Material and Energy Recovery from Solid Waste for a Circular Economy

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Editor Biographies
List of Contributors
1 The ‘Greening’ of an Australian University: Onsite Composting of Residential Food Waste
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Food Waste in the Hospitality Sector
		1.2.1 The Circular Economy and Food Waste Management
	1.3 Materials and Methods
		1.3.1 The University, Its Food Waste Recovery Program, and Business Partners
		1.3.2 Primary (Bio-Regen®) Process
		1.3.3 Secondary (Groundswell®) Process
	1.4 Data Analysis
	1.5 Results
		1.5.1 The Food Recovery Program: Collection System, Data Recording, and Processing
		1.5.2 Food Waste Audit
		1.5.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis
		1.5.4 Carbon Footprint Analysis
		1.5.5 Case Study
	1.6 Discussion
	1.7 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
2 Evaluating the Bacterial Concrete as a Solution to Construction Debris Waste
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Methodology
		2.2.1 Research Protocol
		2.2.2 Search
		2.2.3 Appraisal
		2.2.4 Synthesis and Analysis
		2.2.5 Statistical Analysis
	2.3 Bacteria as a Self-Healing Agent for Cracks in Cement
	2.4 Bacterial Self-Healing Concrete as a Structural Material
		2.4.1 Compressive Strength
		2.4.2 Flexural Strength
		2.4.3 Split Tensile Strength
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
3 Sustainable Utilization of Construction and Demolition Waste in Geotechnical Engineering: A State-Of-The-Art Review
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Different Types of CDW
		3.2.1 Recycled Concrete Aggregate
		3.2.2 Crushed Brick
		3.2.3 Crushed Marble
		3.2.4 Recycled Glass
		3.2.5 Railway Track Ballast
		3.2.6 Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
	3.3 Current Scenario of CDW in India
	3.4 Applications of CDW in Geotechnical Engineering
		3.4.1 Filler Materials for Stone Column
		3.4.2 Pavement Construction
		3.4.3 Embankment Construction
		3.4.4 Soil Stabilization
		3.4.5 Construction of Retaining Walls
	3.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
4 On the Challenge of Recycling Massively Used Polymer-Based Packaging
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Rigid Containers
		4.2.1 Mono Material Packaging
		4.2.2 Multi Material Packaging
	4.3 Flexible Containers
		4.3.1 Mono Material Packaging
		4.3.2 Multi Material Packaging
	4.4 Biodegradable Plastic Packaging
		4.4.1 Biodegradability
		4.4.2 Bioplastics and Their Classification
		4.4.3 Polymers Extracted/Isolated Directly From Biomass Or Natural Materials
		4.4.4 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers
	4.5 Future Perspective of Biopolymers in the Packaging Industry
	4.6 Conclusion: Future and Perspective
	References
5 A Comprehensive Techno-Commercial Analysis of Biomedical & COVID Waste-Related Situation in India Abetted With a Case Study
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Genesis of BMW Legislation in India and Other Related Legislation
	5.3 Generation of BMW From Different Cities and States
	5.4 Generation of COVID Waste From Different Cities and States
	5.5 Qualitative Monitoring By the Statutory Bodies and Compliance Status of Rules
	5.6 Forceful/Illegal Disposal of BMW in Municipal Solid Waste Management Facility
	5.7 Illegal Reuse of Contaminated BMW in the Healthcare Units and Recycling
	5.8 Issues With Waste Collection
	5.9 Treatment Technologies
		5.9.1 Mechanical Processing
		5.9.2 Incineration
		5.9.3 Chemical Treatment
		5.9.4 Microwave Radiation Method
		5.9.5 Irradiation Method
		5.9.6 Vitrification
		5.9.7 Inertization and Landfilling
	5.10 Disposal of CBMW in TSDFs
	5.11 Technologies With Provisional Approval
		5.11.1 Plasma Pyrolysis Technology
