Materials and Working Mechanisms of Secondary Batteries

Preface I
Preface II
Contents
About the Authors
1 Experimental Methods of Material Characterization and Mechanism Research
	1.1 Preparation and Performance Test of Battery [1, 2]
		1.1.1 Preparation of Batteries
		1.1.2 Performance Test of MH/Ni Battery [1, 2]
	1.2 Diffractometer Method for X-Ray Diffraction Analysis [3, 4]
		1.2.1 The Structure of Modern X-Ray Powder Diffractometer
		1.2.2 The Working Mode of Powder Diffractometer
	1.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy [6–9, 11]
		1.3.1 Energy and Intensity of Photoelectron Spectrum
		1.3.2 Chemical Analysis of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
		1.3.3 Valence State Study
		1.3.4 Example of Valence State Study—Study on the Valence State of Anodic Ion in the Synthesis of Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O2
	1.4 X-Ray Emission Spectrum and Its Application [11, 12]
		1.4.1 X-Ray Emission Spectrum
		1.4.2 Chemical Analysis of X-Ray Emission Spectrum
	1.5 X-Ray Absorption Spectrum [10–11]
		1.5.1 Absorption Limit
		1.5.2 Chemical Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis by X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
		1.5.3 Near Limit Structure
		1.5.4 Study on Fine Structure and Local Structure of Extended X-Ray Absorption
	References
2 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis Methods of Material Characterization and Mechanism Research
	2.1 Qualitative Analysis of Phase [1–3]
		2.1.1 The Principle and Method of Phase Qualitative Analysis
		2.1.2 Application of Jade Qualitative Phase Analysis System [3, 4]
	2.2 Quantitative Analysis of Phase [1, 3]
		2.2.1 The Principle and Intensity Formula of Phase Quantitative Analysis
		2.2.2 Standard Sample Methods for Quantitative Phase Analysis and Their Comparison
		2.2.3 Non-standard Method for Quantitative Phase Analysis and Its Comparison
	2.3 Accurate Determination of Lattice Parameters of Polycrystalline Samples
		2.3.1 The Method of Solving Lattice Parameters by Jade Program Based on Simultaneous Equation Method
		2.3.2 Least Square Method for Accurate Determination of Lattice Parameters
	2.4 Determination of Macroscopic Stress (Strain) [7]
		2.4.1 Plane Stress State
		2.4.2 Method for Measuring Plane Stress
	2.5 Diffraction Line Broadening Effect Caused by Microstructure [8, 9]
		2.5.1 Broadening Effect of Microcrystals and Micro-stress
		2.5.2 Broadening Effect of Stacking Fault
	2.6 Least Square Method for Separating the Multiple Broadening Effect of XRD Line [7–15]
		2.6.1 Least Square Method for Separating Microcrystal and Micro-stress Broadening Effect
		2.6.2 Least Square Method for Separating X-Ray Diffraction Broadening Effect Caused by Microcrystal-Stacking Fault
		2.6.3 Least Square Method for Separating the Double Broadening Effect of X-Ray Diffraction Caused by Micro-strain-Stacking Fault
		2.6.4 The Structure of Series Calculation Programs
	References
3 XRD Characterization of Active Material β-Ni(OH)2 and AB5 Alloy
	3.1 The Principle and Method of Characterizing and Evaluating β-Ni(OH)2
		3.1.1 Two X-Ray Diffraction Analysis Methods for Characterizing β-Ni(OH)2
		3.1.2 A New Method for Characterizing the Microstructure of β-Ni(OH)2
		3.1.3 Judgment of Microcrystal Shape and Average Grain Size
	3.2 The Relationship Between Microstructure Parameters and Properties
		3.2.1 Test Results of Several β-Ni(OH)2 Samples
		3.2.2 The Relationship Between Microstructure Parameters and Properties of β-Ni(OH)2
	3.3 Effect of Battery Activation and Cycling on the Microstructure of β-Ni(OH)2
		3.3.1 Effect of Battery Activation on the Microstructure of β-Ni(OH)2
		3.3.2 Effect of Cycle on the Microstructure of β-Ni(OH)2
	3.4 Comprehensive Evaluation of β-Ni(OH)2
