Materials for Sustainable Energy Storage at the Nanoscale

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Prediction and Optimization of Interpulse Tungsten Inert Gas (IPTIG) Arc Welding Process Parameters to Attain Minimum Fusion Zone Area in Ti–6Al–4V Alloy Sheets Used in Energy Storage Devices
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Experimental
		1.2.1 Finding the Working Limits of the Parameters
	1.3 Development of Empirical Relationships
	1.4 Checking Adequacy of the Developed Relationships ( Padmanban & Balasubramanian 2011)
	1.5 Relationship between Width of Bead and Fusion Zone Area
	1.6 Optimization of IPTIG Welding Parameters
	1.7 Analysis of Response Graphs and Contour Plots
	1.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2: Structural and Morphological Analysis of Drying Kinetics of Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Hybrid Solar Dryer for Drying of Sweet Potato Slices
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Methodology
		2.2.1 Sample Preparation and Drying Experimentation
		2.2.2 Numerical Modeling
	2.3 Results and Discussions
		2.3.1 Parameters Determination
		2.3.2 Numerical Modeling
		2.3.3 SEM Analysis
		2.3.4 XRD Analysis
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Armchair Carbon Nanotube Magneto Flexo Thermo Elastic Mass Sensor with Non-Linear Vibration on an Elastic Substrate
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Mathematical Formulations
		3.2.1 Eringen Non-Local Theory of Elasticity
		3.2.2 Carbon Nanotube Atomic Structure
		3.2.3 Magnetic Field Force Fundamental Equations
	3.3 EBT Based on Non-Local Relations
	3.4 Ultrasonic Wave Solution
	3.5 Boundary Conditions
		3.5.1 Simply–Supported SWCNT
		3.5.2 Clamped–Clamped SWCNT
	3.6 Discussion and Numerical Findings
	3.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) Utilities in Bioenergy Conversion and Energy Storage
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)
	4.3 Thin-Film Growth Mechanism
	4.4 Methods for Studying ALD
	4.5 Varities of ALD
	4.6 ALD Precursor Requirements
	4.7 ALD Process and Equipment
	4.8 Process Involved in Deposition
	4.9 Nanostructured Materials
	4.10 Coating of Electrode
		4.10.1 Nanotechnological Coating of Electrode
		4.10.2 Electrochemical Energy Storage Device
		4.10.3 Deposition and Surface Modification of Electrode
		4.10.4 Selective Area Deposition
		4.10.5 Energy Storage and Conversion
	4.11 Applications
		4.11.1 Applications in Photovoltaics
		4.11.2 Microelectronics Applications
	4.12 Advantages of an ALD
	4.13 Limitations of an ALD
	4.14 Conclusion and Outlook
	Conflicts of Interest
	References
Chapter 5: Manufacturing of Buckypaper Composites for Energy Storage Applications: A Review
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Fabrication Techniques
		5.2.1 Preparation of BP with CNT
		5.2.2 Preparation of BP Using Graphene
	5.3 Properties of BP
		5.3.1 Elastic Property of BP
		5.3.2 Mechanical Properties
		5.3.3 Thermal Properties
		5.3.4 Electrical Properties
	5.4 Applications
		5.4.1 BP as Energy Storage Devices
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Synthesis of Graphene/Copper Oxide Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Synthesis of CuO/RGO Composites
	6.3 Electrochemical Analysis
	6.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Nanocarbon Materials-Based Solar Cells
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Materials with Nanocarbon for Energy Storage
		7.2.1 Materials with Nanocarbon for Energy Conversion
		7.2.2 Graphene-Based Materials
	7.3 Results and Discussion
		7.3.1 Solar Cells
		7.3.2 DSSCs with Graphene/TiO 2 Active Layer
		7.3.3 Schottky Junction Solar Cells with Graphene
		7.3.4 Solar Cells–Organic Materials
		7.3.5 Solar Cells Made of Graphene Polymer
		7.3.6 Bulk-Heterojunction Graphene Solar Cells
