Mastering Ubuntu Server; Third Edition

Cover
Copyright
Packt Page
Contributors
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Deploying Ubuntu Server
	Technical requirements
	Determining your server\'s role
	Setting up our server
		Virtual machine
		Physical server
		Virtual private server
		Spare desktop or laptop
		Raspberry Pi
	Obtaining installation media
	Creating a bootable flash drive
		Planning the partitioning layout
	Installing Ubuntu Server
		Installing media
		Customizing the installation
		Configuring the server\'s disk
		Creating the initial user account
	Installing Ubuntu on a Raspberry Pi
	Summary
	Further Reading
Chapter 2: Managing Users and Permissions
	Understanding users and groups
	Understanding when to use root
		Using sudo to run privileged commands
	Creating and removing users
		Using useradd
		Using adduser
		Removing users
	Understanding the /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files
		Using/etc/passwd
		Using /etc/shadow
	Distributing default configuration files with /etc/skel
	Switching users
	Managing groups
	Managing passwords and password policies
		Locking and unlocking user accounts
		Setting password expiration information
		Setting a password policy
	Configuring administrator access with sudo
	Setting permissions on files and directories
		Viewing permissions
		Changing permissions
		Changing the ownership of objects
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 3: Managing Software Packages
	Understanding Linux package management
	Understanding the differences between Debian and Snap packages
		Debian packages
		Snap packages
	Installing and removing software
		Managing Debian packages with apt
		Managing Snap packages with snap
	Searching for packages
	Managing package repositories
		Adding additional repositories
		Adding Personal Package Archives
	Backing up and restoring Debian packages
	Cleaning up orphaned apt packages
	Taking advantage of hardware enablement updates
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 4: Navigating and Essential Commands
	Learning essential Linux commands
	Understanding the Linux filesystem layout
	Viewing the contents of files
	Viewing application log files
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 5: Managing Files and Directories
	Copying, moving, and renaming files and directories
	Editing files with the Nano and Vim text editors
		Editing with Nano
		Editing with Vim
	Input and output streams
	Using symbolic and hard links
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 6: Boosting Your Command-line Efficiency
	Understanding the Linux shell
	Understanding Bash history
	Learning some useful command-line tricks
	Understanding variables
	Writing simple scripts
	Putting it all together – Writing an rsync backup script
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 7: Controlling and Managing Processes
	Managing jobs
	Understanding the ps command
		Viewing running processes with ps
		Configuring arguments to ps
	Changing the priority of processes
	Dealing with misbehaving processes
	Managing system processes
	Scheduling tasks with cron
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 8: Monitoring System Resources
	Viewing disk usage
		Using df
		Diving deeper into disk usage
	Monitoring memory usage
		Understanding server memory
		Managing swap
	Understanding load average
	Viewing resource usage with htop
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 9: Managing Storage Volumes
	Adding additional storage volumes
	Formatting and partitioning storage devices
		Creating a partition
		Formatting partitions
	Mounting and unmounting volumes
	Understanding the /etc/fstab file
		Analyzing the contents of /etc/fstab
		Adding to the /etc/fstab file
	Backing up and restoring volumes
	Utilizing LVM
		Getting started with LVM
		Formatting logical volumes
		Removing volumes with LVM
		Understanding LVM snapshots
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 10: Connecting to Networks
	Setting the hostname
	Managing network interfaces
	Assigning static IP addresses
	Understanding Linux name resolution
	Getting started with OpenSSH
		Installing OpenSSH
		Issuing commands with OpenSSH
	Getting started with SSH key management
		Generating public and private keys
		Copying your public key to a remote server
		Utilizing an SSH agent
		Changing the passphrase of an OpenSSH key
	Simplifying SSH connections with a config file
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 11: Setting Up Network Services
	Planning your IP address scheme
	Setting up a DHCP server for serving IP addresses
	Adding a DNS server
		Setting up external DNS with bind
		Setting up internal DNS and adding hosts
	Setting up an internet gateway
	Keeping your clock in sync with NTP
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 12: Sharing and Transferring Files
	File server considerations
	Sharing files with Windows users via Samba
	Setting up NFS shares
	Transferring files with rsync
	Transferring files with SCP
	Mounting remote directories with SSHFS
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 13: Managing Databases
	Preparations for setting up a database server
	Installing MariaDB
	Understanding the MariaDB configuration files
	Managing MariaDB databases
	Setting up a secondary database server
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 14: Serving Web Content
	Installing and configuring Apache
	Installing additional Apache modules
	Securing Apache with TLS
	Installing and configuring NGINX
	Setting up failover with keepalived
	Setting up and configuring Nextcloud
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 15: Automating Server Configuration with Ansible
	Understanding the need for configuration management
	Why Ansible?