		3.4.1 The Necessity of Comprehensive Evaluation
		3.4.2 The Content of Comprehensive Evaluating Initial β-Ni(OH)2
	3.5 Characterization Method of AB5 Alloy as Active Material [11]
		3.5.1 Phase Structure Analysis
		3.5.2 Accurate Determination Method of Lattice Parameters
		3.5.3 Measurement of Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) and Solution of Grain Size and Micro-strain by Least Square Method
	3.6 Characterization of AB5 Alloy Prepared by Different Compositions and different methods [11]
		3.6.1 Structure and Lattice Parameters of AB5 Alloys with Different Compositions
		3.6.2 Microstructure of Alloys Prepared by Different Methods
	References
4 Solid-State Reaction and Formation Mechanism in the Process of LiMeO2 Synthesis
	4.1 Experimental Steps to Study the Mechanism of LiMeO2 Synthesis
		4.1.1 Material Synthesis Strategy for the Study of the Formation Mechanism of LiMeO2
		4.1.2 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
	4.2 XRD Analysis of Precursors and Thermal Decomposition Products
		4.2.1 XRD Analysis of Precursors
		4.2.2 XRD Analysis of Thermal Decomposition Products of Precursors
	4.3 Products of Calcination of precursor + LiOH·H2O or Li2CO3 at Medium and High Temperature
	4.4 In-Situ XRD Study of Precursor + LiOH·H2O at Variable Temperature
	4.5 Solid-State Reaction in the Synthesis of Li(Ni,Co,Mn)O2
	4.6 Structural Evolution and Formation Mechanism During the Synthesis of LiMeO2
	References
5 Mixed Occupation of Ni/Li Atoms in LiMeO2 Materials
	5.1 Principles and Methods of Simulation Analysis [12–14]
		5.1.1 The Principle of Simulation Analysis
		5.1.2 The Method of Simulation Calculation
	5.2 Simulation Results of Related Materials [12–14]
		5.2.1 Material Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O2 Simulation Results
		5.2.2 Simulation Results of LiNiO2
		5.2.3 Simulation Results of Other Four Materials
	5.3 The Mixed Occupying Parameter X Is Calculated from the Diffraction Integral Intensity Ratio
		5.3.1 The Results of Experimental Determination
		5.3.2 The Effect of Medium Temperature in the Process of Synthesis
		5.3.3 The Effect of High Temperature in the Process of Synthesis
	5.4 Simulation Calculation of Li Deficiency Model and Oxygen Vacancy Model
		5.4.1 Simulation Calculation of the Li Deficiency Model
		5.4.2 Simulation Calculation of Oxygen Vacancy Model
	5.5 Summary of Mixed Occupation of Li and Ni Atoms
	References
6 Order–Disorder of Ni, Co, and Mn at (3b) Position in Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2
	6.1 Current Status of Superstructure Research in Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 [1–3]
	6.2 Unit Cell Structure and Diffraction Pattern of Superstructure in Li (Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 [4]
		6.2.1 Cell Structure of Disordered-Ordered in Li (Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2
		6.2.2 Comparison of X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction Patterns with Wavelengths of 1.5406
		6.2.3 Comparison of Abnormal Diffraction Patterns
		6.2.4 Comparison of Different Positions Occupied by Ni Co Mn (3b)
	6.3 The Effect of Order Degree on the Intensity of Matrix Diffraction Lines [4]
	6.4 Superlattice Lines of Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 [4]
		6.4.1 Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 Superlattice Lines Whether to Appear or Not
		6.4.2 The Effect of Ordered Degree S on the Intensity of Superlattice Lines
	6.5 Summary and Prospect of the Study on the Superstructure of Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 [4]
	References
7 Preparation and X-Ray Diffraction Characterization of LiFePO4
	7.1 Preparation Method of LiFePO4 and Carbon-Coated Nano-LiFePO4 [2, 3]
		7.1.1 Synthesis Methods of LiFePO4
