Marine Metapopulations

CONTENTS......Page 5
FOREWORD......Page 17
PREFACE......Page 21
ABOUT THE EDITORS......Page 25
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 27
PART I: Introduction......Page 29
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 31
A. DESCRIBING ACTUAL SPATIAL POPULATION PROCESSES AND STRUCTURES......Page 34
B. A FRAMEWORK FOR ASKING RESEARCH QUESTIONS......Page 36
C. A PARADIGM FOR POPULATION AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY......Page 37
D. APPLICATIONS TO MARINE POPULATIONS......Page 38
III. HISTORY AND EFFECTS OF PREDOMINANT RESEARCH QUESTIONS IN MARINE ECOLOGY......Page 40
A. SCALE OF STUDY......Page 45
B. SPATIAL RESOLUTION......Page 46
C. MARINE PROTECTED AREAS......Page 47
V. SUMMARY......Page 48
REFERENCES......Page 50
PART II: Fishes......Page 57
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 59
A. GEOGRAPHIC EXTENT......Page 62
B. SPATIAL SUBDIVISION......Page 63
C. INTERPATCH SPACE......Page 69
A. POSTSETTLEMENT LIFE STAGES......Page 70
C. METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS......Page 79
IV. FACTORS DISSOLVING METAPOPULATION STRUCTURE......Page 83
A. SPAWNING AGGREGATIONS......Page 84
B. NURSERY HABITATS......Page 85
V. SUMMARY......Page 88
REFERENCES......Page 89
3: Temperate Rocky Reef Fishes......Page 97
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 98
II. GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND THE TYPES AND DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATE REEF HABITAT......Page 99
A. SUBDUCTION, VOLCANISM, AND FAULTING......Page 102
C. FLUVIAL AND DYNAMIC SUBMARINE EROSIVE PROCESSES......Page 104
A. BIOGEOGRAPHIC PROVINCES AND TEMPERATE REEF FISH COMMUNITIES......Page 106
B. DEPTH AS A MASTER VARIABLE IN TEMPERATE REEF FISH COMMUNITIES......Page 107
IV. THE ROLE OF OCEANOGRAPHY IN METAPOPULATION STRUCTURING......Page 108
A. MAJOR OCEANOGRAPHIC DOMAINS......Page 111
B. DISPERSAL AND RETENTION MECHANISMS......Page 112
V. CLIMATE, CLIMATE CYCLES, AND HISTORICAL METAPOPULATION STRUCTURING......Page 113
A. EARLY LIFE HISTORY......Page 115
B. JUVENILES......Page 116
C. ADULTS......Page 118
D. LONGEVITY......Page 120
VII. EMPIRICAL APPROACHES TO MEASURING DISPERSAL AND METAPOPULATION STRUCTURE......Page 122
VIII. POPULATION GENETIC STUDIES IN NORTH PACIFIC ROCKY REEF FISHES......Page 124
IX. HUMAN IMPACTS......Page 131
X. FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR METAPOPULATION STUDIES OF TEMPERATE REEF FISHES......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 136
I. INTRODUCTION TO METAPOPULATION CONCEPTS IN ESTUARINE AND DIADROMOUS FISH......Page 147
II. MECHANISMS THAT FORM DISTINCT POPULATIONS......Page 153
A. GENETICS......Page 155
B. ARTIFICIAL TAGS......Page 156
C. NATURAL TAGS WITH EMPHASIS ON OTOLITH–GEOCHEMICAL TAGS......Page 157
IV. DIADROMOUS FISH EXEMPLIFY METAPOPULATION THEORY......Page 158
A. SALMONIDS......Page 159
B. ALOSINES......Page 163
D. SCIAENIDS......Page 165
E. ATHERINIDS......Page 166
V. VALUE OF THE METAPOPULATION CONCEPT IN UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING DIADROMOUS FISHERIES......Page 167
B. HISTORICAL MANAGEMENT OF LOCAL POPULATIONS IN A FISHERIES CONTEXT......Page 168
C. MIXED-STOCK ANALYSIS......Page 170
D. EFFECT OF DEMOGRAPHY ON METAPOPULATION MANAGEMENT......Page 171
F. C AN FISHERIES BE MANAGED AS METAPOPULATIONS?......Page 172
REFERENCES......Page 174
PART III: Invertebrates......Page 183
5: Metapopulation Dynamics of Hard Corals......Page 185
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 186
III. SUMMARY OF MODEL STRUCTURE AND PARAMETERIZATION......Page 188
IV. EXISTING MODELS OF DYNAMICS ON CORAL REEFS......Page 194
