Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction: Energy and Materials
	1.1 Energy Issue
	1.2 Energy Transition
	1.3 Energy Conversion
	1.4 Materials and Energy
	1.5 Trends in Materials Research
	1.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2 Photovoltaic: Fundamental of Energy Conversion
	2.1 Introduction and Brief History
	2.2 Basic Characteristics and Characterization of Photovoltaics
	2.3 Photocurrent Generation and Photovoltage
	2.4 Charge Separation, Recombination, and Efficiency
	2.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 3 Photovoltaic: Graphene Materials and Their Effects in Perovskite Solar Cells
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Crystalline Si‑Based Photovoltaic
	3.3 III–V Semiconductors Multijunction‑Based Photovoltaic
	3.4 Thin‑Film Photovoltaic
	3.5 Nanocomposite Solar Cells
		3.5.1 Perovskites Solar Cells (PSCs)
		3.5.2 Structure of PSCs
		3.5.3 Working Principle of PSCs
		3.5.4 Electron Transport Layer (ETL)
	3.6 Graphene
		3.6.1 Physical/Mechanical Properties of Graphene
		3.6.2 Electronic Properties of Graphene
		3.6.3 Graphene‑Based Electron Transport Layer
		3.6.4 Defects of Graphene
		3.6.5 Type of Defects in Graphene
		3.6.6 Solution for Graphene Defects
	3.7 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 4 Fuel Cells: Fundamental and Applications
	4.1 Introduction to Fuel Cell
	4.2 Principles of Fuel Cell Operation
		4.2.1 Mechanism of PEMFCs
		4.2.2 Thermodynamics Principles of PEMFCs
	4.3 Category of Fuel Cells
		4.3.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs)
		4.3.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
		4.3.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs)
		4.3.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs)
		4.3.5 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs)
		4.3.6 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)
		4.3.7 Biofuel Cells
	4.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of PEMFCs
	4.5 Applications of Fuel Cells
		4.5.1 Stationary Power Generation Plants
		4.5.2 Automotive Industry
	4.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 5 Solid-State Polymer Electrolytes for Fuel Cells Application
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Development of Electrolytes
		5.2.1 Liquid Electrolytes
		5.2.2 Solid Electrolytes
		5.2.3 Solid-State Polymer Electrolytes
		5.2.4 General Requirements of Solid-State Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochemical Devices Applications
	5.3 Description of Ionic Conduction
		5.3.1 Mechanism of Ionic Conduction
		5.3.2 Requirements of Ionic Conductivity
		5.3.3 Governing Parameters of Ionic Conduction
		5.3.4 Methods of Enhancing Ionic Conduction Mechanism
	5.4 Future Aspects
		5.4.1 Liquid Crystal Polymer Electrolytes (LCPEs)
		5.4.2 Liquid Crystals-Embedded Polymer Electrolytes
	5.5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 6 Next‑Generation Supercapacitors with Sustainably Processed Carbon Quantum Dots
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 General Characteristics of Supercapacitors and EDLCs
	6.3 Working Principle and Classification of Supercapacitors
		6.3.1 Electric Double‑Layer Capacitors (EDLCs)
		6.3.2 Pseudocapacitors
		6.3.3 Hybrid Capacitors
	6.4 Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs)
		6.4.1 Properties of CQDs
		6.4.2 Synthesis of CQDs
		6.4.3 Synthesis of CQDs from Biomass Wastes
	6.5 Application of “Green” CQDs in Supercapacitors
	6.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 7 Tin‑Based Anodes for Next‑Generation Lithium‑Ion Batteries
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Tin‑Based Alloys
		7.2.1 Tin‑Based Oxides
		7.2.2 Tin (II) Oxide (SnO)
		7.2.3 Tin (IV) Oxide (SnO[sub(2)])
		7.2.4 SnO[sub(2)] Nanowires
		7.2.5 SnO[sub(2)] Nanorods
		7.2.6 SnO[sub(2)] Nanotubes
		7.2.7 SnO[sub(2)] Nanosheets
		7.2.8 SnO[sub(2)]/Carbon Composites
	7.3 Ternary Tin Oxides
		7.3.1 Lithium Tin Oxide or Lithium Stannate (Li[sub(2)]SnO[sub(3)])
		7.3.2 Calcium Metastannate (CaSnO[sub(3)])
		7.3.3 Strontium Metastannate (SrSnO[sub(3)])
		7.3.4 Barium Metastannate (BaSnO[sub(3)])
		7.3.5 Cobalt Metastannate (CoSnO[sub(3)])
		7.3.6 Cadmium Metastannate (CdSnO[sub(3)])
		7.3.7 Zinc Metastannate (ZnSnO[sub(3)])
		7.3.8 Zinc Stannate (Zn[sub(2)]SnO[sub(4)])
	7.4 Other Stannates
	7.5 Summary
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 8 Sustainable Materials for Energy Conversion System
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Energy Conversion and Storage Systems
		8.2.1 Solar Energy
		8.2.2 Bioenergy Technologies
		8.2.3 Ocean Energy Technology
	8.3 Life Cycle Analysis
		8.3.1 Life Cycle Analysis of Batteries
		8.3.2 Life Cycle Analysis of Solar Cells
	8.4 Recycling as Sustainable Usage of Materials
		8.4.1 Acquisition, Preliminary Processing, and Finishing Off
		8.4.2 Leveraging the Recycling Process
		8.4.3 Future Recycling Concerns to Be Addressed
	8.5 New Options of Sustainable Usage in Energy Conversion
		8.5.1 Fuel Cells: The Conversion of Hydrogen
		8.5.2 Battery Rechargeables
	8.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Index