		7.1.2 Methods to Improve the Performance of LiFePO4 [2, 14]
	7.2 X-Ray Characterization of LiFePO4 Material
	7.3 Synthesis of Nanometer LiFePO4/C-Composites Material [2, 3, 14–16]
		7.3.1 Structural Design of Nano-LiFePO4/C Composite Material
		7.3.2 Synthesis of Nano-LiFePO4/C Composite Material
	7.4 X-Ray Study on the Synthesis Process of Nano-LiFePO4/C Composite Material [2]
		7.4.1 Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on Fine Structure of Nano-LiFePO4/C Composite Material
		7.4.2 Effect of Carbon Coating Amount on the Structure of Nano-LiFePO4/C Composite Material
		7.4.3 Effect of Heat Treatment Time on the Structure of Nano-LiFePO4/C Composite Materials
	7.5 Analysis of Heat Treatment Reaction of Precursor During Synthesis of Nano-LiFePO4/C Materials [2]
	7.6 Phase Structure and Powder Diffraction Data of LiFePO4 and FePO4
	References
8 Preparation and XRD Analysis of Carbon Materials Used for Li-Ion Batteries
	8.1 Preparation of Carbon Electrode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries [1–4]
		8.1.1 Classification and Structure of Carbon Materials
		8.1.2 Structural Defects of Carbon Materials
		8.1.3 Study on the Preparation of Carbon Nanospheres Using Polyacrylonitrile as Precursor
	8.2 Phase Structure and Conventional XRD Analysis of Carbon Materials
		8.2.1 Structural Data of Important Phases of Carbon Materials
		8.2.2 Characteristics of X-Ray Diffraction Patterns of 2H-Graphite
		8.2.3 Quantitative Analysis of 2H-Graphite and 3R-Graphite
		8.2.4 Determination and Calculation of Microcrystal Size
		8.2.5 Determination of Alignment (Orientation Ratio) [5]
		8.2.6 Comprehensive Determination Results of a Group of Powder Samples Containing 2H and 3R Phases
	8.3 Graphitization Degree g and Stacking Disorder Degree P [6–11]
		8.3.1 Fourier Analysis of (10) and (11) Diffraction Lines [13, 14]
		8.3.2 Whole Spectrum Fitting Method [13]
		8.3.3 The Relationship Between Stacking Disorder Degree P002 and d002 [14]
	8.4 Experimental Determination of Graphitization Degree g and Disorder Degree P [11]
		8.4.1 The Effect of Different Experimental Conditions on the Degree of Disorder P Obtained by Whole Spectrum Fitting
		8.4.2 The Effect of Different Solution Methods of d002 on the Determination of g
		8.4.3 d002 and θ002 Methods Are Compared with Whole Spectrum Fitting [11]
	8.5 A New XRD Method for Determining the Stacking Disorder Degree of 2H-Graphite [9, 10]
		8.5.1 The Langford Method Improved by the Author
		8.5.2 Least Square Method for Solving PAB and PABC, Respectively [9, 10]
		8.5.3 Experimental Determination of Stacking Disorder Degree of 2H-Graphite
	8.6 Discussion on the Method of Determining Graphitization Degree and Stacking Disorder Degree of 2H-Graphite
	8.7 X-Ray Analysis of Several Carbon Materials Used in Chemical Power Industry
		8.7.1 Negative Material for Supercapacitors—Active Carbon
		8.7.2 Superconductor Carbon Monosodium
		8.7.3 Acetylene Carbon Monosodium
		8.7.4 Hard Carbon
		8.7.5 Carbon Nanotubes
		8.7.6 Study on the Structure of Face-Centered Cubic Carbon
	References
9 Solid Electrolyte Interface Film on Graphite Surface of Li-Ion Battery
	9.1 Overview of SEI Film on Graphite Surface [1]
	9.2 Formation Mechanism of SEI Film on Graphite Surface
	9.3 Chemical Composition of SEI Film on Graphite Surface
	9.4 Theoretical Study on the Formation Process of SEI Film on Graphite Surface
		9.4.1 Reduction Mechanism and Chemical Composition
		9.4.2 Precipitation Mechanism and Organization Structure of Electrolyte Reduction Product Near Graphite Surface
	9.5 Chemical Modification of SEI Film on Graphite Surface
	9.6 Organization Structure of SEI Film on Graphite Surface
	9.7 Storage Stability and Evolution Mechanism of SEI Film on Graphite Surface