		5.11.2 Sharp Blaster Technology
		5.11.3 Positive Impact Waste Solution (PIWS- 3000) Technology
	5.12 Indian Approach Against COVID-19
	5.13 Case Study of Medicare Environmental Management Private Limited, Ramky
		5.13.1 Service Area
		5.13.2 Existing Collection Method, Frequency, and Feedstock Storage
		5.13.3 Practice for BMW
		5.13.4 Practice for CW
		5.13.5 Treatment and Disposal Practices
			5.13.5.1 Practices for General BMW
			5.13.5.2 Practices for CW
		5.13.6 Personnel Handling BMW and CW
		5.13.7 PPE Used By the Operators and Precautionary Measures
	5.14 Operation Economy and Sustainability
		5.14.1 Business Model Dealing With BMW and CW
	5.15 Observations and Suggestions
		5.15.1 Major Shortcomings
		5.15.2 Suggestions
			5.15.2.1 Related to Virus Containment
			5.15.2.2 Related to Waste Minimization
			5.15.2.3 Related to Waste Management
			5.15.2.4 Related to Effective PPE Waste Handling
	5.16 Conclusion and Future Research
	References
6 Selective Collection for Optimized Recycling of Waste: Case Study: The City of Constantine (Algeria)
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Waste Management in Urban Areas (Elements of Appraisal)
	6.3 Issues and Objectives
	6.4 The City of Constantine: Urban Context and Household Waste Management Strategies
		6.4.1 Case Study: DAKSI ABDESLEM
		6.4.2 Study of the District: Diagnostic Elements (Area, Densities, and Spatial Organization)
		6.4.3 The Built Environment (Housing Park)
		6.4.4 Study of Household Waste Management (Survey With Users Via the Questionnaire)
	6.5 Results and Discussion
		6.5.1 Investigations and Readings On the Modernization of Household Waste Management Systems
		6.5.2 Strategy and Outline of Sustainable Solutions for True Ecological Management of Household Waste
		6.5.3 Special Provisions for a More Suitable Choice
	6.6 Conclusion
	Bibliography
7 Appraising the Natural Bio-Processes Over Thermal Treatments to Treat Municipal Solid Waste: A Step Toward a More Sustainable Environment
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Municipal Solid Waste
	7.3 Municipal Solid Waste Management
		7.3.1 Elements of MSWM
		7.3.2 Waste Generation
		7.3.3 Waste Handling, Sorting, Storage, and Processing at the Source
		7.3.4 Collection
		7.3.5 Sorting, Processing, and Transformation of Solid Waste
		7.3.6 Transfer and Transport
		7.3.7 Disposal
	7.4 Thermal Treatments
		7.4.1 Gasification
		7.4.2 Plasma Gasification
		7.4.3 Incineration
		7.4.4 Pyrolysis
		7.4.5 Torrefaction
	7.5 Biological Treatments
		7.5.1 Anaerobic Digestion
		7.5.2 Aerobic Composting
		7.5.3 Microbial Degradation of Plastics
	7.6 Future Scope
	7.7 Conclusion
	References
8 Advancements in the Recovery and Refinement of Landfill Gas From Sanitary Landfills
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Types of Landfills
		8.2.1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfills
		8.2.2 Industrial Waste Landfills
		8.2.3 Hazardous Waste Landfills
		8.2.4 Green Waste Landfills
	8.3 Sanitary Landfill
		8.3.1 Criteria Or Property of Sanitary Landfills
			Site Preparations
		8.3.2 Different Sanitary Landfills
		8.3.3 Sanitary Landfills Advantages and Drawbacks
			Advantages
	8.4 Landfill Gases
		8.4.1 Landfill Gas Generation and Characteristics
		8.4.2 Landfill Gas Composition and Quality
	8.5 Methanogenic Decomposition
	8.6 Landfill Gas Recovery Processes
		8.6.1 Passive Collection
		8.6.2 Active Collection
	8.7 Landfill Gas Refining and Treatment
		8.7.1 Primary Treatment
		8.7.2 Advanced Treatment
	8.8 Different Waste and Its Effect On the Environment
		8.8.1 Different Wastes Sent for Landfilling
			8.8.1.1 Solid Waste
			8.8.1.2 Agricultural Waste
			8.8.1.3 Manufacturing, Industry, and Construction Waste
		8.8.2 Effect of Different Types of Waste On the Environment
