the Chest......Page 939
   Auscultation of the Chest......Page 941
   Percussion of the Chest......Page 942
   Palpation of the Precordium......Page 943
   Auscultation of the Heart......Page 944
   Inspection of the Abdomen......Page 946
   Palpation of the Abdomen......Page 947
   Inspection of the Female External Genitalia......Page 948
   Palpation of the Male Genitalia......Page 949
   Males......Page 950
   Inspection of the Bones, Muscles, and Joints......Page 951
   Range of Motion and Muscle Strength Assessment......Page 952
   Posture and Spinal Alignment......Page 953
   Inspection of the Lower Extremities......Page 954
   Cerebellar Function......Page 955
   Sensory Function......Page 956
   Superficial and Deep Tendon Reflexes......Page 957
  Analyzing Data from the Physical Examination......Page 958
 Chapter 35 Health Promotion and Maintenance: General Concepts, the Newborn, and the Infant......Page 963
  General Concepts......Page 964
  Components of Health Promotion/Health Maintenance Visits......Page 967
   Early Contacts with the Family......Page 972
   Growth and Developmental Surveillance......Page 973
   Nutrition......Page 974
   Physical Activity......Page 975
   Mental and Spiritual Health......Page 976
   Relationships......Page 977
   Disease Prevention Strategies......Page 978
   Injury Prevention Strategies......Page 979
 Chapter 36 Health Promotion and Maintenance: The Toddler, the Preschooler, and the School-Age Child......Page 985
   Growth and Developmental Surveillance......Page 986
   Nutrition......Page 988
   Physical Activity......Page 989
   Oral Health......Page 990
   Mental and Spiritual Health......Page 991
   Relationships......Page 992
   Injury Prevention Strategies......Page 993
   General Observations......Page 998
   Nutrition......Page 999
   Physical Activity......Page 1000
   Oral Health......Page 1002
   Mental and Spiritual Health......Page 1003
   Relationships......Page 1005
   Disease Prevention Strategies......Page 1006
   Injury Prevention Strategies......Page 1007
 Chapter 37 Health Promotion and Maintenance: The Adolescent......Page 1015
  Growth and Developmental Surveillance......Page 1017
  Physical Activity......Page 1018
  Mental and Spiritual Health......Page 1020
  Disease Prevention Strategies......Page 1022
  Injury Prevention Strategies......Page 1024
 Chapter 38 Family Assessment and Concepts of Nursing Care in the Community......Page 1029
   Family Strengths......Page 1030
   Family Assessment Tools......Page 1031
   Family Support Services in the Community......Page 1032
  Community Healthcare Settings......Page 1033
   Nursing Roles in the Office or Healthcare Center Setting......Page 1034
   Nursing Roles in the School Setting......Page 1035
   Nursing Roles in the Childcare Setting......Page 1038
   Nursing Roles in the Home Healthcare Setting......Page 1039
  Disasters......Page 1041
 Chapter 39 Dealing with a Chronic Condition: Nursing Care for the Child and Family......Page 1045
  Overview of Chronic Conditions......Page 1046
   The Child with a Newly Diagnosed Chronic Condition......Page 1049
   Coordination of Care......Page 1052
   Office or Health Center......Page 1053
   Schools......Page 1054
   Home Care......Page 1057
 Chapter 40 Dealing with a Hospitalized Child: Nursing Considerations......Page 1061
   Children’s Understanding of Health and Illness......Page 1062
   Family Responses to Hospitalization......Page 1066
   Family Assessment......Page 1067
   Planned Hospitalization......Page 1068
   Special Units and Types of Care......Page 1069
   Preparation for Procedures......Page 1071
   Preparation for Surgery......Page 1074
   Therapeutic Play......Page 1078
   Therapeutic Recreation......Page 1081
   Strategies to Meet Educational Needs......Page 1082
   Preparing the Family for Home Care......Page 1083
   Preparing Parents to Act as Case Managers......Page 1084
 Chapter 41 Assessing and Managing Pain in Children......Page 1087
   Developmental Aspects of Pain Perception, Memory, and Response......Page 1088
   Consequences of Pain......Page 1091
   Pain Assessment Scales......Page 1092
   Clinical Manifestations......Page 1095
   Clinical Therapy......Page 1096
   Nonpharmacologic Methods of Pain Management......Page 1099
   Clinical Therapy......Page 1105
  Sedation and Pain Management for Medical Procedures......Page 1106
 Chapter 42 The Child with a Life-Threatening Condition and Hospice Care......Page 1111
  Child’s Experience......Page 1112
   Coping Mechanisms......Page 1113