		9.7.1 Storage Stability of SEI Film on Graphite Surface
		9.7.2 Storage Evolution Mechanism of Solid Electrolyte Interface Film [1]
	References
10 Mechanism Research of Charge–Discharge Process for MH/Ni Battery
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Comparative Study on the Microstructure of β-Ni(OH)2 Before and After Activation of MH/Ni Battery [7, 8]
	10.3 In-Situ XRD Study of Nickel Electrode β-Ni(OH)2 During Charging
	10.4 Quasi-Dynamic Study of β-Ni(OH)2 During the First Charge–Discharge of MH/Ni Battery [8, 9]
		10.4.1 Phase Identification
		10.4.2 Lattice Parameters and Macroscopic Strain of β-Ni(OH)2
		10.4.3 Microstructural Changes of β-Ni(OH)2 During Charge–Discharge
		10.4.4 Analysis of Valence States of Ni Atom in Positive Active Materials by Photoelectron Spectroscopy
	10.5 Quasi-Dynamic Study of Active Material AB5 During Charge–Discharge
	10.6 De-Intercalation Theory of Charge–Discharge Process for MH/Ni Battery [8–10]
		10.6.1 De-Intercalation Behavior of β-Ni(OH)2 During Charge–Discharge
		10.6.2 De-Intercalation Behavior of AB5 Alloy During Charge–Discharge Process
	10.7 Conductive Mechanism of Charge–Discharge Process for MH/Ni Battery
	References
11 Mechanism of Charge–Discharge Process of Graphite/LiCoO2 and Graphite/Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 Batteries
	11.1 Structural Evolution of Negative Active Materials During Charge–Discharge for 2H-Graphite/LiCoO2
		11.1.1 Change of Macroscopic Strain in Graphite During Charge–Discharge of 2H-Graphite/LiCoO2 Battery
		11.1.2 Changes of Graphite Micro-strain and Stacking Disorder in 2H-Graphite/LiCoO2 Battery
	11.2 Structural Evolution and Microstructure of Positive Active Materials for 2H-Graphite/LiCoO2 Batteries [11]
		11.2.1 Phase Analysis of Positive Active Materials
		11.2.2 Change of Macroscopic and Microcosmic Strain of LiCoO2 During Battery Charge and Discharge
	11.3 Structural Evolution of Positive Active Materials During Charge–Discharge of Graphite/Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 Battery [12]
		11.3.1 Change of Lattice Parameters
		11.3.2 The Change of Micro-strain
		11.3.3 The Change of Relative Diffraction Intensity
	11.4 Comparison of Charge and Discharge Process of Graphite/LiCoO2 Battery Before and After Storage [18]
		11.4.1 Comparative Analysis of Negative Active Materials
		11.4.2 Comparative Analysis of Positive Active Materials
	11.5 Behavior of Electrode Active Materials During Charge and Discharge [11, 12]
		11.5.1 Behavior of Graphite During Charge and Discharge
		11.5.2 Behavior of Li(NixCoyMn1−x−y)O2 During Charge and Discharge
	11.6 Physical Mechanism of Electrical Conductivity for 2H-Graphite/LiMeO2 Battery
	11.7 Conclusion
	References
12 Mechanism Research of Charge–Discharge Process for Graphite/LiFePO4 Battery
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Experimental Study on Charge–Discharge of Activated Graphite/LiFePO4 Battery [5]
		12.2.1 Structural Evolution of LiFePO4 During Charge–Discharge of Activated Batteries
		12.2.2 Structural Evolution of Negative Active Materials During Charge and Discharge of Activated Batteries
	12.3 Results of the Study on the Charging Process of Unactivated Batteries [5]
	12.4 Asymmetry of Graphite/LiFePO4 Battery During Charge–Discharge
		12.4.1 Asymmetry Phenomenon in the Process of Charge–Discharge
		12.4.2 Explanation of Asymmetry in the Process of Charge and Discharge
	12.5 De-intercalation Mechanism of Lithium in 2H-Graphite/LiFePO4 Battery [5]
		12.5.1 Phase Transition Characteristics and De-intercalation Mechanism of LiFePO4 During Charge–Discharge
		12.5.2 Behavior of Negative Active Materials During Charge and Discharge
	12.6 Conductive Mechanism of 2H-Graphite/LiFePO4 Battery [5]
	References
13 Mechanism Research of Cycle Process for MH/Ni Battery
