Materials, Design, and Manufacturing for Sustainable Environment: Select Proceedings of ICMDMSE 2020 (Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering)

ICMDMSE 2020—Organizing Committee
	Chief Patron
	Patrons
	Chairs
	Co-chair
	Organizing Secretaries
	Publications
	Public Relations
	Publicity and Media
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Experimental Analysis of Tribological Behaviour of Jute Fiber-Reinforced Nanoclay Filled Epoxy Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Surface Modification of the Jute Fiber
		2.3 Fabrication of the Composites
		2.4 Wear Analysis
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Wear Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Robust Motion Control Scheme of an Underwater Robot with Tiltable Thrusters
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Rationale
	3 The Organizational Flow of the Paper
	4 Mathematical Model
		4.1 Robot Design
		4.2 Assumptions
		4.3 Preliminary Description of the States
		4.4 Motion Equations of the Submerged Robot
		4.5 Thruster Dynamics
	5 Nonlinear Control Strategy
	6 Tuning of Gain Constants
		6.1 Trajectory Generation
		6.2 Tuning of Gain Constants
	7 Results of Spatial Tracking Simulations
	8 Concluding Remarks
	References
Characterization of Pneumatic Air Muscle (PAM) Under Unloaded and Loaded Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Working Principle of PAM
	3 Experimental Procedure
	4 Experimental Results
		4.1 Input Air Pressure Versus Length of PAM
		4.2 Input Air Pressure Versus Contraction Ratio %
		4.3 Input Air Pressure Versus Diameter of PAM
		4.4 Hysteresis of PAM
	5 Characteristics Under Loaded Condition
	6 Conclusion
	References
Experimental Studies on Biomachining of Copper and Its Behavioural Characteristics
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Details
		2.1 Creating a Suitable Biomachining Environment
		2.2 Culture Preparation
		2.3 Sample Preparation
		2.4 Biomachining of Copper
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Metal Removal Rate
		3.2 Colour Change Indication
		3.3 Microhardness Test
		3.4 SEM Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Experimental Investigation of Tensile Strength and Hardness in GMAW/GTAW Butt Welded Joints with Various Shielding Gas Compositions
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Studies on Shielding Gas for GMAW
		1.2 Studies on Mechanical Properties of Weld Under Different Shielding Gas Blends
		1.3 Studies on Melting Rates in GMAW with Different Gas Blends
		1.4 Studies on Shielding Gas for GTAW
		1.5 Comparison of Shielding Gas Blends Studies in Both GMAW/GTAW
		1.6 Dynamic Behavior Studies on GMAW
		1.7 Experimental and Computational Simulation Research in GMAW
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Tensile Strength of GMAW Welded Specimens
		3.2 Tensile Strength of GTAW Welded Specimens
		3.3 Hardness of GMAW Welded Specimens
		3.4 Hardness of GTAW Welded Specimens
	4 Conclusion
	References
Double-Loop Robust Motion Control of a Ground-Based Vehicle-Manipulator System
	1 Introduction
	2 System Description and Mathematical Model
		2.1 Description of the Ground-Based Vehicle-Manipulator System
		2.2 Kinematic Model
		2.3 Dynamic Model
		2.4 Actuator Inputs and Its Allocations
	3 Motion Control Design
		3.1 Stability Analysis
	4 Simulation Experiments and Outcomes
		4.1 Description of the Simulation Experiments
		4.2 Simulation Outcomes and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Trend Plot Analysis of Dry Sliding Wear in Al/SiC Co-continuous Ceramic Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Fabrication of C4
		2.2 Hardness Tests
		2.3 Dry Sliding Wear Tests
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Study on Fibre Behaviour for Chemical Treatment and Fabrication of ABS-Based Fibre Composite
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedure
		2.1 Fibre Extraction Process
		2.2 Chemical Treatment of Fibres
		2.3 Testing of Fibres
		2.4 Fabrication of Sample Specimen
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of Chemical Treatment on Sisal and Banana Fibre
		3.2 Specimen Preparation Using FDM