   The Family in Crisis......Page 1116
   Parental Reactions to Life-Threatening Illness or Injury......Page 1117
  End-of-Life Care......Page 1121
   Brain Death Criteria......Page 1122
   Awareness of Dying by Developmental Age......Page 1123
   Grief and Bereavement......Page 1128
   Siblings’ Reactions......Page 1129
   Staff Reactions to the Death of a Child......Page 1130
 Chapter 43 Social and Environmental Influences on the Child......Page 1135
  Basic Concepts......Page 1136
   Poverty......Page 1137
   Stress......Page 1138
   School and Child Care......Page 1140
   Community......Page 1141
   Tobacco Use......Page 1142
   Alcohol Use......Page 1144
   Drug Use......Page 1145
   Injury and Protective Equipment......Page 1149
   Body Art......Page 1151
   Sexual Orientation......Page 1152
   Bullying......Page 1153
   Domestic Violence......Page 1154
   Dating Violence......Page 1155
  Child Abuse......Page 1157
   Abandoned Babies......Page 1158
   Sexual Abuse......Page 1159
   Environmental Contaminants......Page 1163
   Poisoning......Page 1164
   Ingestion of Foreign Objects......Page 1167
   Lead Poisoning......Page 1168
 Chapter 44 Imunizations and Communicable Diseases......Page 1173
  Special Vulnerability of Infants and Children......Page 1174
  Immunization......Page 1175
   Collaborative Care......Page 1176
   Clinical Manifestations......Page 1188
   Clinical Therapy......Page 1200
   Nursing Management......Page 1203
   Nursing Management......Page 1204
 Chapter 45 The Child with Alterations in Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance......Page 1209
  Anatomy and Physiology of Pediatric Differences......Page 1210
   Extracellular Fluid Volume Deficit (Dehydration)......Page 1212
   Extracellular Fluid Volume Excess......Page 1219
   Interstitial Fluid Volume Excess (Edema)......Page 1221
  Electrolyte Imbalances......Page 1223
   Hypernatremia......Page 1224
   Hyponatremia......Page 1226
   Hyperkalemia......Page 1227
   Hypokalemia......Page 1229
  Calcium Imbalances......Page 1231
   Hypercalcemia......Page 1232
   Hypocalcemia......Page 1233
   Hypomagnesemia......Page 1235
  Clinical Assessment of Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance......Page 1236
  Physiology of Acid–Base Balance......Page 1237
   Role of the Lungs......Page 1238
   Respiratory Acidosis......Page 1239
   Respiratory Alkalosis......Page 1242
   Metabolic Acidosis......Page 1243
   Metabolic Alkalosis......Page 1244
   Mixed Acid–Base Imbalances......Page 1245
 Chapter 46 The Child with Alterations in Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Function......Page 1249
   Ear......Page 1250
   Nose, Throat, and Mouth......Page 1251
   Infectious Conjunctivitis......Page 1252
   Visual Disorders......Page 1253
   Retinopathy of Prematurity......Page 1256
   Visual Impairment......Page 1259
   Injuries of the Eye......Page 1262
   Otitis Media......Page 1263
   Otitis Externa......Page 1268
   Hearing Impairment......Page 1269
   Epistaxis......Page 1274
   Nasopharyngitis......Page 1275
   Sinusitis......Page 1276
   Pharyngitis......Page 1277
   Tonsillitis and Adenoiditis......Page 1278
  Disorders of the Mouth......Page 1279
 Chapter 47 The Child with Alterations in Respiratory Function......Page 1283
   Lower Airway Differences......Page 1284
   Foreign-Body Aspiration......Page 1285
   Respiratory Failure......Page 1289
   Apparent Life-Threatening Event (ALTE)......Page 1290
   Obstructive Sleep Apnea......Page 1291
   Sudden Infant Death Syndrome......Page 1292
   Laryngotracheobronchitis......Page 1294
   Epiglottitis (Supraglottitis)......Page 1296
   Bacterial Tracheitis......Page 1297
   Bronchiolitis and Respiratory Syncytial Virus......Page 1298
   Pneumonia......Page 1301
   Tuberculosis......Page 1302
   Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (Chronic Lung Disease)......Page 1303
   Asthma......Page 1306
   Cystic Fibrosis......Page 1318
  Injuries of the Respiratory System......Page 1324
   Pulmonary Contusion......Page 1325
   Pneumothorax......Page 1326
 Chapter 48 The Child With Alterations in Cardiovascular Function......Page 1331
   Cardiac Functioning......Page 1332
   Clinical Therapy......Page 1333
   Clinical Therapy......Page 1337
   Clinical Manifestations......Page 1343
   Clinical Therapy......Page 1347
   Clinical Manifestations......Page 1350
   Clinical Therapy......Page 1354
   Cardiomyopathy......Page 1361
   Pulmonary Artery Hypertension......Page 1362
   Infective Endocarditis......Page 1363