	13.1 Cycle Performance of MH/Ni Battery at 20 and 60 °C [1–3]
	13.2 Microstructure of β-Ni(OH)2 During Cycling at 20 and 60 °C [2, 3]
	13.3 Proton Diffusion Coefficients of Different Positive Active Materials [2–4]
	13.4 Study on the Microstructure of AB5 Alloy in Cyclic Specimen at Room Temperature and 60 °C [1–3]
	13.5 Cycle Performance and Microstructure Under Different Charge–Discharge Rates [1–3]
	13.6 Physical Behavior of Positive and Negative Active Materials During Battery Cycle Process [1, 2]
	13.7 Cycle Performance Attenuation Mechanism [1–3]
		13.7.1 Relationship Between Cycle Performance and Structural Parameters
		13.7.2 Attenuation Mechanism of Cycle Performance
	References
14 Mechanism Research of the Cycle Process for 2H-Graphite/Li(Ni,Co,Mn)O2 Battery
	14.1 Surface Morphology of Coated and Uncoated Al2O3 Positive Materials and Cycling Performance of Batteries [3, 4]
		14.1.1 Surface Morphology of Positive Active Materials Before and After Coated with Al2O3
		14.1.2 Battery Cycle Curve
		14.1.3 Changes of Capacity and Discharge Platform During Battery Cycle Process
		14.1.4 Impedance Change During Battery Cycle
	14.2 Changes of Fine Structure and Surface Structure of Positive Active Materials During Cycling [4]
		14.2.1 Lattice Parameters of Positive Active Materials
		14.2.2 Microcrystalline Size and Micro-strain of Positive Active Materials
		14.2.3 Surface Morphology and Composition of Positive Electrode After Battery Cycle
	14.3 Fine Structure and Composition of Negative Active Materials [3, 4]
		14.3.1 Fine Structure of Negative Active Materials
		14.3.2 Analysis of Related Components on the Surface and Body Interior of Negative Electrode
	14.4 Changes of the Fine Structure of the Diaphragm with the Cycle [3, 4]
		14.4.1 Lattice Parameters of Polypropylene Diaphragm
		14.4.2 Microstructure of Polypropylene
		14.4.3 Surface Morphology of the Diaphragm
	14.5 Mechanism of Cycle Performance Degradation and Coating Role Mechanism [8]
		14.5.1 The Relationship Between the Attenuation of Cycle Performance and the Change of Positive and Negative Electrode and Diaphragm Structure
		14.5.2 The Mechanism of Cycle Performance Attenuation
	14.6 Conclusion
	References
15 Cycle Mechanism of Graphite/[Li(Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4)O2 + LiMn2O4] Battery
	15.1 Cycle Performance of Graphite/[Li(Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4)O2 + LiMn2O4] Battery [2]
		15.1.1 Battery Preparation and Charge–Discharge and Cycling Process
		15.1.2 Test Results of Cycle Performance
	15.2 Fine Structure of Positive Active Materials in Graphite/Li(Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4)O2 + LiMn2O4 Battery During Cycle
		15.2.1 Variation of Two-Phase Lattice Parameters
		15.2.2 Variation of Microstructure and Relative Quantity of Two Phases
		15.2.3 Cyclic Temperature Effect and Magnification Effect of Positive Active Materials
	15.3 Fine Structure of Negative Active Materials [1]
		15.3.1 Change of Lattice Parameters
		15.3.2 Microstructure and Stacking Disorder of Negative Active Materials
		15.3.3 Temperature Effect and Multiple Ratio Effect of Negative Electrode Cycle
	15.4 The Mechanism of Cycle Performance Degradation and the Role of LiMn2O4 [1]
		15.4.1 The Relationship Between the Decline of Cyclic Performance and the Fine Structure of Positive and Negative Active Materials
		15.4.2 Discussion on the Attenuation Mechanism of Cycle Performance
		15.4.3 The Role of LiMn2O4 in Mixed Cathode Active Materials
	References
16 Mechanism of Cycle Process for Graphite/LiFePO4 Battery
	16.1 The Change Law of Cycle Performance [1]
	16.2 The Fine Structure Change of Positive Active Material During Cycling
		16.2.1 The Change of the Relative Content of Two Phases with the Cycle