			8.8.2.1 Air Pollution a Major Concern
			8.8.2.2 Groundwater Contamination
			8.8.2.3 Soil and Land Pollution
			8.8.2.4 Health Concerns
			8.8.2.5 Landfill Fires
			8.8.2.6 Economic Costs
	8.9 Advanced Landfilling Technique
		8.9.1 Location and Engineering
		8.9.2 Phasing and Cellular Infilling
		8.9.3 Waste Emplacement Methods and Pre-Treatment
		8.9.4 Environment Monitoring
		8.9.5 Gas Control
		8.9.6 Leachate Management
	8.10 Landfill Gas Utilization
		8.10.1 Electricity Generation
		8.10.2 Direct Usage of Medium Btu-Gas
		8.10.3 Steam Generation
		8.10.4 Alternative Fuel
		8.10.5 Methanol Synthesis
	8.11 Landfill Gas Cost and Economy
	8.12 Factors That Affect Landfill Gas Generation
		8.12.1 Waste Composition
		8.12.2 Age of Refuse
		8.12.3 Moisture Content
		8.12.4 Nutrient Content
		8.12.5 Temperature
		8.12.6 PH Level
		8.12.7 Waste Characteristics
		8.12.8 Waste Compaction
	8.13 Landfill Gas Safety and Health
	8.14 Conclusion
	References
9 Bioprocessing of Organic Municipal Solid Waste for Biomethane and Biohydrogen Production
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Characteristics of OFMSW
		9.2.1 General Description for OFMSW
		9.2.2 Physical Characteristics of OFMSW
		9.2.3 Chemical and Compositional Characteristics of OFMSW
	9.3 Anaerobic Digestion for Biomethane and Biohydrogen Production
	9.4 Factors Which Influence the AD to Produce Biomethane and Biohydrogen From OFMSW
		9.4.1 System PH
		9.4.2 Temperature
		9.4.3 Hydraulic Retention Time
		9.4.4 Organic Loading Rate
		9.4.5 Nutrients
		9.4.6 Hydrogen Partial Pressure
	9.5 Techniques to Improve the Yield of Biomethane and Biohydrogen From the AD Process
		9.5.1 Pretreatment of Substrates
			9.5.1.1 Physical Pretreatment
			9.5.1.2 Thermal Pretreatment
			9.5.1.3 Chemical Pretreatment
			9.5.1.4 Biological Pretreatment
		9.5.2 Co-Digestion
		9.5.3 Application of Additives
	9.6 Digesters/Bioreactors Used in Biomethane and Biohydrogen Production
		9.6.1 Conventional Two-Phase Bioreactors
		9.6.2 Hybrid Bioreactors
		9.6.3 Recirculated Two-Phase Anaerobic Digesters
	9.7 Microbial Communities Involved in Biohydrogen and Biomethane Generation
	9.8 Constraints and Areas of Future Research
	9.9 Conclusion
	References
10 Sustainable Biomethanation Process for Energy Recovery From Faecal Sludge: A Promising Solution for India’s Sanitation Challenges
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Characteristics of FS
	10.3 Existing Practices of FS Treatment
	10.4 Bio-Methane Potential of FS
		10.4.1 Factors Affecting BMP
		10.4.2 Sample Storage
		10.4.3 BMP Analytical Methods
		10.4.4 Methane Yield
	10.5 Techno-Commercial Viability of the Process
	10.6 Comparative Assessment and Commercialization Opportunities
	10.7 Conclusion
	References
11 Regulating Total Soluble Products During Food Waste Biomethanation for Material and Energy Recovery
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Composition and Characteristics of Food Waste
		11.2.1 Solids and Moisture Content of Food Waste
		11.2.2 Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipid Content
		11.2.3 Elemental Composition
	11.3 Source and Treatment of Food Waste
		11.3.1 Food Waste Treatment By Anaerobic Digestion
		11.3.2 Intermediate Products
	11.4 Volatile Fatty Acid: An Overview
	11.5 VFA Recovery Process
	11.6 Liquid-Liquid Extraction
	11.7 Membrane Based Separation
	11.8 Electrodialysis
	11.9 Adsorption–Ion Exchange Resin
		11.9.1 Types of Resin
			11.9.1.1 Weak Base Resins
			11.9.1.2 Strong Base Resins
		11.9.2 Structure of Resin
	11.10 Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics
	11.11 Desorption and Purification Techniques
	11.12 Conclusion
	References
12 Comparative Life Cycle Assessment and Carbon Footprint Analysis of Waste Treatment Facilities