   Kawasaki Disease......Page 1364
   Cardiac Arrhythmias......Page 1366
   Dyslipidemia......Page 1367
   Hypertension......Page 1368
   Hypovolemic Shock......Page 1369
   Distributive Shock......Page 1371
   Cardiogenic Shock......Page 1372
   Commotio Cordis......Page 1373
 Chapter 49 The Child with Alterations in Imune Function......Page 1377
  Anatomy and Physiology of Pediatric Differences......Page 1378
   Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease......Page 1380
   Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome......Page 1383
   Systemic Lupus Erythematosus......Page 1393
   Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis......Page 1396
  Allergic Reactions......Page 1398
   Latex Allergy......Page 1400
  Graft-Versus-Host Disease......Page 1401
 Chapter 50 The Child with Alterations in Hematologic Function......Page 1405
  Anatomy and Physiology of Pediatric Differences......Page 1406
  Anemias......Page 1407
   Iron Deficiency Anemia......Page 1408
   Sickle Cell Disease......Page 1409
   Hereditary Spherocytosis......Page 1418
   Hemophilia......Page 1419
   Von Willebrand Disease......Page 1421
   Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura......Page 1422
  Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation......Page 1423
 Chapter 51 The Child with Cancer......Page 1429
  Anatomy and Physiology of Pediatric Differences......Page 1430
   Incidence......Page 1431
   Etiology and Pathophysiology......Page 1432
   Clinical Manifestations......Page 1433
   Brain Tumors......Page 1453
   Neuroblastoma......Page 1457
   Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)......Page 1459
   Osteosarcoma......Page 1461
   Ewing Sarcoma......Page 1462
  Leukemia......Page 1463
   Clinical Therapy......Page 1464
   Hodgkin Disease......Page 1467
   Rhabdomyosarcoma......Page 1468
   Retinoblastoma......Page 1469
 Chapter 52 The Child with Alterations in Gastrointestinal Function......Page 1475
  Anatomy and Physiology of Pediatric Differences......Page 1476
   Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate......Page 1478
   Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula......Page 1483
   Pyloric Stenosis......Page 1486
   Gastroesophageal Reflux......Page 1487
   Omphalocele and Gastroschisis......Page 1489
   Intussusception......Page 1490
   Hirschsprung Disease......Page 1491
   Anorectal Malformations......Page 1492
   Hernias......Page 1493
  Ostomies......Page 1495
   Appendicitis......Page 1496
   Necrotizing Enterocolitis......Page 1498
   Meckel’s Diverticulum......Page 1499
   Inflammatory Bowel Disease......Page 1500
   Gastroenteritis (Acute Diarrhea)......Page 1502
   Constipation......Page 1506
  Intestinal Parasitic Disorders......Page 1507
  Disorders of Malabsorption......Page 1509
   Biliary Atresia......Page 1510
   Viral Hepatitis......Page 1511
   Cirrhosis......Page 1514
   Abdominal Trauma......Page 1515
 Chapter 53 The Child with Alterations in Genitourinary Function......Page 1521
   Urinary System......Page 1522
   Reproductive System......Page 1523
   Clinical Therapy......Page 1524
   Bladder Exstrophy......Page 1526
   Hypospadias and Epispadias......Page 1527
   Obstructive Uropathy......Page 1528
   Prune Belly Syndrome......Page 1530
  Enuresis......Page 1531
   Nephrotic Syndrome......Page 1532
   Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis......Page 1536
   Acute Renal Failure......Page 1539
   Chronic Renal Failure......Page 1543
   Renal Replacement Therapy......Page 1546
   Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome......Page 1551
   Phimosis......Page 1552
   Inguinal Hernia and Hydrocele......Page 1553
   Testicular Torsion......Page 1554
 Chapter 54 The Child with Alterations in Endocrine Function......Page 1559
  Anatomy and Physiology of Pediatric Differences......Page 1561
   Growth Hormone Deficiency (Hypopituitarism)......Page 1562
   Diabetes Insipidus......Page 1565
   Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)......Page 1566
   Hypothyroidism......Page 1567
   Hyperthyroidism......Page 1569
   Hyperparathyroidism......Page 1570
   Cushing Syndrome and Cushing Disease......Page 1571
   Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia......Page 1572
   Pheochromocytoma......Page 1574
   Type 1 Diabetes......Page 1575
   Diabetic Ketoacidosis......Page 1585
   Hypoglycemia in the Child with Diabetes......Page 1588
   Type 2 Diabetes......Page 1589
   Turner Syndrome......Page 1591
  Inborn Errors of Metabolism......Page 1592