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Study on Influence of Frictional Coefficient on Stresses in AISI-1045 Forging Using DEFORM-3D
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Survey
		2.1 Closed-Die Forging (CDF) Process and the Process Parameters
	3 Design Methodology
		3.1 Drawing of Forged Component and Die in SolidWorks
		3.2 Steps
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Effective Stress Analysis
		4.2 Effective Strain Analysis
		4.3 Damage Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Influence of Phoenix sp. Fiber Content on the Viscoelastic Properties of Polymer Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Fabrication of Composites
		2.3 Viscoelastic Properties
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Storage Modulus (Eʹ)
		3.2 Loss Modulus (Eʹʹ)
		3.3 Damping Factor (Tan δ)
		3.4 Cole–Cole Plot
	4 Conclusions
	References
Development of Visionless Flexible Part Feeder for Handling Shock Absorbers
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Singularizing Unit
		3.1 Selection of Type of Orienting Tools to Be Used
		3.2 Testing of the Singularizing Unit
	4 Orienting Unit
		4.1 Design of the Orienting Unit
		4.2 Designing the Orienting Tools to Orient the Pair to Be Altered
		4.3 Control System
		4.4 Fabrication and Testing
	5 Toppling Unit
		5.1 Design of Orienting Tools in the Toppling Unit
		5.2 Development of Identification Unit for Toppling
		5.3 Fabrication and Testing of the Toppling Unit
	6 Conclusions
	References
Influence of Micro B4C Particles Reinforced Al 4043 Composite Filler Wires on Structural Properties of Al 6061 Weldment
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Composite Fabrication
		2.2 Filler Rod Fabrication
		2.3 TIG Welding
		2.4 Sample Preparation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Hardness
		3.2 Tensile Test
		3.3 Microstructural Examination
	4 Conclusion
	References
Ballistic Performance Simulation of Graphene–Dyneema Multi-layered Armor
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Body Armors
		1.2 Materials Used
		1.3 Graphene
	2 Analysis
		2.1 Design Specifications
		2.2 Boundary Conditions
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Analysis of Plain Dyneema Fibers
		3.2 Analysis of Dyneema–Graphene Fibers
	4 Conclusion
	References
Performance Analysis of Ball Bearing with Solid Contaminants Using Vibration Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Comparison of GB with 5% Contaminated GB
		3.2 Comparison of GB with 15% Contaminated GB
		3.3 Comparison of GB with 25% Contaminated GB
	4 Conclusions
	References
Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) Natural Fiber Composite Properties—A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Processing of Water Hyacinth Plant Fiber [15]
		2.1 Natural Fiber Properties [16, 17, 19]
	3 Mechanical Testing
		3.1 Tensile Strength Properties
		3.2 Flexural Strength Properties
		3.3 Thermal Testing
		3.4 Surface Testing
	4 Commercial and Engineering Application
	5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Automatic Body Posture Corrector for Spinal Cord Patients
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Posture Warning Device
		2.2 Posture Sensing Alert Apparatus
		2.3 Existing System
	3 Methodology of the Proposed Work
		3.1 Finding of Posture Changes
		3.2 Actuating Vibrator
		3.3 Playing Voice Command
		3.4 Control Using Mobile Phone
	4 Operational and Technical Feasibility
	5 Results and Discussions
	6 Working Methodology
	7 Conclusion
	References
Design and Development of Augmented Reality Application for Manufacturing Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Considerations Design Space for an Interactive Book
	4 Software’s Development Kits Used in the Experiments
	5 Effect of the Size of the Page
	6 Effect of Orientation of the Page
	7 Effect of Curvature of the Page
	8 Results and Conclusion
	References
Evaluation of Drilled Hole Quality in Aluminum MoS2 Metal Matrix Composite
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Experimental Setup
		2.3 Selection of Factors and Levels
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Study on Surface Roughness
		3.2 Study on Thrust Force
		3.3 Study on Hole Size
