Mastering Terraform: A practical guide to building and deploying infrastructure on AWS, Azure, and GCP

Mastering Terraform
Foreword
Contributors
About the author
About the reviewers
Preface
   Who this book is for
   What this book covers
   To get the most out of this book
   Download the example code files
   Conventions used
   Get in touch
   Share your thoughts
   Download a free PDF copy of this book
Part 1: Foundations of Terraform
1
Understanding Terraform Architecture
   Understanding Terraform architecture
      The plan
      Configuration language
      Modularity
   Understanding Terraform state
      State file
      Partial resource management
   Understanding how to build and consume modules
      Module design
      Consuming modules
   Understanding how to use the CLI effectively
      init
      validate
      workspace
      plan
      apply
      destroy
   Summary
2
Using HashiCorp Configuration Language
   Resources and data sources
      Resources
      Data sources
   Locals and types
      Locals
      Primitive types
      Collection types
      Complex objects
   Inputs and outputs
      Inputs
      Outputs
   Meta-arguments
      Provider
      Depends on
      Lifecycle
   Loops and iterations
      For each
      For expressions
   Expressions
      Conditional expressions
      Splat expressions
      Dynamic blocks
   Functions
      Numeric functions
      String functions
      Collection functions
      Encoding functions
      Filesystem functions
      Date/time functions
      Hash/crypto functions
      IP network functions
      Type conversion functions
   Summary
3
Harnessing HashiCorp Utility Providers
   Working with reality
      Randomizing
      Working with time
   Adaptation and integration
      Accessing external resources
      When you want to make something from nothing
      Making HTTP requests
   Filesystem
      Reading and writing local files
      Templating files and directories
      Generating file archives
   Operating system and networking
      Generating certificates and SSH keys
      Generating CloudInit configuration
      Configuring DNS records
   Summary
Part 2: Concepts of Cloud Architecture and Automation
4
Foundations of Cloud Architecture – Virtual Machines and Infrastructure-as-a-Services
   Understanding the key concepts of networking
      Networking
      Subnets
      Routing
      Network security
      Network peering
      Service endpoints
      VPN and Direct Connect
   Understanding the key concepts of compute
      Disks
      Network Interface Cards (NICs)
      Linux versus Windows
      Auto-scaling
   Understanding the role of virtual machine images
      Static virtual machines
      Using configuration manager
      Custom virtual machine images
      Build versus bake
   Summary
5
Beyond VMs – Core Concepts of Containers and Kubernetes
   Understanding key concepts of container architecture
      Containers
   Leveraging Docker to build container images
      Writing a Dockerfile
      Building a Docker image
      Running Docker images
   Working with container registries
      Docker Hub
   Understanding key concepts of container orchestration and Kubernetes
      Kubernetes architecture
      Configuration and secrets
      Continuous deployment (CD)
   Understanding Kubernetes manifests
      Kubernetes manifests
      Configuration and secrets
   Using the Kubernetes provider to provision Kubernetes resources
      The Kubernetes Terraform provider
      Kubernetes resources
      Evaluating the trade-offs
   Leveraging the Helm provider to provision Kubernetes resources
      What is Helm?
      The Helm Terraform provider
   Summary
6
Connecting It All Together – GitFlow, GitOps, and CI/CD
   Understanding key concepts of GitOps
      Understanding CI/CD
      Anatomy of pipeline
   Leveraging GitHub for source control management
      Gitflow
      GitHub flow
   Using GitHub Actions for CI/CD pipelines
      Virtual machine workloads
      Container workloads
      Serverless workloads
      Terraform tools
   Summary
Part 3: Building Solutions on AWS
7
Getting Started on AWS – Building Solutions with AWS EC2
   Laying the foundation
   Designing the solution
      Cloud architecture
      Deployment architecture
   Building the solution
      Packer
      Terraform
   Automating the deployment
      Packer
      Terraform
   Summary
8
Containerize with AWS – Building Solutions with AWS EKS
   Laying the foundation
   Designing the solution
      Cloud architecture
      Deployment architecture
   Building the solution
      Docker
      Terraform
      Kubernetes
   Automating the deployment
      Docker
      Terraform
      Kubernetes
   Summary
9
Go Serverless with AWS – Building Solutions with AWS Lambda
   Laying the foundation
   Designing the solution
      Cloud architecture
      Deployment architecture
   Building the solution
      Terraform
      Application code
   Automating the deployment
      Terraform
      Deployment
   Summary
Part 4: Building Solutions on Azure
10
Getting Started on Azure – Building Solutions with Azure Virtual Machines
   Laying the foundation
   Designing the solution
      Cloud architecture
      Deployment architecture
   Building the solution
      Packer
      Terraform
   Automating the deployment
      Packer
      Terraform
   Summary
11
Containerize on Azure – Building Solutions with Azure Kubernetes Service
   Laying the foundation
   Designing the solution
      Cloud architecture
      Deployment architecture
   Building the solution
      Docker
      Infrastructure
      Kubernetes
   Automating the deployment
      Docker
      Terraform
      Kubernetes
   Summary
12
Go Serverless on Azure – Building Solutions with Azure Functions
   Laying the foundation
   Designing the solution
      Cloud architecture
      Deployment architecture
   Building the solution
      Terraform
      Application code
   Automating the deployment
      Terraform
      Deployment
   Summary
Part 5: Building Solutions on Google Cloud
13
Getting Started on Google Cloud – Building Solutions with GCE
   Laying the foundation
   Designing the solution
      Cloud architecture
      Deployment architecture
   Building the solution
      Packer
      Terraform
   Automating the deployment
      Packer
      Terraform
   Summary
14
Containerize on Google Cloud – Building Solutions with GKE
   Laying the foundation
   Designing the solution
      Cloud architecture
      Deployment architecture
   Building the solution
      Docker
      Infrastructure
      Kubernetes
   Automating the deployment
      Docker
      Terraform
      Kubernetes
   Summary
15
Go Serverless on Google Cloud – Building Solutions with Google Cloud Functions
   Laying the foundation
   Designing the solution
      Cloud architecture
      Deployment architecture
   Building the solution
      Terraform
      Application code
   Automating the deployment
      Terraform
      Deployment
   Summary
Part 6: Day 2 Operations and Beyond
16
Already Provisioned? Strategies for Importing Existing Environments
   Importing individual resources
      The import command
      Import block
      Importing multiple resources
   Identifying resources to import
      AWS
      Azure
      Google Cloud Platform
   Importing existing environments
      Terraformer
      The Azure Export Tool
      Limitations
   Best practices
      Blast radius
      Sometimes moving slowly is moving fast
      Blue/green deployment
   Summary
17
Managing Production Environments with Terraform
   Operating models
      State management
      Standalone application
      Shared infrastructure
      Shared services
   Applying changes
      Patching
      Upgrading providers
      Upgrading modules
      Refactoring
      Planning for failure
   Breakfixing
      Apply-time failures
      Removing from state
      Importing into state
   Summary
18
Looking Ahead – Certification, Emerging Trends, and Next Steps
   Preparing for the exam
      Scope and topics
      Preparation
   Terraform Cloud
      Features
   What’s next?
      CDK
      Terraform Stacks
   Summary
   Closing statement
Index
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