   Galactosemia......Page 1593
   Maple Syrup Urine Disease......Page 1594
 Chapter 55 The Child with Alterations in Neurologic Function......Page 1599
  Anatomy and Physiology of Pediatric Differences......Page 1600
   Etiology and Pathophysiology......Page 1601
   Clinical Therapy......Page 1602
   Etiology and Pathophysiology......Page 1606
   Clinical Therapy......Page 1608
   Bacterial Meningitis......Page 1613
   Encephalitis......Page 1617
   Reye Syndrome......Page 1618
   Guillain-Barré Syndrome (Postinfectious Polyneuritis)......Page 1619
   Clinical Therapy......Page 1620
   Hydrocephalus......Page 1621
   Neural Tube Defects......Page 1625
   Craniosynostosis......Page 1627
   Neurofibromatosis......Page 1629
   Clinical Therapy......Page 1630
   Traumatic Brain Injury......Page 1635
   Scalp Injuries......Page 1640
   Spinal Cord Injury......Page 1641
   Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury (Drowning)......Page 1644
 Chapter 56 The Child with Alterations in Mental Health and Cognitive Function......Page 1649
   Etiology and Pathophysiology......Page 1650
   Clinical Therapy......Page 1651
   Autism Spectrum Disorder (Neurodevelopmental Disorder)......Page 1654
   Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 1659
   Depression......Page 1664
   Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression)......Page 1667
   Separation Anxiety Disorder......Page 1668
   Conversion Reaction......Page 1669
   Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 1670
   Suicide......Page 1671
   Tic Disorders and Tourette Syndrome......Page 1673
   Learning Disabilities......Page 1674
   Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation)......Page 1675
 Chapter 57 The Child With Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function......Page 1683
   Bones......Page 1684
   Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments......Page 1685
   Metatarsus Adductus......Page 1686
   Clubfoot......Page 1687
   Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip......Page 1690
   Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease......Page 1694
   Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis......Page 1696
   Scoliosis......Page 1697
   Osteoporosis and Osteopenia......Page 1701
   Osteomyelitis......Page 1704
   Achondroplasia......Page 1705
   Osteogenesis Imperfecta......Page 1707
  Muscular Dystrophies......Page 1708
   Fractures......Page 1712
   Sports Injuries......Page 1718
   Amputations......Page 1719
 Chapter 58 The Child with Alterations in Skin Integrity......Page 1723
  Anatomy and Physiology of Pediatric Differences......Page 1724
  Wound Healing......Page 1725
   Contact Dermatitis......Page 1726
   Diaper Dermatitis......Page 1729
   Impetigo......Page 1730
   Cellulitis......Page 1731
   Molluscum Contagiosum......Page 1732
   Dermatophytoses (Ringworm)......Page 1733
  Drug Reactions......Page 1735
   Atopic Dermatitis......Page 1736
   Acne......Page 1739
   Psoriasis......Page 1742
   Epidermolysis Bullosa......Page 1743
   Pediculosis Capitis (Lice)......Page 1744
   Scabies......Page 1745
  Vascular Tumors (Hemangiomas)......Page 1746
   Pressure Ulcers......Page 1747
   Burns......Page 1749
   Sunburn......Page 1757
   Hypothermia......Page 1758
   Bites......Page 1759
   Lacerations......Page 1762
Appendix A Selected Maternal.Newborn Laboratory Values......Page 1767
Appendix B Selected Pediatric Laboratory Values......Page 1768
Appendix C Growth Charts......Page 1771
Appendix D Pediatric Blood Pressure Tables......Page 1781
Appendix E Conversions and Equivalents......Page 1783
Appendix F Actions and Effects of Selected Drugs During Breastfeeding......Page 1784
Appendix G Dietary Reference Intakes......Page 1786
Appendix H Body Surface Area Nomogram......Page 1789
 A......Page 1791
 B......Page 1792
 C......Page 1794
 D......Page 1796
 E......Page 1797
 F......Page 1799
 G......Page 1800
 H......Page 1801
 I......Page 1802
 L......Page 1803
 M......Page 1804
 N......Page 1805
 O......Page 1806
 P......Page 1807
 R......Page 1810
 S......Page 1811
 T......Page 1812
 U......Page 1813
 Z......Page 1814
 A......Page 1815
 B......Page 1822
 C......Page 1826
 D......Page 1839
 E......Page 1843
 F......Page 1850
 G......Page 1854
 H......Page 1857
 I......Page 1864
 L......Page 1869
 M......Page 1872
 N......Page 1878
 O......Page 1885
 P......Page 1887
 R......Page 1899
 S......Page 1902
 T......Page 1910
 U......Page 1914
 V......Page 1916
 Y......Page 1918
 Z......Page 1919