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Comprehensive Review on Mechanical Properties of Natural Cellulosic Fiber Reinforced PLA Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Natural Fibers Reinforced in PLA
		2.1 Banana Fiber
		2.2 Sisal Fiber
		2.3 Flax Fiber
		2.4 Jute Fiber
		2.5 Coir Fiber
	3 Surface Modification of Natural Fibers
		3.1 Surface Modified Banana Fiber Reinforced PLA
		3.2 Surface Modified Sisal Fiber Reinforced PLA
		3.3 Surface Modified Jute Fiber Reinforced PLA
		3.4 Surface Modified Coir Fiber Reinforced PLA
		3.5 Surface Modified Flax Fiber Reinforced PLA
	4 Manufacturing Methods
		4.1 Direct Injection Moulding (DIM)
		4.2 Extrusion Injection Moulding (EIM)
		4.3 Extrusion Compression Moulding (ECM)
	5 Conclusion
	References
Electrical Properties of Cement and Geopolymer Composite Under Cyclic Compressive Loading
	1 Introduction
	2 Components of SHM
	3 Need for Current Study
	4 Piezo-Resistivity
	5 Characteristics of Composite
	6 Geopolymer Composite
	7 Materials
		7.1 Classification of Fly Ash
		7.2 Mix Proportion
	8 Methods of Measurement
		8.1 Specimen Preparation
		8.2 Electrical Resistivity
	9 Conclusion
	References
Techniques on Corrosion Prevention and Rust Removal on Different Steels
	1 Introduction
	2 Different Steels and Their Techniques
		2.1 Mild Steel
		2.2 Carbon Steel
		2.3 Weathering Steel
		2.4 Base Metals
		2.5 Stainless Steel
	3 Conclusions
	References
Pull-Out and Bond Degradation of Rebars in Reinforced Concrete Structures
	1 Introduction
	2 Bond Degradation
		2.1 Influence of Main Reinforcement Corrosion
		2.2 Effects Concerning Stirrups
		2.3 Effect Concerning Concrete Cover
		2.4 Effect Concerning Type of Concrete
		2.5 Effect Concerning the Rate of Corrosion
	3 Pull-Out Test
	4 Bond-Slip Relationship
	5 Conclusion
	References
Structural Behavior of Glulam Beams with Proper Reinforcement Bars—A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
		2.1 Glulams
		2.2 Adhesives
		2.3 Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (FRPs)
	3 Mechanical Properties
	4 Behavior of Connections
	5 Discussions
	6 Conclusions
	References
Review of Cold-Formed Steel Columns
	1 Introduction
	2 Selection of CFS Sections
	3 Experimental Investigations
	4 Numerical Investigations
	5 Theoretical Investigations
	6 CFS Single Sections
		6.1 Ultimate Capacity of the Column
		6.2 Buckling Effects
		6.3 Effects of Geometrical Imperfections
		6.4 Optimization
	7 CFS Built-Up Sections
		7.1 Closely Placed CFS Built-Up Sections
		7.2 CFS Built-Up Sections with Gap
	8 Conclusions
	References
Analysis of Tool Wear in Micro-EDM Drilling Using Response Surface Methodology
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Process
		2.1 Selection of Levels and Parameters
		2.2 Micro-Drilling
		2.3 Tool Wear
	3 Optimization of Process Parameters for Tool Wear
	4 Result
	5 Conclusion
	References
Multiple Criterion Decision-Making Technique for Optimization of Machining Parameters: A Case on Drilling of Titanium Alloy
	1 Introduction
	2 Drilling of Titanium Alloy
		2.1 Experimental Details
	3 Drilling Performance Appraisal Attributes
	4 Grey Relational Analysis (GRA)
	5 Topsis
	6 Methodology for GRA-TOPSIS
	7 Determination of Optimal Parameter Setting
	8 Confirmation Test
	9 Conclusion
	References
Prediction of Surface Characteristics of Cut Surfaces Produced by Plasma Arc Cutting Process by Using Image Processing and Fuzzy Logic Technique
	1 Introduction
	2 Plasma Arc Cutting Process for Mild Steel
		2.1 Experimental Details
		2.2 Design of Experiment
		2.3 Response Measurements
		2.4 Image Processing
	3 Prediction Techniques
		3.1 Fuzzy Logic
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Biomass Material Selection for Sustainable Environment by the Application of Multi-Objective Optimization on the Basis of Ratio Analysis (MOORA)
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
	3 Methods and Materials
		3.1 Moora
		3.2 Reference Point MOORA Method
		3.3 Full Multiplicative MOORA Method
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Biomass Material Selection Illustration
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Multi-criteria Decision-Making Method to Analyze Service Quality Risks in Healthcare Industries
	1 Introduction
	2 Relevant Literature
