Mastering Modern World History

COVER
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF MAPS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION
PART I: WAR AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
	1 The world in 1914: outbreak of the First World War
		1.1 Prologue
		1.2 The world in 1914
		1.3 Events leading up to the outbreak of war
		1.4 What caused the war, and who was to blame?
		Further reading
		Questions
	2 The First World War and its aftermath
		Summary of events
		2.1 1914
		2.2 1915
		2.3 1916
		2.4 The war at sea
		2.5 1917
		2.6 The Central Powers defeated
		2.7 The problems of making a peace settlement
		2.8 The Treaty of Versailles with Germany
		2.9 The peace treaties with Austria-Hungary
		2.10 The settlement with Turkey and Bulgaria
		2.11 Verdict on the peace settlement
		Further reading
		Questions
	3 The League of Nations
		Summary of events
		3.1 What were the origins of the League?
		3.2 How was the League organised?
		3.3 The successes of the League
		3.4 Why did the League fail to preserve peace?
		Further reading
		Questions
	4 International relations, 1919–33
		Summary of events
		4.1 What attempts were made to improve international relations, and how successful were they?
		4.2 How did France try to deal with the problem of Germany between 1919 and 1933?
		4.3 How did relations between the USSR and Britain, Germany and France develop between 1919 and 1933?
		4.4 The \'successor\' states
		4.5 United States foreign policy, 1919–33
		Further reading
		Questions
	5 International relations, 1933–39
		Summary of events
		5.1 Relations between Japan and China
		5.2 Mussolini\'s foreign policy
		5.3 What were Hitler\'s aims in foreign policy, and how successful had he been by the end of 1938?
		5.4 What is meant by the term \'appeasement\'? How could such a policybe justified, and what part did it play in international affairs between 1935 and 1939?
		5.5 Munich to the outbreak of war: September 1938 to September 1939
		5.6 Why did war break out? Were Hitler or the appeasers to blame?
		Further reading
		Questions
	6 The Second World War, 1939–45
		Summary of events
		6.1 Opening moves: September 1939 to December 1940
		6.2 The Axis offensive widens: 1941 to the summer of 1942
		6.3 The offensives held in check: summer 1942 to summer 1943
		6.4 What part was played in the war by Allied naval forces?
		6.5 What contribution did air power make to the defeat of the Axis?
		6.6 The Axis powers defeated: July 1943 to August 1945
		6.7 Why did the Axis powers lose the war?
		6.8 The Holocaust
		6.9 What were the effects of the war?
		Further reading
		Questions
	7 The Cold War: problems of international relations after the Second World War
		Summary of events
		7.1 What caused the Cold War?
		7.2 How did the Cold War develop between 1945 and 1953?
		7.3 To what extent was there a thaw after 1953
		7.4 The nuclear arms race and the Cuban missiles crisis (1962)
		Further reading
		Questions
	8 The spread of communism outside Europe and its effects on international relations
		Summary of events
		8.1 The war in Korea and its effects on international relations
		8.2 Cuba: why did Castro come to power and how were Cuba\'s foreign relations affected?
		8.3 The wars in Vietnam, 1946–54 and 1961–75
		8.4 Chile under Salvador Allende 1970–3
		8.5 More United States interventions
		8.6 Detente: international relations from the1970s to the 1990s
		8.7 The collapse of communism in eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War: international relations transformed
		Further reading
		Questions
	9 The United Nations Organization
		Summary of events
		9.1 The structure of the United Nations Organization
		9.2 How different is the United Nations from the League of Nations?
		9.3 How successful has the UN been as a peacekeeping organization?
		9.4 UN peacekeeping since the end of the Cold War
		9.5 What other work is the UN responsible for?
		9.6 Verdict on the United Nations Organization
		9.7 What about the future of the UN?
		Further reading
		Questions
	10 The Two Europes, East and West since 1945
		Summary of events
		10.1 The states of western Europe
		10.2 The growth of unity in western Europe
		10.3 The early days of the European Community
		10.4 The European Community from 1972 to Maastricht (1991)
		10.5 Communist unity in eastern Europe
		10.6 Why and how did communism collapse in eastern Europe?
		10.7 Civil war in Yugoslavia
		10.8 Europe since Maastricht
		10.9 The European Union in Crisis
		Further reading
		Questions
	11 Conflict in the Middle East
		Summary of events
		11.1 Arab unity and interference from the outside world
		11.2 The creation of Israel and the Arab-Israeli war 1948–9
		11.3 The Suez War of 1956
		11.4 The Six Day War of 1967
		11.5 The Yom Kippur War of 1973
		11.6 Camp David and the Egyptian-Israeli peace, 1978–9
		11.7 Peace between Israel and the PLO
		11.8 Conflict in the Lebanon
		11.9 The Iran-Iraq War, 1980–8
		11.10 The Gulf War, 1990–1
		11.11 Israelis and Palestinians fight again
		Further reading
		Questions
	12 The new world order and the war against global terrorism
		Summary of events
		12.1 The new world order
		12.2 The rise of global terrorism
		12.3 11 September 2001 and the \'war on terrorism\'