		7.3.7 Solar Cells Made of Graphene Ga/As
		7.3.8 Solar Cells Made of Graphene Could Reach 60% Efficiency
	7.4 Future Developments in Graphene Solar Cells
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Bio-derived Nanomaterials for Energy Storage
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Viruses-Derived Materials for Energy Storage
	8.3 Microorganism Templates Nanostructures for Energy Applications
		8.3.1 Bacteria
		8.3.2 Fungi
		8.3.3 Algae
	8.4 Nanomaterials Derived from Plants
		8.4.1 Timber Materials
		8.4.2 Materials Obtained from Latte
	8.5 Materials Derived from Animals
		8.5.1 Materials Derived from Crab Shells
		8.5.2 Materials Derived from Shrimp Shells
		8.5.3 Shell-less Fish
		8.5.4 Materials Obtained from Terrestrial Animals
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: A Conceptual Approach to Analyse the Behaviour of Nano Materials for Hydrogen Storage
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Hydrogen Storage
	9.3 Importance of the Hydrides in Hydrogen Storage
		9.3.1 Metal Hydrides
		9.3.2 Elemental Metal Hydrides
		9.3.3 Intermetallic Hydrides
		9.3.4 Complex Metal Hydrides
		9.3.5 Chemical Hydrides
	9.4 Role of Nickel, Platinum, and Palladium Nanoparticles in Hydrogen Storage Devices
		9.4.1 Nickel
		9.4.2 Palladium
		9.4.3 Platinum
	9.5 Carbon with Metal Hydrides
	9.6 Gaussian Program Implementation
	9.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Investigation of Nanomaterials: An Energy Storage and Conversion Device
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Nanomaterials
		10.2.1 Dimensions of Nanomaterials
		10.2.2 Properties of Nanomaterials
	10.3 Types of Nanomaterials
		10.3.1 Carbon-Based Materials
		10.3.2 Metal-Based Materials
		10.3.3 Dendrimers
		10.3.4 Composites
	10.4 Types of Nanoparticles
		10.4.1 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
		10.4.2 Ceramic Nanoparticles
		10.4.3 Metal Nanoparticles
		10.4.4 Semiconductor Nanoparticles
		10.4.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		10.4.6 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
	10.5 Energy Storage Techniques
	10.6 Applications
	10.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 History of Supercapacitors
	11.3 Types of Supercapacitors
		11.3.1 Double-Layer Capacitors
	11.4 Applications of Supercapacitors Using Nanomaterials
		11.4.1 Low Power Appliances
		11.4.2 Energy Buffering
		11.4.3 Voltage Stabilizers
		11.4.4 Energy Harvesting
		11.4.5 Supercapacitor-Battery Applications
		11.4.6 Solar/Wind Powered Street Lighting
		11.4.7 Railways
		11.4.8 Biomedical Engineering
		11.4.9 Power Quality Improvement
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Aspects of Nanotechnology Applied in the Energy Sector: A Review
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Energy Applications of Nanotechnology
		12.2.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries
		12.2.2 Solar Cells
			12.2.2.1 Silicon-Based Solar Cells
			12.2.2.2 Thin-Film Solar Cells
			12.2.2.3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
		12.2.3 Fuel Cells
		12.2.4 Wind Power
		12.2.5 Supercapacitors
		12.2.6 Quantum Dots
		12.2.7 Hydrogen Storage
	12.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Synthesis of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials from Biomass for Energy Storage
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Raw Material and Its Properties
	13.3 Fabrication/Synthesis of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials from Biomass
		13.3.1 Methods of Synthesis
			13.3.1.1 Electrochemical Oxidation
			13.3.1.2 Electrochemical Exfoliation
			13.3.1.3 Physical Vapor Deposition
			13.3.1.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition
			13.3.1.5 Solvothermal
			13.3.1.6 Pyrolysis