A. SCALES......Page 195
B. REPRODUCTION......Page 197
C. CONNECTIVITY......Page 198
D. RECRUITMENT......Page 199
E. GROWTH......Page 202
F. M ORTALITY......Page 203
G. COMPETITION (AND MODELING THE DYNAMICS OF COMPETITORS)......Page 206
H. HERBIVORY......Page 209
VI. TESTING THE MODEL: PHASE SHIFTS IN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE......Page 213
VII. SENSITIVITY OF MODEL TO INITIAL CONDITIONS......Page 214
A. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN INITIAL CORAL COVER, ALGAL OVERGROWTH RATE, CORAL GROWTH RATE, AND HERBIVORY......Page 217
B. RECRUITMENT SCENARIO AND OVERFISHING OF HERBIVORES......Page 218
C. IMPACT OF HURRICANE FREQUENCY ON LOCAL DYNAMICS......Page 221
D. EFFECT OF REDUCED HURRICANE FREQUENCY ON A RESERVE NETWORK......Page 222
X. ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 223
REFERENCES......Page 224
6: Population and Spatial Structure of Two Common Temperate Reef Herbivores: Abalone and Sea Urchins......Page 233
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 234
A. ABALONE......Page 235
B. SEA URCHINS......Page 236
A. ABALONE......Page 237
B. SEA URCHINS......Page 240
C. SUMMARY OF LARVAL DISPERSAL......Page 245
A. ABALONE......Page 246
B. SEA URCHINS......Page 247
V. SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN ADULT DISTRIBUTIONS AND DEMOGRAPHICS......Page 249
A. ABALONE: ADULT HABITAT AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE......Page 251
B. SEA URCHINS: ADULT HABITAT AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE......Page 254
A. ABALONE......Page 256
B. SEA URCHINS......Page 257
C. OPTIMAL HARVESTING OF INVERTEBRATE METAPOPULATIONS......Page 259
VII. SUMMARY......Page 261
REFERENCES......Page 262
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 275
II. PATCH MODELS......Page 277
III. WITHIN-SHORE METAPOPULATIONS......Page 279
IV. METAPOPULATIONS AT DIFFERENT SCALES......Page 285
V. MEASURED SCALES OF VARIABILITY......Page 288
VI. SUMMARY......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 294
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 299
II. DECAPOD LIFE HISTORIES......Page 302
III. IDENTIFYING DECAPOD METAPOPULATIONS......Page 305
A. AMERICAN LOBSTER (HOMARUS AMERICANUS)......Page 307
B. BLUE CRAB (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS)......Page 313
C. DUNGENESS CRAB (CANCER MAGISTER)......Page 321
D. PINK SHRIMP (PANDALUS BOREALIS)......Page 328
V. DISCUSSION......Page 333
VI. SUMMARY......Page 338
REFERENCES......Page 339
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 349
B. DISPERSAL AND COLONIZATION......Page 356
III. SPECIES INTERACTIONS......Page 360
IV. BIOGEOGRAPHY AND DIVERSITY......Page 361
V. METAPOPULATION MODELS FOR VENT FAUNAL DIVERSITY......Page 363
A. A NULL MODEL......Page 365
B. FACILITATION......Page 369
VI. SUMMARY......Page 371
REFERENCES......Page 375
PART IV: Plants and Algae......Page 379
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 381
II. DYNAMICS OF GIANT KELP POPULATIONS......Page 383
A. LIFE HISTORY CONSTRAINTS......Page 388
B. MODES OF COLONIZATION......Page 391
C. SPORE PRODUCTION, RELEASE, AND COMPETENCY......Page 393
D. POSTSETTLEMENT PROCESSES......Page 394
A. FACTORS AFFECTING COLONIZATION DISTANCE......Page 395
B. EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES OF SPORE DISPERSAL......Page 396
C. MODELED ESTIMATES OF SPORE DISPERSAL......Page 399
V. CONNECTIVITY AMONG LOCAL POPULATIONS......Page 403
VI. SUMMARY......Page 405
REFERENCES......Page 409
11: Seagrasses and the Metapopulation Concept: Developing a Regional Approach to the Study of Extinction, Colonization, and Dispersal......Page 415