	Creating a Git repository
	Getting started with Ansible
	Making your servers do your bidding
		Setting up an inventory file and configuring Ansible settings
		Configuring client servers
	Putting it all together – automating web server deployment
	Using Ansible\'s pull method
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 16: Virtualization
	Prerequisites and considerations
	Setting up a virtual machine server
	Creating virtual machines
	Bridging the virtual machine network
	Simplifying virtual machine creation with cloning
	Managing virtual machines via the command line
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 17: Running Containers
	What is containerization?
	Understanding the differences between Docker and LXD
	Installing Docker
	Managing Docker containers
	Automating Docker image creation with Dockerfiles
	Managing LXD containers
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 18: Container Orchestration
	Container orchestration
	Preparing a lab environment for Kubernetes testing
	Utilizing MicroK8s
		Installing MicroK8s on Linux
		Installing MicroK8s on macOS
		Installing MicroK8s on Windows
		Interacting with MicroK8s
	Setting up a Kubernetes cluster
		Configuring Docker
		Testing Docker
		Installing Kubernetes
	Deploying containers via Kubernetes
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 19: Deploying Ubuntu in the Cloud
	Understanding the difference between on-premises and cloud infrastructure
	Important considerations when considering cloud computing as a potential solution
	Becoming familiar with some basic AWS concepts
	Creating an AWS account
		Signing up for AWS
		Implementing basic user security
	Choosing a region
	Deploying Ubuntu as an AWS EC2 instance
		Setting up an IAM Role for Session Manager
		Creating an Ubuntu Server instance in AWS
	Creating and deploying Ubuntu AMI images
	Automatically scaling Ubuntu EC2 deployments with Auto Scaling
		Creating a launch template
		Creating an Auto Scaling group
		Creating a load balancer
	Keeping costs down: understanding how to save money and make cost-effective decisions
		Viewing billing information
		Adding a billing alert
		Removing unneeded backups
		Running EC2 instances only when they\'re needed
		Stopping or terminating unneeded EC2 instances
	Taking cloud further: additional resources to grow your knowledge
		Online training and labs
		Certification
		Keep experimenting and learning
		AWS documentation
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 20: Automating Cloud Deployments with Terraform
	Why it\'s important to automate your infrastructure
	Introduction to Terraform and how it can fit within your workflow
	Installing Terraform
	Automating an EC2 instance deployment
	Managing security groups with Terraform
	Using Terraform to destroy unused resources
	Combining Ansible with Terraform for a full deployment solution
	Summary
Chapter 21: Securing Your Server
	Lowering your attack surface
	Understanding and responding to CVEs
	Installing security updates
	Automatically installing patches with the Canonical Livepatch service
	Monitoring Ubuntu servers with Canonical\'s Landscape service
	Securing OpenSSH
	Installing and configuring Fail2ban
	MariaDB best practices for secure database servers
	Setting up a firewall
	Encrypting and decrypting disks with LUKS
	Locking down sudo
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 22: Troubleshooting Ubuntu Servers
	Evaluating the scope
	Conducting a root cause analysis
	Viewing system logs
	Tracing network issues
	Troubleshooting resource issues
	Diagnosing defective RAM
	Summary
	Further reading
Chapter 23: Preventing Disasters
	Preventing disasters
	Utilizing Git for configuration management
	Implementing a backup plan
	Replacing failed RAID disks
	Utilizing bootable recovery media
	Summary
	Further reading
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