			13.3.1.7 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis Methods
			13.3.1.8 Plasma-Assisted Synthesis Methods
		13.3.2 Problems That Apply to Synthesis Methods
	13.4 Benefits of Graphene Synthesis from Biomass
	13.5 Characterization of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
		13.5.1 Surface Characterization
		13.5.2 Structural Characterization
		13.5.3 Thermal Characterization
		13.5.4 Optical Characterization
		13.5.5 Electrical Characterization
		13.5.6 Microwave Characterization
	13.6 The Use of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Storage
		13.6.1 Electric Capacitors
		13.6.2 Supercapacitors
		13.6.3 Batteries
	13.7 Challenges and a Vision for the Future
	13.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14: Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing System for Leakage Detection in Underground Energy Storage Pipelines Using Machine-Learning Techniques
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Review of Status
	14.3 Importance of the Proposed Work
	14.4 Methodology
	14.5 Results and Discussion
	14.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15: Influence of Nanomaterials on the Ionic Conductivity and Thermal Properties of Polymer Electrolytes for Li + -Ion Battery Application
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Experimental Details
		15.2.1 Synthesis of CdO Nanoparticles
		15.2.2 Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles
		15.2.3 Synthesis of Tin Oxide (SnO 2) Particles
		15.2.4 Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles
		15.2.5 Preparation of Polymer Electrolyte
	15.3 Characterization Techniques
		15.3.1 X-ray Diffraction Analysis
		15.3.2 Conductivity Measurements
		15.3.3 SEM Analysis
		15.3.4 Thermal Analysis
	15.4 Results and Discussion
		15.4.1 XRD Studies
			15.4.1.1 XRD Pattern of Cadmium Oxide Particles
			15.4.1.2 XRD Pattern of Copper Oxide Particles
			15.4.1.3 XRD Pattern of Tin Oxide Particles
			15.4.1.4 XRD Pattern of Zinc Oxide Particles
		15.4.2 XRD Studies of Polymer Electrolyte
		15.4.3 Ionic Conductivity Studies
		15.4.4 Thermal Studies
		15.4.5 Morphological Studies
	15.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16: Prospective Materials for Potential Applications in Energy Storage Devices
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Classification of Storage Systems
		16.2.1 Mechanical Storage
		16.2.2 Electrochemical Storage
		16.2.3 Thermal Storage
		16.2.4 Electrical Storage
		16.2.5 Hydrogen Storage Technologies
	16.3 Batteries
	16.4 Fuel Cells
	16.5 Supercapacitors
		16.5.1 Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors
		16.5.2 Pseudocapacitors
			16.5.2.1 Types of Pseudocapacitor
			16.5.2.2 Metal Oxide
			16.5.2.3 Conducting Polymers
		16.5.3 Hybrid Capacitors
	16.6 Ferroelectric Materials
	16.7 Nanomaterials in Lithium-Ion Batteries
	16.8 Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Storage Devices
	16.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17: Food Waste Mixed with Carbon Nanotechnology for Energy Storage
	17.1 Introduction
		17.1.1 Food Waste as a Feedstock
	17.2 Production of Carbon Nanomaterials from Food Waste
	17.3 Structure and Properties of Carbon Nanotube
	17.4 Production of Carbon Nanotube from Food Waste
		17.4.1 Arc Discharge Method
		17.4.2 Laser Vaporization
		17.4.3 Chemical Vapors Deposition
	17.5 Advantages of Food Waste-Based Carbon Nanomaterials Synthesis
	17.6 Disadvantages of Food Waste-Based Carbon Nanomaterials Synthesis
	17.7 Future Aspects of Food Waste-Based Carbon Nanomaterials Synthesis
	17.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18: A Facile Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles in Aspect of Energy Storage Applications
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Phytochemical of O. basilicum
	18.3 Materials and Methods
