Marine Protected Areas and Ocean Conservation

Front Cover......Page 1
Marine Protected Areas and Ocean Conservation......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Contents......Page 6
Part I: Marine Conservation Issues......Page 16
Section 1. Marine Biodiversity and Why it Stands Threatened......Page 18
Section 2. Differences Between Marine and Terrestrial Ecosystems......Page 29
Section 3. Indirect Threats to Coastal and Marine Systems......Page 31
Section 1. Human Impacts on Marine and Coastal Systems......Page 38
Section 2. Direct Threats to Marine Systems......Page 40
Section 4. Management Constraints and Societal Attitudes......Page 57
Section 1. Defining Levels of Resource Use That Are Sustainable......Page 68
Section 2. Identifying and Protecting Areas Critical to Ecosystem Function......Page 79
Section 3. Using Zoning to Resolve User Conflicts......Page 80
Section 4. Establishing Ownership and Laying the Groundwork for Stewardship......Page 84
Section 5. Special Management for Special Species......Page 85
Section 6. Integrating Management Across All Sectors......Page 86
Part II: Countering Threats to Ocean Systems Through Marine Protected Areas......Page 94
Section 1. Marine Protected Areas as a Tool for Management......Page 96
Section 2. Management Goals and Objectives of MPAs......Page 103
Section 3. Strategies for Designating Networks of MPAs......Page 106
Part III: Types of Marine Protected Areas......Page 112
Section 1. Marine Management Areas and MPAs......Page 114
Section 2. lUCN Classification Scheme......Page 116
Section 3. Functional Classification of MPAs......Page 118
Section 1. Closed Areas and Harvest Refugia......Page 126
Section 2. Net Benefits of Closed Areas......Page 128
Section 3. Closed Areas Within Multiple Use Management Regimes......Page 131
Section 1. Introduction to Coastal Biosphere Reserves......Page 138
Section 2. Objectives and Roles of Coastal Biosphere Reserves......Page 143
Section 3. Zoning Within Coastal Biosphere Reserves......Page 145
Section 4. A General Protocol for Planning Coastal Biosphere Reserves......Page 150
Section 5. Implementing and Managing Biosphere Reserves......Page 152
Section 6. Research Orientations Within Coastal Biosphere Reserves......Page 155
Section 1. The Bijagos Archipelago Biosphere Reserve (Guinea Bissau)......Page 160
Section 2. The Mafia Island Marine Park (Tanzania)......Page 182
Part IV: The General Process for Planning and Implementing Marine Protected Areas......Page 196
Section 1. Selecting Sites by Value, Threat and Opportunity......Page 198
Section 2. Defining the Natural Bounds of the Targeted Ecosystem......Page 202
Section 3. Assessing Threats to Coastal and Marine Biodiversity......Page 203
Section 4. Identifying Special Opportunities for Marine Protected Area Designation......Page 204
Section 1. A Generic Planning Process for Marine Protected Areas......Page 206
Section 2. Developing Management Appropriate to Needs......Page 209
Section 3. Monitoring and Evaluation......Page 211
Section 4. Ten Principles for Marine Protected Area Success......Page 214
Part V: Future Prospects......Page 218
Section 1. Introduction to Frameworks and Legal Instruments......Page 220
Section 4. Convention on Biological Diversity......Page 223
Section 5. UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Programme......Page 224
Section 7. Ramsar (Convention on Wetlands of International Importance)......Page 225
Section 8. Regional Fisheries Agreements......Page 226
Section 1. Current Extent of MPAs Worldwide......Page 228
Section 2. Lessons Learned from Existing Marine Protected Areas......Page 230
Section 3. Relation of Marine Protected Areas to Broader Coastal Management Efforts......Page 232
Appendix. Principles for the Conservation of Living Resources......Page 234
Literature Cited......Page 238
Index......Page 256