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Generation
		12.2.1 Characteristics of POME
		12.2.2 Potential of POME for Producing Biogas
		12.2.3 A Feasible Approach to Biogas Production From POME
		12.2.4 Palm Oil Mill Biogas Industrial Plant Technology
	12.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Biogas With a Global Overview of Previous Studies’ Perspectives
		12.3.1 Life Cycle Assessment of Biogas Production in Malaysia: Potential and Prospects
	12.4 Biohythane
		12.4.1 Palm Oil Mill Effluent as Substrate in Biohythane Production
		12.4.2 Microbial Community in Biohythane Production
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
13 Evaluation of Social Acceptance and Market for Human Excreta-Derived Products
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 The Circular Economy in the Context of Sanitation
	13.3 Fecal Sludge Management for Sanitation Resource Recovery
	13.4 Human-Excreta-Derived By-Products
	13.5 Theoretical Framework and Framing
	13.6 Social Acceptance
		13.6.1 Drivers of Uptake of Human Excreta Products
			13.6.1.1 Individual-Level Factors
			13.6.1.2 Socio-Cultural and Public Trust
			13.6.1.3 Governance and Regulatory Landscape
			13.6.1.4 Markets and Innovation
		13.6.2 Summary of Case Studies On Product-Specific Drivers of Acceptability
			13.6.2.1 Acceptability of Human-Derived Fertilizers
			13.6.2.2 Acceptability of Biochar
			13.6.2.3 Acceptability of Biogas
		13.6.3 Barriers to Adoption
	13.7 Demand for Excreta-Derived By-Products
	13.8 Looking Beyond Social Acceptance: Examining the Role of Business Models in the Success of Excreta Resource Recovery
	13.9 Implications
		13.9.1 Implications for Policy and Practice
		13.9.2 Implications for Future Research
	13.10 Conclusion
	References
14 Promotion of Circular Economy Through Waste Management Policies
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Drivers of Waste Management
		14.2.1 Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM)
		14.2.2 Waste Management Hierarchy (WMH)
	14.3 Emergence of CE Concept and Expanding On R’s
	14.4 Policy History On Waste Management
		14.4.1 Prior to MSW Rules 2000
		14.4.2 Between MSW Rules 2000 to Swachh Bharat Mission 2014
		14.4.3 Post Swachh Bharat Mission 2014
	14.5 Policy Instruments
	14.6 Policy Actors and Institutional Models
	14.7 Conclusion
	Notes
	References
15 Integrated Waste Recycling Parks: Bringing Circularity Into Waste Management
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Concept of IWRP
	15.3 How IWRP Are Different From Eco-Industrial Parks (EIP)
	15.4 Environmental and Economic Benefits of IWRP
	15.5 Salient Design Considerations for IWRP
		15.5.1 Identification and Selection of Waste Recyclers
		15.5.2 Important Considerations for Selection of Suitable Site for IWRP
		15.5.3 Master Planning and Zoning of IWRP
		15.5.4 Basic Common Facilities to Be Established at the IWRP
		15.5.5 Specific Common Facilities to Be Established at the IWRP
		15.5.6 Possible Governance Schemes for Waste Recycling Park
		15.5.7 Informal Sector Integration in Activities of IWRP
	15.6 Drivers for Successful Implementation of IWRP
	15.7 Case Studies for IWRP
		15.7.1 Eco Industrial Recycling Park at Kalundborg, Denmark
			15.7.1.1 Member Units and Material Exchange in the Park
			15.7.1.2 Management Structure of the Park
		15.7.2 Remondis Lippe Eco Industrial Recycling Park, Lünen, Germany
			15.7.2.1 Material Exchange at the Park
			15.7.2.2 Common Facilities at the Park
			15.7.2.3 Governance Model of the Park
			15.7.2.4 Selection Process of the Recyclers
			15.7.2.5 Awareness Creation, Training and Education Activities at the Park
		15.7.3 Integrated Waste Recycling Park at Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
	15.8 Conclusion and Way Forward
	Bibliography
Index