Marine Plastics: Innovative Solutions to Tackling Waste

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I Challenges of Marine Plastics with a Focus on the Northeastern Atlantic
1 Marine Mammals and Interactions with Debris in the Northeastern Atlantic Region: Synthesis and Recommendations for Monitoring and Research
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Methods
	1.3 Results
		1.3.1 Entanglement
		1.3.2 Ingestion
		1.3.3 Entanglement and Ingestion
	1.4 Discussion
	References
2 A Conceptual Framework for Assessing and Managing Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Background and Key Concepts
		2.2.1 DPSIR
		2.2.2 Natural Capital Accounting
		2.2.3 Circular Economy
		2.2.4 Leverage Points Analysis
		2.2.5 Sustainability Indicators
	2.3 The DAPSIR-ALDFG Framework
		2.3.1 Aspects
		2.3.2 Indicators
	2.4 Conclusions
	References
3 Developing a Circular Economy for Fishing Gear in the Northern Periphery and Arctic Region: Challenges and Opportunities
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Northern Periphery and Arctic Region
	3.3 The Circular Economy
	3.4 Quantifying End-of-Life Fishing Nets and Ropes
	3.5 Fishing Nets and Ropes in the Northern Periphery and Arctic Region
	3.6 Engagement and Knowledge Sharing
	3.7 Legislation and Policy
	3.8 Conclusion
	References
Part II Solutions: Value Chain of Waste Fishing Gear
4 Circular Business Models for SMEs in the Fishing Gear Industry
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Theoretical Background
		4.2.1 Circular Economy
		4.2.2 Circular Business Model
	4.3 Research Design and Methodology
		4.3.1 Case Selection
		4.3.2 Data Collection and Analysis
		4.3.3 Data Validity and Reliability
	4.4 Case Analyses and Findings
		4.4.1 Plastics Material Flow: High Level of Circularity—Model 1
		4.4.2 Plastics Material Flow: Medium to Standard Level of Circularity—Model 2 and 3
	4.5 Circular Business Model for the Fishing Gear Industry
		4.5.1 Business Ecosystem Level
		4.5.2 Business Level
		4.5.3 Sustainability Impacts
	4.6 Conclusion
	Appendix 1 Case Profiles
	Appendix 2 Interview Guide Questions Operationalising Circular Business Model Themes
	References
5 Opportunities for Circular Business Models and Circular Design Related to Fishing Gear
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Fishing Gear
	5.3 Legislative and Standards Development in Europe
	5.4 European Standards Development: European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) TC466
		5.4.1 Background
	5.5 Circular Business Models (CBMs) and Circular Design
		5.5.1 Circular Business Models
		5.5.2 Ecodesign
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
6 Quadruple Helix Relational Approach to Recycling Fishing Nets: Cluster Development in the Norwegian West Coast Region
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Theoretical Background
		6.2.1 Clusters
		6.2.2 Quadruple Helix
		6.2.3 Critiques of the Triple and Quadruple Helix Models and Call for New Perspectives
	6.3 Methodology and Context of Analysis
		6.3.1 Methodology
		6.3.2 Context of Analysis
	6.4 ONA Research Design, Data Collection, and Preliminary Results
		6.4.1 Preliminary Results
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
7 Life Cycle Assessment of Fishing and Aquaculture Rope Recycling
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Methodology
		7.2.1 Goal and Scope
		7.2.2 Life Cycle Inventory
	7.3 Results
		7.3.1 Life Cycle Inventory
		7.3.2 Life Cycle Impact Assessment
	7.4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
8 Engaging Volunteers as Experts in Data-Driven Research Projects and a Circular Economy: The Case of PlastOPol
	8.1 The Issue of Marine Litter
	8.2 Challenges in Harmonising Data from Citizen Science
	8.3 Theoretical Framework
		8.3.1 Local Ecological Knowledge
		8.3.2 Citizen Science
	8.4 Methods: The Case of the PlastOPol Research Project
	8.5 Results
		8.5.1 Towards Building a Profile of Coastal Cleanup Volunteers in Mid and Northern Norway
		8.5.2 Benefits of Using Digital Tools and Engaging Actively with Volunteer Communities
		8.5.3 Using Citizen Science for Preventive Strategy Making