		16.2.2 Change of Lattice Parameters of LiFePO4 with Cycle
		16.2.3 Variation of Microstructure Parameters with Cycle in LiFePO4
	16.3 Fine Structure Change of Negative Active Materials During Cycling
	16.4 The Fine Structure Changes of Diaphragm Materials
		16.4.1 Variation of Lattice Parameters of Polypropylene with Cycle
		16.4.2 Variation of Microstructure Parameters of Polypropylene with Cycle
	16.5 Cycle Performance Change Law and Mechanism [1]
		16.5.1 The Relationship Between the Change Law of Cycle Performance and the Fine Structure of Positive and Negative Electrode and Diaphragm Fine Material
		16.5.2 The Mechanism of Change Law of Cycle Performance
	References
17 Mechanism Research of Storage Process for MH-Ni Battery
	17.1 Storage Process and Calculation of Capacity Decay Rate
		17.1.1 Battery Manufacturing, Activation and Storage Process
		17.1.2 Calculation of Capacity Decay Rate
	17.2 Storage Performance of MH-Ni Battery in Discharge and Charge States
	17.3 XRD Comparative Analysis of the Structure of Positive Active Materials Before and After Storage
		17.3.1 Structure of Positive Active Material -Ni(OH)2
		17.3.2 Phase Structure Analysis of Insoluble Substance of Positive Materials in Acetic Acid Before and After Discharge Storage
	17.4 XRD Comparative Analysis of AB5 Hydrogen Storage Alloy Before and After Storage
	17.5 Chemical Physics Behavior of Electrode Active Materials During Battery Storage
		17.5.1 Phase Structure Changes of Positive and Negative Active Materials During Storage
		17.5.2 Microstructural Changes of Positive and Negative Materials Before and After Battery Storage
		17.5.3 Relationship Between Battery Storage Performance and Electrode Material Structure and Microstructure
	17.6 Mechanism of Performance Degradation During Battery Storage
	References
18 Mechanism of Storage Process for Graphite/LiCoO2 and Graphite/Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 Batteries
	18.1 Macro-observation of Graphite/LiCoO2 Battery Before and After Storage [1, 2]
	18.2 Changes in Battery Performance Before and After Storage [1–4]
		18.2.1 Change of 0.2C Capacity of Battery Before and After Storage
		18.2.2 Changes in Battery Power Performance After Storage [1, 2, 4]
		18.2.3 Change of Battery Cycle Performance After Storage
		18.2.4 Resistance to Overcharge and Thermal Stability
	18.3 Fine Structure Changes of Battery Positive and Negative Active Materials Before and After Storage [1]
		18.3.1 Microstructural Changes of Negative Materials Before and After Storage
		18.3.2 Microstructural Changes of Positive Material LiCoO2 Before and After Storage [2]
		18.3.3 Microstructural Changes of Positive Material Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 Before and After Storage [4]
	18.4 Surface Morphology and Composition of Positive and Negative Electrodes Before and After Storage [1, 2, 4]
		18.4.1 Surface Morphology of Positive and Negative Electrodes of Graphite/LiCoO2 Battery Before and After Storage [1, 2]
		18.4.2 Surface Morphology and Composition of Positive and Negative Electrodes for Graphite/Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 Battery Before and After Storage
	18.5 Observation of the Morphology of the Diaphragm [1, 2, 4]
		18.5.1 Diaphragm of Graphite/LiCoO2 Battery [1, 2]
		18.5.2 Diaphragm of Graphite/Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 Battery [1, 4]
	18.6 Comparison of Two Kinds of Batteries and Analysis of the Mechanism Effecting the Storage Performance of Li-Ion Batteries
		18.6.1 Temperature and Charge Effects of Storage Performance Decay of Battery
		18.6.2 Comparison of Graphite/LiCoO2 and Graphite/Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 Batteries