		2.1 Risk Factors Associated in Service Quality of Hospitals
		2.2 Gap of Literature
	3 Framework for Orthopedic Hospital Service Quality Assessment
	4 Methodology of IVFM TOPSIS
	5 Case Study
		5.1 Recognition of Risk Factor for Service Quality and Selection of Orthopedic Hospital
		5.2 Gathering of Data
	6 Conclusion
	References
Experimental Investigation on Electrically Assisted Incremental Sheet Metal Forming of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy
	1 Introduction
	2 Electrically Assisted Incremental Sheet Metal Forming
		2.1 Process Parameters of EAISMF
	3 Experimental Work
		3.1 Methodology
		3.2 Design of Experiments
		3.3 Fixture and Forming Tools
		3.4 Preprocessing of Forming Tool and Sheet Metal
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Forming Limit Diagram (FLD)
	5 Conclusions
	References
Investigation of Cutting Temperature on Machining Titanium Alloys Using Micro-textured Cutting Inserts
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Set-Up
		2.1 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Analytical Calculation
		3.2 Investigation of Analytical Cutting Temperature and Experimental Using Surface Textured Cutting Tools
	4 Conclusion
	References
Experimental Investigation on the Effects of Welding Parameters in Tungsten Inert Gas Welding of Hastelloy C-276
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Materials
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of Welding Parameter on Front Width
		3.2 Effect of Welding Parameter on Front Height
		3.3 Effect of Welding Parameter on Area
	4 Conclusion
	References
Optimization of Particle Size of Teak Wood Saw Powder Using Taguchi Method
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Taguchi Method
		1.2 Planetary Ball Mill
		1.3 Sieve
		1.4 Research Gap
	2 Design of Experiments
		2.1 Taguchi Analysis
	3 Experimental Work
		3.1 Blending
		3.2 Sieve
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Particle Size Analysis
		4.2 Optimal Values
	5 Conclusion
	6 Future Scope
	References
Optimization of Machining Parameters in Drilling Ti–6Al–4V Using User’s Preference Rating-Based TOPSIS
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedure
		2.1 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Investigation of Machining Parameters on Drilling Responses
		3.2 Optimization of Machining Parameters
	4 Conclusions
	References
Multi-objective Optimization of CNC Turning Parameters of Grey Cast Iron Using Response Surface Methodology and Genetic Algorithm
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Optimization
		1.2 Methods of Optimization
		1.3 Non-traditional Optimization
		1.4 Need for the Current Study
		1.5 Problem Statement
		1.6 Scope
		1.7 List of Possible Solutions
		1.8 Objectives
		1.9 Methodology
		1.10 Literature Review
	2 Design of Experiments
		2.1 Output Parameters and Input Parameters
		2.2 Selection of Levels
		2.3 The Central Composite Design
	3 Experimental Details
		3.1 Insert
		3.2 Material
		3.3 Specifications of the Computer Numerical Control Machine
		3.4 Experimentation
	4 Calculation of Output Parameters
		4.1 Calculation of Processing Time
		4.2 Calculation of Carbon Emission
		4.3 Calculation of Surface Roughness
	5 Results and Discussions
		5.1 Results
	6 Conclusion
	7 Scope
	References
Comparison of Dispatching Rules in a Flow Shop Scheduling Problem Using Simulation
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Dispatching Rules
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Problem Background
	3 Methodology
	4 Performance Measurement
	5 Simulation Model Creation
		5.1 Simulation Assumptions
	6 Simulation Using Arena
		6.1 Existing Model Simulation
		6.2 Shortest Processing Time
		6.3 Longest Processing Time
		6.4 Comparison of Results
		6.5 Waiting Time
		6.6 Takt Time
	7 Results
	8 Conclusions
	Appendix
	References
Prioritizing the Challenges for Lean and Industry 4.0 Integration Using Fuzzy TOPSIS
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Review on Lean Challenges
		2.2 Review on Industry 4.0 Challenges
		2.3 Review on Interdependencies of Lean and Industry 4.0
	3 Fuzzy TOPSIS Methodology
	4 Case Study
		4.1 Result
	5 Conclusion
	References
Hardfacing of Ni-Based Alloys on Medium Carbon Steel to Improve Turbine Blade Properties