		12.4 The downfall of Saddam Hussein
		12.5 The continuing war in Afghanistan
		12.6 The problem of Iran
		12.7 The Arab Spring
		Further reading
		Questions
PART II: THE RISE OF FASCISM AND GOVERNMENTS OF THE RIGHT
	13 Italy 1918–45: the first appearance of fascism
		Summary of events
		13.1 Why was Mussolini able to come to power?
		13.2 What did the term \'fascism\' stand for?
		13.3 Mussolini tries to introduce the fascist state
		13.4 What benefits did fascism bring for the Italian people?
		13.5 Opposition and downfall
		Further reading
		Questions
	14 Germany 1918–45: the Weimar Republic and Hitler
		Summary of events
		14.1 Why did the Weimar Republic collapse?
		14.2 What did National Socialism stand for?
		14.3 Hitler consolidates his power
		14.4 How was Hitler able to stay in power?
		14.5 Nazism and Fascism
		14.6 How successful was Hitler in domestic affairs?
		Further reading
		Questions
	15 Japan and Spain
		Summary of events
		15.1 Japan before the Second World War
		15.2 Japan recovers
		15.3 Spain
		Further reading
		Questions
PART III: COMMUNISM–RISE AND DECLINE
	16 Russia and the revolutions, 1900–24
		Summary of events
		16.1 After 1905: were the 1917 revolutions inevitable?
		16.2 The two revolutions: March and November 1917
		16.3 How successfully did Lenin and the Bolsheviks deal with their problems (1917–24)?
		16.4 Lenin – evil genius?
		Further reading
		Questions
	17 The USSR and Stalin, 1924–53
		Summary of events
		17.1 How did Stalin get to supreme power?
		17.2 How successful was Stalin in solving the USSR\'s economic problems?
		17.3 Politics and the Purges
		17.4 Everyday life and culture under Stalin
		17.5 Stalin\'s final years, 1945–53
		Further reading
		Questions
	18 Continuing communism, collapse and aftermath, 1953 to the present
		Summary of events
		18.1 The Khrushchev era, 1953–64
		18.2 The USSR stagnates, 1964–86
		18.3 Gorbachev and the end of communist rule
		18.4 The aftermath of communism: Yeltsin, Putin and Medvedev
		Further reading
		Questions
	19 China 1900–49
		Summary of events
		19.1 Revolution and the warlord era
		19.2 The Kuomintang, Dr Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek
		19.3 Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party
		19.4 The communist victory, 1949
		Further reading
		Questions
	20 China since 1949: the communists in control
		Summary of events
		20.1 How successful was Mao in dealing with China\'s problems?
		20.2 Life after Mao
		20.3 Tiananmen Square, 1989 and the crisis of communism
		20.4 The changing face of communism in China
		Further reading
		Questions
	21 Communism in Korea and South East Asia
		Summary of events
		21.1 North Korea
		21.2 Vietnam
		21.3 Cambodia/Kampuchea
		21.4 Laos
		Further reading
		Questions
PART IV: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
	22 The USA before the Second World War
		Summary of events
		22.1 The American system of government
		22.2 Into the melting pot: the era of immigration
		22.3 The USA becomes economic leader of the world
		22.4 Socialists, trade unions and the impact of war and the Russian revolutions
		22.5 Racial discrimination and the Civil Rights Movement
		22.6 The Great Depression arrives: October 1929
		22.7 Roosevelt and the New Deal
		Further reading
		Questions
	23 The USA since 1945
		Summary of events
		23.1 Poverty and social policies
		23.2 Racial problems and the Civil Rights Movement
		23.3 Anti-communism and Senator McCarthy
		23.4 Nixon and Watergate
		23.5 The Carter–Reagan–Bush era, 1977–93
		23.6 Bill Clinton, George W. Bush and Barack Obama
		Further reading
		Questions
PART V: DECOLONIZATION AND AFTER
	24 The end of the European Empires
		Summary of events
		24.1 Why did the European powers giveup their Empires?
		24.2 Indian independence and partition
		24.3 The West Indies, Malaya and Cyprus
		24.4 The British leave Africa
		24.5 The end of the French Empire
		24.6 Holland, Belgium, Spain, Portugal and Italy
		24.7 Verdict on decolonization
		Further reading
		Questions
	25 Problems in Africa
		Summary of events
		25.1 Problems common to the African states
		25.2 Democracy, dictatorship and military government in Ghana
		25.3 Civil wars and corruption in Nigeria
		25.4 Poverty in Tanzania
		25.5 The Congo/Zaire
		25.6 Angola: a Cold War tragedy
		25.7 Genocide in Burundi and Rwanda
		25.8 Apartheid and black majority rule in South Africa
		25.9 Socialism and civil war in Ethiopia
		25.10 Liberia–a unique experiment
		25.11 Stability and chaos in Sierra Leone
		25.12 Zimbabwe under Robert Mugabe
		25.13 Confusion and civil war in Somalia
		25.14 The Sudan
		25.15 Africa and its problems in the twenty-first century
		Further reading
		Questions
	26 Latin America
		Summary of events
		26.1 The era of US domination
		26.2 South America: Brazil and Venezuela
		26.3 Mexico, Guatemala and Nicaragua
		26.4 The challenge to US domination
		Further reading
		Questions
PART VI: GLOBAL PROBLEMS
	27 The changing world economy since 1900
		Summary of events
		27.1 Changes in the world economy in the twentieth century
		27.2 The Third World and the North–South divide
		27.3 The split in the Third World economy
		27.4 The world economy and its effects on the environment
		27.5 Global warming
		27.6 The world economy at the turn of the millennium
		27.7 Capitalism in crisis
		27.8 The world economies in 2012
		Further reading
		Questions
	28 The world\'s population
		Summary of events
		28.1 The increasing world population since 1900
		28.2 Consequences of the population explosion
		28.3 Attempts at population control
		28.4 The population increase and Islamism
		28.5 The HIV/Aids epidemic
		Further reading
		Questions
INDEX