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 416
II. SEAGRASS REPRODUCTION......Page 417
III. PATCHES: COLONIZATION AND EXTINCTION......Page 419
IV. EXAMPLES OF POTENTIAL SEAGRASS METAPOPULATIONS......Page 422
A. HALOPHILA DECIPIENS ON THE WEST FLORIDA SHELF: A LOCAL POPULATION THAT EXHIBITS PATCH EXTINCTION AND REGIONAL RECRUITMENT......Page 424
C. HALOPHILA JOHNSONII IN SOUTHEASTERN FLORIDA: A WELL-DEFINED REGIONAL POPULATION WITH LIMITED DISPERSAL BETWEEN PATCHES;EXTINCTION OF PATCHES DOCUMENTED......Page 427
V. THE METAPOPULATION MODEL AND SEAGRASS POPULATIONS: A USEFUL CONCEPT?......Page 428
A. COLLECTION OF GOOD INFORMATION ON SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF SEAGRASSES......Page 429
C. SEED DORMANCY: A SPECIAL PROBLEM FOR PLANT POPULATIONS......Page 430
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 431
REFERENCES......Page 432
PART V: Perspectives......Page 437
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 439
II. SINGLE POPULATION PERSISTENCE......Page 441
III. METAPOPULATION PERSISTENCE......Page 444
A. CONSEQUENCES FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF MEROPLANKTONIC SPECIES......Page 448
IV. ROLE OF VARIABILITY......Page 449
V. DISCUSSION......Page 450
REFERENCES......Page 454
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 459
B. THE ISLAND MODEL AND ITS LIMITATIONS......Page 460
II. DELINEATING POPULATIONS......Page 462
III. INFERRING PATTERNS OF CONNECTIVITY......Page 466
IV. INFERRING NONEQUILIBRIUM POPULATION DYNAMICS......Page 469
A. POPULATION EXTINCTION AND RECOLONIZATION......Page 470
B. SOURCE–SINK RELATIONSHIPS......Page 472
C. MIXING IN THE PLANKTON AND THE GENETICS OF LARVAL COHORTS......Page 473
V. SUMMARY......Page 475
REFERENCES......Page 477
14: Metapopulation Dynamics and Community Ecology of Marine Systems......Page 485
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 486
A. SCALE OF DISPERSAL......Page 488
B. DISPERSAL AND POPULATION DYNAMICS......Page 490
C. RELEVANCE TO MARINE METACOMMUNITIES......Page 493
A. BACKGROUND......Page 494
B. RELEVANCE TO MARINE METACOMMUNITIES......Page 497
C. REGIONAL-SCALE DIFFERENTIATION......Page 498
D. SUMMARY......Page 499
A. BACKGROUND......Page 500
B. RELEVANCE TO MARINE METACOMMUNITIES......Page 502
C. EFFECTS OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES AND RELATIVE ISLAND POSITION......Page 504
A. BACKGROUND......Page 505
B. METACOMMUNITIES AND RELATIVE SPECIES ABUNDANCE PATTERNS......Page 506
C. RELEVANCE TO MARINE METACOMMUNITIES......Page 510
V. SUMMARY......Page 511
REFERENCES......Page 512
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 519
II. SOURCES, SINKS, AND METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS......Page 522
A. CORAL REEF FISHES......Page 523
B. CARIBBEAN SPINY LOBSTER (PANULIRUS PARGUS)......Page 527
C. RED SEA URCHIN (STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANCISCANUS)......Page 532
D. LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLES (CARETTA CARETTA)......Page 537
IV. SUMMARY......Page 538
REFERENCES......Page 539
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 545
A. COMMONALITIES BETWEEN MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY......Page 546
B. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS......Page 547
A. HIGHLY MOBILE SPECIES......Page 549
B. HIGHLY ISOLATED POPULATIONS......Page 550
D. THE SPECIAL CASE OF CLONAL ORGANISMS......Page 551
A. KNOWLEDGE OF DISPERSAL PATHWAYS AND MECHANISMS......Page 552
C. MARINE METACOMMUNITIES......Page 553
V. SPATIALLY EXPLICIT MANAGEMENT OF MARINE FISHERY RESOURCES......Page 554
VI. SUMMARY......Page 555
REFERENCES......Page 556
INDEX......Page 559