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Experimentation
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Wear Testing
		4.2 Corrosion Testing
	5 Conclusion
	References
Development of Supply Chain Risk Management Strategies for Mitigating Loss Prevention in Manufacturing Organizations
	1 Introduction
	2 Concept of Risk Management
		2.1 Risk Identification
		2.2 Risk Evaluation
		2.3 Risk Control
	3 Concept of Supply Chain Management
	4 Concept of Supply Chain Risk Management
	5 Review of Literature
		5.1 Supply Chain Risk Management: Need and Industrial Importance
		5.2 Investigation and Development of Pilot Preventive Supply Chain Risk Management Strategies
	6 Details of the Profile of the Case Study Organization
	7 Investigations with Risk Analysis
		7.1 Development of Appropriate Preventive Supply Chain Risk Management Pilot Strategies and Its Implementation
		7.2 Advantages and Benefits of the Preventive Supply Chain Risk Management Strategies
		7.3 Future Scope of Work
	8 Conclusions
	References
Effective Supply Chain Management by Using the Data-Based Decision Support System
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
	4 Decision Support System
		4.1 Elements of DSS
	5 Logistic Network Design
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusions
	References
Design and Analysis of Flow Field Patterns in Bipolar Plates of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Effect of Flow Distribution on Cell Performance
		1.2 Effect of Pressure Drop on Cell Performance
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Design Works
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Serpentine Model (Sharp Corners)
		3.2 Parallel Model
	4 Conclusion
	References
CFD Analysis of NACA 4412 Aerofoil Considering Ground Effect
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling Details
		2.1 Model Domain
		2.2 Mesh Details
		2.3 Governing Equations
		2.4 Model Validation
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Model and Simulation of Photovoltaic Cell Heat Transfer Performance Integrated with PCM
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Phase Changing Materials (PCMs)
	2 Investigations
	3 Numerical Modelling
		3.1 PV Panel Temperature
		3.2 Temperature of PCM
		3.3 Power Output and Efficiency
	4 Simulation Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	6 Future Work
	References
Study on Performance Enhancement of SPV Panel Incorporating a Nanocomposite PCM as Thermal Regulator
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Synthesizing Nanocomposite Phase Change Material (NCPCM)
		2.2 Evaluating Thermo-physical Properties of NCPCM
		2.3 Fabrication of NCPCM Integrated Solar PV Panel
	3 Experimental Work
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Temperature Trends in SPV Panels
		4.2 Efficiency Trend of the SPV Panels
	5 Conclusion
	References
Modal Analysis of Pipe Line Under Fluid-Structure Interaction by Simulation and Experiment
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Theory–Numerical Analysis
		3.1 Structural Element Formulations
		3.2 Fluid Element Formulations
		3.3 Fluid–Structure Interaction Formulation
	4 Problem Formulation
	5 Finite Element Formulation
	6 Experimental Setup
		6.1 Uncertainty in Measurement
	7 Result
		7.1 Finite Element Analysis
		7.2 Experimental Modal Analysis
	8 Analysis and Comparison
	9 Conclusion
	10 Scope for Further Work
	References
Flow Estimation Using Cross-Flow-Induced Vibration
	1 Introduction
	2 Theory
		2.1 Flow Analysis
		2.2 Vibration Analysis
		2.3 Damping
	3 Test Specimen
	4 Modal Analysis
	5 Flow Measurement and Analysis Methods
		5.1 Frequency Method
		5.2 Amplitude Method
	6 Experimental Test Facility
		6.1 Test Loop
		6.2 Instrumentation
		6.3 Uncertainty in Flow Measurement
	7 Numerical Analysis
	8 Experimental Results
	9 Result and Discussion
	10 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Dodecagon Shape Frustum Concentrator and Internal Fins in 2 in 1 Box-Type Solar Cooker
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
	3 Efficiency Calculation
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Effect of Dodecagon Shape Frustum Concentrator