		18.3.1 Preparation of Root Extract
		18.3.2 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
		18.3.3 UV-Visible Spectroscopy Analysis
		18.3.4 FTIR Measurement
		18.3.5 XRD Measurement
		18.3.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis of AgNPs
		18.3.7 Electrochemical Performance
	18.4 Results and Discussion
		18.4.1 Characterisation of Zinc Nanoparticles from O. basilicum Root Extracts
			18.4.1.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy Analysis
			18.4.1.2 FTIR Measurement
			18.4.1.3 XRD Measurement
			18.4.1.4 SEM Analysis
			18.4.1.5 Electrochemical Performance
	18.5 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19: A Critical Review on Role of Nanoparticles in Bioenergy Production
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Carbon Nanotubes
	19.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles
	19.4 Metallic Nanoparticles
	19.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 20: Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for Energy Storage Applications
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Applications
	20.3 Synthesis of Pure CuO Nanoparticles
	20.4 Characterization Details
	20.5 Results and Discussion
		20.5.1 XRD and Surface Morphology Studies
		20.5.2 FTIR Studies
		20.5.3 Optical Studies
		20.5.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy
		20.5.5 Photoluminescence Studies
	20.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 21: Enhanced Thermal Energy Effectiveness in Storage, Conversion, and Heat Transfer Utilizing Graphene-Based Devices
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Related Work
	21.3 Demonstrating the Most Common Graphene Components
	21.4 Storage of Electric Energy
		21.4.1 Performance Measures
		21.4.2 Graphene Paper-Based Materials
		21.4.3 Application of Thin Graphene Films toward Energy Transfer
		21.4.4 Electrochemical Catalyst’s Oxygen Reduction Process
		21.4.5 Electrical and Optoelectronics
		21.4.6 Translation and Utilization of Energy
		21.4.7 Material for Supercapacitor Electrodes
		21.4.8 Solar Thermodynamic Energy
		21.4.9 Usage of Graphene in Heat Transfer
		21.4.10 Nanographene Heat Transfer
		21.4.11 Coated Graphene Heat Transfer
	21.5 Discussion
	21.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 22: Nanomaterials in Energy Storage: Groundbreaking Developments
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Literature Survey and Theoretical Concepts
	22.3 Applications
		22.3.1 Photocatalysis
			22.3.1.1 Calculation of Percent Degradation of Dye
			22.3.1.2 Role of Nanomaterials in Photocatalysis
			22.3.1.3 Environmental Protection of Photocatalysis
				22.3.1.3.1 Water Splitting
			22.3.1.4 Waste Water Treatment
			22.3.1.5 Self-Cleaning Surface
			22.3.1.6 Photoelectrochemical Conversion
			22.3.1.7 Air Treatment
		22.3.2 Solar Cell
		22.3.3 Types of Solar Cells
		22.3.4 Aspects of Nanomaterials in Solar Cells
		22.3.5 Applications of Nanotechnology in Solar Cells
		22.3.6 Recent Trends in Nanomaterials for Fuel Cell Applications
		22.3.7 Energy Generation Using Genostep and Graphene Cement Battery
		22.3.8 Energy Storage in Concrete Building
		22.3.9 Nanomaterials as Waterproofing Layer in Construction
	22.4 Future Scope of Nanomaterials
	Bibliography
Chapter 23: Prospects of Graphene and MXene in Flexible Electronics and Energy Storage Systems: A Review
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Peculiarity of MXene and Graphene
	23.3 Synthesis of MXene and Graphene
		23.3.1 Synthesis of MXene
		23.3.2 Synthesis of Graphene
	23.4 Application of MXene and Graphene
		23.4.1 Applications of MXene
		23.4.2 Applications of Graphene
		23.4.3 MXene and Graphene: Energy Storage Devices
		23.4.4 MXene and Graphene: Flexible Electron Devices