		18.6.3 Corresponding Relationship Between Storage Performance and Fine Structure of Battery Materials
		18.6.4 Discussion on the Decay Mechanism of Storage Performance of Battery
	References
19 Mechanism Research of Storage Process for Graphite/LiFePO4 Battery
	19.1 Performance Change of 2H-Graphite/LiFePO4 Battery After Storage [1]
		19.1.1 The Change of Capacity and Charge–Discharge Performance of 2H-Graphite/LiFePO4 Battery After Storage
		19.1.2 Changes in the Safety of Graphite/LiFePO4 Batteries After Storage
	19.2 Change of Electrode Characteristics of 2H-Graphite/LiFePO4 Battery After Storage [1]
		19.2.1 Capacity Change of Positive and Negative Electrodes of 2H-Graphite/LiFePO4 Battery After Storage
		19.2.2 Change of Dynamic Performance of Positive and Negative Electrodes of 2H-Graphite/LiFePO4 Battery After Storage
		19.2.3 Change of Surface Morphology of Positive and Negative Electrodes of Graphite/LiFePO4 Battery After Storage
	19.3 Fine Structure Changes of Positive Active Materials During Battery Charge–Discharge Before and After Storage
		19.3.1 Structural Changes of LiFePO4 During Charge and Discharge Before Storage
		19.3.2 Structural Changes of LiFePO4 During Charge and Discharge After Storage
	19.4 Analysis of Battery Performance Degradation Mechanism
		19.4.1 The Relationship Between the Change of Battery Performance and the Fine Structure of Battery Active Material
		19.4.2 Discussion on the Mechanism of Storage Performance Change of Battery
	References
20 Effect and Action Mechanism of β-Ni(OH)2 Additive in MH/Ni Battery
	20.1 Effect of Adding CoO [4]
		20.1.1 Effect of CoO Addition on Battery Performance
		20.1.2 Effect of CoO Addition on Microstructure Parameters of Battery Positive and Negative Active Materials
	20.2 Effects of Different Types of Additives [4]
		20.2.1 Effects of Different Types of Additives on Battery Performance
		20.2.2 Effects of Different Additives on Structure and Microstructure of Positive Active Materials
		20.2.3 Effects of Different Additives on the Structure and Microstructure of Negative Active Materials
	20.3 Effects of Different Ca Additives [4, 10]
	20.4 Physical Mechanism of the Action of β-Ni(OH)2 Additive [4]
		20.4.1 Behavior of Electrode Active Material During Battery Cycle
		20.4.2 On the Action Mechanism of β-Ni(OH)2 Additive
	20.5 Conclusion
	References
21 The Method and Action Mechanism of Improving the Performance of Secondary Battery
	21.1 Methods to Improve the Performance of Secondary Battery
	21.2 Application of Hard Carbon as Negative Electrode Active Material [9]
	21.3 The Effect of the Additive of Positive Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 [10]
		21.3.1 Al(OH)3 Additive
		21.3.2 Effect of Al(OH)3 Adding Amount on Battery Performance
		21.3.3 Effect of Different Additives on Battery Performance
		21.3.4 Summary of Research on Additives
	21.4 Overview of Coating of Positive Active Material for Li-Ion Battery
		21.4.1 Coating of Positive Active Material for Li-Ion Battery
		21.4.2 Study on the Mechanism of Surface Coating Modification of Cathode Materials
	21.5 Comparison of Storage Performance of 2H-Graphite/Li(Ni,Co,Mn)O2 Battery Before and After Al2O3 Coating [11]
	21.6 Overcharge Performance and Thermal Stability of Graphite/Li(Ni,Co,Mn)O2 Battery Before and After Al2O3 Coating [11 –39]
	21.7 Research Conclusion of Graphite/Li(Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4)O2 Battery Coated by Al2O3
	References
The Recommendation of Three Full Professorial Experts
Recommendation of Professor Li Guo-Xin, at Shanghai Space Power Research Institute
Recommendation of Professor Jiang Chuan-Hai, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
The Recommendation of Professor Wang Ran, Shanghai Aowei Technology Development Co., Ltd.
Subject Index