		4.2 Effect of Combined Cooking and Air Heating
		4.3 Effect of Material of Pan
		4.4 Effect of Internal Fins in Pan
	5 Economic and Environmental Benefit
	6 Conclusion
	References
Studies on the Improved Design in the Heat-Setting Platen Used in Textile Industry
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Following Problems Are Faced with the Existing Platen Design
	2 Proposed Modifications and Its Implications
	3 Numerical Verification
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Drag Reduction in the Sedan Car by Implementing Diffuser to Improve the Fuel Efficiency
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Modelling and Design
		2.2 Grid Generation
		2.3 Boundary Conditions
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Smart Maintenance and Analytics for Indian SMEs
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Needs and Trends for New Gen Upgrade
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Innovative Maintenance
		2.2 Industrial Big Data—Data Management System
	3 Self-Aware Machine
		3.1 Advantages of Self-Aware Machines
	4 Case Study: Smart Maintenance System in ABC Polymer Industry
		4.1 Data Analysis
		4.2 Components Used
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Future Scope
	7 Conclusion
	References
Insight into Smart Fire Detection Systems
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Fire Engineering
		1.2 Fire Detection and Alarm System
	2 System Overview
	3 Wireless Fire Protection System [1]
		3.1 Software Algorithm for Wireless Fire Protection System
	4 Early Notification Fire Detection System [2]
	5 Real-Time Fire Detection System [3]
	6 Sensor Fused Fire Detection System (FDS) [4]
	7 An Intelligent Fire Warning System [5]
	8 Analysis of Various Fire Detection System
	9 Conclusion
	References
Cabbage Discernment Using CNN for Vegebot Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Statement and Methodology
		2.1 Dataset Collection
		2.2 Preprocessing
		2.3 Building the Structure of CNN Model
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Evaluation
		3.2 Obtained Results
	4 Conclusions
	5 Future Work
	References
Machine Learning Approach for Crop Prediction Based on Climatic Parameters
	1 Introduction
	2 Machine Learning Techniques
		2.1 Learning Process
	3 Seven Steps of Machine Learning Algorithm
	4 Performance Evaluation Using Confusion Matrix
		4.1 Confusion Matrix
		4.2 Performance of the ML Models Using a Different Number of Samples
	5 Conclusion
	References
Analysis of Risk Factors in Road Accidents Using Fuzzy ANP Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Risk Factors Involved in Road Accidents
		2.2 Research Gap and Focuses
	3 Proposed Framework of This Paper
	4 Methodology
	5 Case Study
	6 Result and Discussions
	7 Conclusion
	8 Managerial Implications
	References
Selection of the Best Crop for Farming Using Machine Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials Used
		2.1 Overview of Proposed System
		2.2 Block Diagram of Prediction of Crop Yield
		2.3 Block Diagram for Image Detection
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Nutrient Content of Crops
	4 Virtual Instrumentation-Based Image Detection and Analysis
		4.1 Analysis of the N–P–K Values
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Numerical Analysis on Flow Characteristics of Air Through Human Respiratory Airway Using OpenFOAM
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology Adopted
	3 Numerical Method
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Investigation of Green Manufacturing in Motor and Pump Industries Through a System Model ‘GREEN-6S’
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 System Model for ‘GREEN-6S’
		3.1 Find ‘GREEN-6S’ Colour
		3.2 Prepare Brush for Painting
		3.3 Paint it Green
		3.4 Keep it Green
	4 Investigation of ‘Green-6S’ in Motor and Pump Industries
		4.1 Green 6S Adoption Procedure
		4.2 Standard Work Sheet
		4.3 Standard Work Combination Sheet
		4.4 Document Reality
	5 Results
		5.1 GREEN-6S Audit Scores
		5.2 Performance Indicators
		5.3 Feel Good Factor
	6 Conclusion
	References
Concrete Bridge Crack Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Method
		2.1 Data Preparation
		2.2 Gabor Filter