	23.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 24: PAN-Based Composite Gel Electrolyte for Lithium-Ion Batteries
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 PAN-Based Composite Gel Electrolyte
	24.3 FTIR Studies
	24.4 Thermal Analysis
	24.5 Conductivity Behavior of PAN-Based PGE
	24.6 NMR analysis of PAN-Based Composite Gel Electrolytes
	24.7 Diffusion Coefficient
	24.8 SEM Studies
	24.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 25: High Gain Modified Luo Converter for Nano Capacitor Charging
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 PF Improvement Methodology for AC and DC
		25.2.1 Passive PFCs
		25.2.2 Existing System
	25.3 Existing System Block Diagram
		25.3.1 Proposed System Block Diagram
	25.4 Proposed Circuit Topology
	25.5 Hardware Requirements
		25.5.1 Microcontroller’s Power Supply Section
		25.5.2 Microcontroller – Arduino
		25.5.3 Firing Circuit
			25.5.3.1 6N137
	25.6 Results and Discussion
		25.6.1 Proposed Simulation
		25.6.2 Measurements
		25.6.3 Proposed Circuit Diagram
		25.6.4 Input and Output Voltage Waveform
		25.6.5 MoSFET Gate Pulse
		25.6.6 Experimental Verification
		25.6.7 Hardware
		25.6.8 Hardware Output
	25.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 26: Nanotechnology in Solar Energy
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Generation of Solar Cell Technology
		26.2.1 Overview of First-Generation Photovoltaic Cells
			26.2.1.1 Overview of Second-Generation Photovoltaic Cells
			26.2.1.2 Overview of Third-Generation Solar Cells
	26.3 Nanotechnology in Solar Cells
		26.3.1 Formulation Methodologies and Nanostructured Materials
			26.3.1.1 Nanostructured Materials Classification
			26.3.1.2 Fabrication and Processing of Nanostructured Materials
		26.3.2 Applications of Nanomaterials for Solar Cells
			26.3.2.1 PV Thin-Film Systems Using CdTe, CdSe, and CdS
			26.3.2.2 Quantum Dot and Nanoparticle Solar Cells and PV Technology
			26.3.2.3 CuInS 2, Iron Disulfide Pyrite, and Cu 2 ZnSnS 4
			26.3.2.4 Solar Cells Made of Nanowires and Organic Materials
			26.3.2.5 Solar Cells Made of Polycrystalline Thin Films
		26.3.3 Progressive Nanostructures for Technological Applications
			26.3.3.1 Low-Cost Solar Cells Made of Nanocones
			26.3.3.2 Nanoparticles with a Core and Shell for PV Applications
			26.3.3.3 Silicon Photovoltaic
		26.3.4 Semiconductors (III–V)
	26.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 27: Nanocomposites for Energy Storage
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Electrochemically Synthesized Nanocomposites
	27.3 Green Nanocomposites
	27.4 Graphene Nanocomposites
	27.5 Ionic Nanocomposites
	27.6 Polymer Nanocomposites
	27.7 Ferroelectric Polymer Nanocomposites
	27.8 Polymer–Ceramic Nanocomposites
	27.9 Summary and Future Trends
	References
Chapter 28: Development of Environmental Benign Nanomaterials for Energy and Environmental Applications
	28.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology
	28.2 Properties of Nanoparticles
	28.3 Metal Nanoparticles
	28.4 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles (MO-NPs)
	28.5 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
	28.6 Application of Nanomaterials for Energy Utilization
		28.6.1 Energy Conversion Applications – Solar Cells
		28.6.2 Fuel Cells
	28.7 Energy Storage Applications
	28.8 Batteries
	28.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 29: ZnS Nanoparticles for High-Performance Supercapacitors
	29.1 Introduction
	29.2 Experimental Methods
	29.3 Characterization Studies
	29.4 Analysis of the Results
		29.4.1 X-Ray Diffraction Studies
		29.4.2 UV–Vis Studies
		29.4.3 Photoluminescence Studies
		29.4.4 Dielectric Studies
		29.4.5 Photoconductivity Studies
		29.4.6 HRTEM Results
	29.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 30: Cost-Effective-Mediated Fabrication of ZnO Nanomaterials and Its Multifaceted Perspective toward Energy Storage and Environmental Applications