		8.5.4 Limitations
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
9 The Role of Non-profit Organisations (NGOs) in Value Creation: Lessons from the Recycling of Fishing Gear in Norway
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Literature Review
		9.2.1 Strategic Value Chain Collaboration: A Stakeholder Theory Approach
		9.2.2 Sustainable Value Creation: A Dynamic Capabilities Approach
	9.3 Research Design and Methodology
		9.3.1 Case Selection
		9.3.2 Data Collection and Analysis
	9.4 Findings and Discussion
	9.5 Summary
	9.6 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
Part III Marine Plastics: Towards a Circular Economy
10 Sotenäs Marine Recycling Centre in Sweden: A Case Study Related to Waste Fishing Gear
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Sotenäs Symbioscentrum (Sotenäs Centre of Symbiosis)
		10.2.1 Symbioscentrum’s Vision
	10.3 Sotenäs Marine Recycling Centre (SMRC)
		10.3.1 Background
		10.3.2 Polymers and Metals
		10.3.3 Lobster Pots
		10.3.4 Hubs
		10.3.5 SMRC Testbed
		10.3.6 Social
	10.4 Challenges
		10.4.1 Funding
		10.4.2 Bringing Fishers on Board
		10.4.3 Different Stakeholders, Different Responsibilites
		10.4.4 Persuading Businesses to Start up in Sotenäs
		10.4.5 Provenance and Traceability—Track and Trace/ The Internet of Things
		10.4.6 Extended Producer Responsibility
	10.5 Key Findings: SMRC and Its Work
		10.5.1 Local Support and Funding
		10.5.2 The Role of External Partners and Companies
		10.5.3 Vision
		10.5.4 Project Development
		10.5.5 Best Practice
	10.6 Key Lessons Learnt and Insights
	10.7 Conclusions
	References
11 The Effect of Fishing Nets Aging on Metal Uptake
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Methodology
		11.2.1 Materials
		11.2.2 TGA and Fishing Nets Visualization
		11.2.3 Adsorption Experiments (1)
	11.3 Results and Discussion
		11.3.1 Evidence of PE Fishing Nets Aging
		11.3.2 Adsorption Experiments (2)
		11.3.3 Are Metal-Enriched Fishing Nets Hazardous Waste?
	11.4 Final Considerations
	References
12 Possible Applications for Waste Fishing Nets in Construction Material
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Aim of the Project
	12.3 Use of Recycled Plastic in Construction Materials
		12.3.1 Fiber Reinforcement Used in Construction Materials
		12.3.2 Recycled Plastic Fibers
		12.3.3 Reuse of Fishing Nets as Reinforcement in Construction Materials
	12.4 Research Program
		12.4.1 Characterization of R-PE Fibers from Discarded Fishing Nets
		12.4.2 Results: R-PE Fiber Characterization
	12.5 Applications for Discarded Fishing Nets in Construction Materials
		12.5.1 Fiber Influence on Mechanical Performance of Construction Materials
		12.5.2 Results: Influence of R-PE Fibers on Mechanical Performance of Construction Materials
		12.5.3 Results: Influence of R-PE Net Pieces on Mechanical Performance of Earth-Based Adobe Bricks
		12.5.4 Mitigation of Shrinkage Cracking in Construction Materials by Adding Fibers
		12.5.5 Use of Fishing Net-Reinforced Adobe Bricks as Construction Material
	12.6 Overall Conclusions
	References
13 The Influence of Involvement and Attribute Importance on Purchase Intentions for Green Products
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Literature Review
		13.2.1 Green Product Opportunities from Recycled Fishing Gear
		13.2.2 Purchase Intentions for Green Products
	13.3 Methods
		13.3.1 Pretest
	13.4 Main Study
		13.4.1 Variables
	13.5 Results
		13.5.1 Age
		13.5.2 Involvement
	13.6 Discussion
		13.6.1 Theoretical Implications
		13.6.2 Managerial Implications
	13.7 Limitations, Further Research, and Conclusion
	References
14 Role of Resource Users’ Knowledge for Developing Realistic Strategies for a Circular Economy for Plastics from the Norwegian Fishing Sector
	14.1 Sustainable Resource Management: Global Context
		14.1.1 Main Social Ecological/economic System: Fishing Gear Resources
	14.2 Description of Case Study
	14.3 Theoretical Background
		14.3.1 Local Ecological Knowledge and Fishers Knowledge
	14.4 Methods
	14.5 Lessons Learnt from a Multi-stakeholder Perspective
	14.6 Conclusion
	References
15 Concluding Remarks