		2.3 Enhanced Adaptive Threshold-Based Segmentation
		2.4 Hyperparameters
		2.5 Overall Network Structure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Model Evaluation
	4 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Investigation of Duplex Stainless Steel Using RSM and Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA)
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Duplex Stainless Steel (DSS)
	2 Surface Roughness and Machining Time
	3 Procedure for Experimentation
		3.1 Identification of Design Matrix
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Interaction Effect of Variables
		4.2 Interaction Effect on Surface Roughness
		4.3 Interaction Effect for Machining Time
	5 Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA)
	6 Conclusion
	References
CFD Analysis of Combined Thermal Radiation and Conjugate Heat Transfer in a 3D FFS
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Modelling
		2.1 Physical Domain and Boundary Conditions
		2.2 Governing Equations
		2.3 Solution Procedure
		2.4 Validation of the Code
		2.5 Grid Independency Study
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Importance of Radiative Heat Transfer
		3.2 Effect of τ
		3.3 Effect of ω
	4 Conclusion
	References
An Extensive Review on Befitting Batteries and Drives for Electric Vehicles
	1 Introduction
	2 Contemporary Battery Technologies
		2.1 Lead Acid Batteries
		2.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries
		2.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) Batteries
	3 Impending Prospects of Battery Technologies
		3.1 Sand Battery
		3.2 Gold Nanowire Batteries
		3.3 Graphene Batteries
		3.4 Aluminium-Air Battery
		3.5 Sodium-Ion Batteries
		3.6 Liquid Flow Batteries
	4 Assortment of Battery Specifications
		4.1 Cell and Modules
		4.2 C and E Rates
		4.3 Primary and Secondary Cells
		4.4 mA Hours
		4.5 AA and AAA
		4.6 kWh
		4.7 Specific Energy (Wh/Kg)
		4.8 Specific Power (W/Kg)
		4.9 Energy Density (Wh/L)
		4.10 State of Charge (SOC)
		4.11 Depth of Discharge (DOD)
		4.12 Terminal Voltage
		4.13 Open-Circuit Voltage
		4.14 Internal Resistance
	5 Prominent Battery Charging Methods
		5.1 Constant Voltage
		5.2 Constant Current
		5.3 IUI Charging
		5.4 Percentage Capacity Discharged Versus Cell Voltage of Different Batteries
	6 Electric Storage Capacity of Different Types of Batteries
	7 Electric Motor Drive Requirements of EVs
	8 Characteristics of 4 Types of Motor Drives Suitable for Evs
		8.1 Brushed DC Motor Drives
		8.2 Induction Motor Drives
		8.3 Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Drives
		8.4 Switched Reluctance Motor Drives
	9 Comparison of Important Performance Metrics of Electric Drives
	10 Torque—Speed Curves for Commonly Used Drives
	References
Classification of Rice Grains Based on Quality Using Probabilistic Neural Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Method
		2.1 Pre-processing by Wiener Filter
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Modeling, Optimization and Corrosion Analysis of FS Welded LM25-SiC MMCs
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedure
		2.1 Stir Casting
		2.2 Friction Stir Welding
		2.3 Post Weld Heat Treatment
		2.4 Microstructure
		2.5 Corrosion Test
	3 Modeling
		3.1 Formulation of Mathematical Models
		3.2 Testing the Adequacy of Models
		3.3 Model Validation
	4 Optimization
	5 Results and Discussions
	6 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Investigation on Tool Wear Using Sub-zero Treated Insert in Turning of EN 24 Steel
	1 Introduction
	2 Details of the Experiment
		2.1 Work Specimen and Tool Material
		2.2 Sub-zero Treatment
		2.3 Experimental Procedure for Turning
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Design Fabrication and Control of Soft Robotic Gripper for Material Handling
	1 Introduction
	2 Design of Softgripper
		2.1 3D Design for Pattern 1
		2.2 2D Design for Pattern 1
		2.3 3D Design for Pattern 2
		2.4 2D Design for Pattern 2
		2.5 3D Design for Pattern 3
		2.6 Holder Design
		2.7 Gripper Design
	3 Analysis of Single Finger by Applying Air Pressure
		3.1 Pattern 1
		3.2 Deformation Graph
		3.3 Pattern 2
		3.4 Gripper Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	5 Future Scope
	References