	30.1 Introduction
		30.1.1 Nanotechnology
		30.1.2 Types of Nanoparticles
			30.1.2.1 Organic Nanoparticles
			30.1.2.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles
				30.1.2.2.1 Metal Nanoparticles
				30.1.2.2.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
		30.1.3 Ceramics NPs
		30.1.4 Semiconductor NPs
		30.1.5 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		30.1.6 Nanoparticles Synthesis
			30.1.6.1 Physical Methods
			30.1.6.2 Chemical Methods
			30.1.6.3 Biological Methods
		30.1.7 ZnO Nanoparticles
		30.1.8 1D Nanostructured Semiconductors
		30.1.9 Core/Shell Nanocomposite Materials (CSNCs)
	30.2 ZnO Nanoparticles-Emerging Solar Cell Applications
		30.2.1 ZnO Nanoparticles Utilized in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
		30.2.2 Solar Cell Application
		30.2.3 Photocatalytic Application
		30.2.4 Supercapacitor Application
	30.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 31: Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy Storage Devices in Medical Applications
	31.1 Introduction
	31.2 Drug Delivery
	31.3 Fabrics
	31.4 Reactivity of Materials
	31.5 Strength of Materials
	31.6 Micro/Nano Electromechanical Systems
	31.7 Molecular Manufacturing
	31.8 Nanotechnology in Medicine – Nanoparticles in Medicine
		31.8.1 Nanotechnology in Medicine Application: Diagnostic Techniques
		31.8.2 Antibacterial Treatments Using Nanotechnology in Medicine
		31.8.3 Treatment of Wounds Using Nanotechnology in Medicine
		31.8.4 Cell Repair Using Nanotechnology in Medicine
		31.8.5 Medical Resources for Nanotechnology
		31.8.6 Nanotechnology vs. Covid-19
			31.8.6.1 How Nanotechnology Is Being Used to Fight Covid-19
	31.9 Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment
		31.9.1 Nanotechnology Cancer Treatments: Nanoparticle Chemotherapy
			31.9.1.1 A Survey of Nanoparticles in Chemotherapy
		31.9.2 Nanotechnology Cancer Treatments: Heat
			31.9.2.1 A Survey of Methods using Nanoparticles to Improve Cancer Hyperthermia
			31.9.2.2 A Survey of Methods Using Nanoparticles to Improve Radiation Therapy
		31.9.3 Nanotechnology Cancer Treatments: Miscellaneous
	31.10 Nanotechnology vs. Heart Disease
		31.10.1 Nanotechnology in Medical Diagnostics
	31.11 Nanotechnology Treatments for Diabetes
	31.12 Nanotechnology Kidney Disease Treatments
	31.13 Nanoparticles in Antibacterial Treatments
		31.13.1 Extending Life by Repairing Cells
	31.14 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 32: Nanotechnology on Energy Storage: An Overview
	32.1 Introduction
	32.2 Nanotechnology in Batteries
		32.2.1 Lithium-Ion Battery
		32.2.2 Lithium-Air and Sodium-Air Batteries
		32.2.3 Lithium-Sulfur Battery/Sodium-Sulfur Battery
		32.2.4 Printed Battery
	32.3 Nanotechnology Applications Being Developed for Batteries
		32.3.1 Nanotechnology in Supercapacitors
	32.4 Managing the Alignment and Tip Formation of CNTs for Producing Highly Efficient Supercapacitors
		32.4.1 High-Performance Supercapacitors Made by Carefully Controlling the Frame and p-p Grouping of Graphene Sheets
		32.4.2 Three-Dimensional CNT and Graphene Networks as the Basis for High-Performance Supercapacitors
		32.4.3 Higher Efficiency Supercapacitors with Novel Structures
	32.5 Nanotechnology in Fuel Cells for Energy Storage
		32.5.1 Nanotechnology as a CNT or Fuel Cell Catalyst
		32.5.2 Fuel Cells with Proton Exchange Membrane
		32.5.3 Fuel Storage for Hydrogen
	32.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 33: Biocompatible Nano-Electro-Mechanical System–Based Cantilever: An Overview
	33.1 Introduction
	33.2 Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems
	33.3 Future of the Global Market
	33.4 Working Principle
	33.5 Biocompatible Materials for NEMS
	33.6 COMSOL Multiphysics Simulation Tool for NEMS
	33.7 Fabrication of NEMS Sensor
	33.8 Bulk Micromachining
	33.9 Surface Micromachining
	33.10 Microstereolithography
	33.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 34: Eco-friendly for Sustainable Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy Storage
	34.1 Introduction
	34.2 Sustainable Nanomaterial
	34.3 Sustainable Nanomaterials Production Methods
		34.3.1 Plant Sources
		34.3.2 Vitamins
		34.3.3 Microwave Heating
		34.3.4 Magnetic Nanocatalysts
		34.3.5 Hydrothermal Methods
	34.4 Advantages of Sustainable Nanomaterials
	34.5 Use of Nanomaterials
		34.5.1 Batteries for the Accumulation of Renewable Energy
			34.5.1.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries
			34.5.1.2 Lead-Acid Batteries
			34.5.1.3 Flow Batteries
			34.5.1.4 Redox Flow Battery
			34.5.1.5 Sodium–Sulfur Batteries
		34.5.2 Supercapacitor
		34.5.3 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
		34.5.4 Hydrogen Technology
	34.6 Challenges and Outlook for the Future
	34.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 35: Nanomaterials in Solar Energy Applications
	35.1 Introduction
	35.2 Nanomaterials in Solar Cells
	35.3 Nanomaterials as Solar Cell Electrodes
	35.4 Nanomaterials in Perovskite Solar Cells
	35.5 Nanomaterial-Based Phase Change Materials
	35.6 Nanofluids as a Working Fluid in Solar Collectors
	35.7 Nanomaterials in Solar Photothermal Collection
	35.8 Nanomaterials in Solar Photothermal Collection
	35.9 Flexible Solar Cells Based on Carbon Nanomaterials
	35.10 Solar Thermal Energy Storage Using Nanomaterials
	35.11 Conclusion and Future Trends
	References
Chapter 36: Carbon Nanomaterials for Energy Storage
	36.1 Introduction
	36.2 Composite-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Storage
	36.3 Silicon-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Storage
	36.4 Protein/Peptide-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Application
	36.5 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Storage
	36.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 37: Green Energy Storage Devices Using Nanocellulose
	37.1 Introduction
	37.2 Nanocellulose for Supercapacitors
	37.3 Carbon Materials Derived from Nanocellulose
	37.4 Nanocellulose for Batteries
	37.5 Nanocellulose as Conductive Materials
	37.6 Nanocellulose/Metal Oxide Composites
	37.7 Composites Based on Nanocellulose for Solar Energy Applications
	37.8 Nanocellulose Composites for Piezoelectric Applications
	37.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 38: Synthesis of Graphene Nanomaterials for Energy Storage Applications
	38.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology
	38.2 Graphene Oxide Nanomaterials
	38.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		38.3.1 Synthesis of GO Nanomaterials
	38.4 Top-Down Methods for the Fabrication of GO
		38.4.1 GO Preparation by Liquid Exfoliation (LE)
		38.4.2 Hydrothermal Method
		38.4.3 Sol–Gel Method
		38.4.4 Co-precipitation Method
		38.4.5 Spray Pyrolysis Method
		38.4.6 Hydrothermal Method
		38.4.7 Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Method
	38.5 Potential and Emerging Applications of GO Nanosheets
		38.5.1 Sensor
		38.5.2 Solar Cell Application
		38.5.3 Photoluminescence Sensor
		38.5.4 Electrochemiluminescence Sensor
	38.6 Energy Storing Devices
		38.6.1 Supercapacitor
		38.6.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries
	38.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 39: Electrical Energy Storage Analysis of Li4Ti2O6 Nanomaterials by Sol–Gel Method
	39.1 Introduction
	39.2 Materials and Methods of Synthesis
	39.3 Results and Discussion
	39.4 Infrared Analysis
	39.5 Scanning Electron Microscope
	39.6 AC Conductivity
	39.7 Impedance Analysis
	39.8 Conclusion
	References
Index