Marine Coastal Ecosystems Modelling and Conservation: Latin American Experiences

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Part I: Natural and Human Environment of Coastal Ecosystems
	Ecological Modeling and Conservation on the Coasts of Mexico
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Oceanographic Features
				Ocean Acidification
				Oxygen Minimum Zones
			1.2 Biodiversity of Coral and Rocky Reefs
				Caribbean
				Gulf of Mexico
				Pacific
			1.3 Ecological Connectivity
			1.4 Main Threats to Biodiversity from Human-Related Activities in the Caribbean
		2 Conclusion and Remarks
		References
	The Humboldt Current Large Marine Ecosystem (HCLME), a Challenging Scenario for Modelers and Their Contribution for the Manager
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Upwelling and Related Determinant Oceanographic Features
			1.2 Diversity, Productivity, and Trends in Fisheries Landings
		2 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Marine Ecosystem Models in the Latin American Coasts
	Modelling the Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem: From Winds to Predators
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Atmospheric Modeling of the NHCE
			1.2 Oceanic Physical-Biogeochemical Modeling of the NHCE
			1.3 Individual Based Ecosystem Models of the NHCE
			1.4 Ecotrophic Modelling of the NHCE
		2 Conclusions
		References
	Using Ecosystem Models to Evaluate Stock Recovery in Two Hake Species from Chile
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area and Modelling Framework
			2.1 Mathematical Model and Functional Groups
			2.2 Optimization Routines
		3 Modelling Outcomes
		4 Fisheries and Socio-Economical Constrains
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Macroscopic Properties and Keystone Species Complexes in Kelp Forest Ecosystems Along the North-Central Chilean Coast
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Macroscopic or Emergent Ecosystem Properties
			1.2 Keystone Species Complex: A Holistic Concept
		2 Geographical Areas Modelling Structure and Assumptions
			2.1 Study Area
			2.2 Ecosystem Model Compartments
			2.3 Macroscopic Ecosystem Properties
			2.4 Determination of Keystone Species
				Functional Index
				Topological or Structural Index
				Semi-Quantitative Keystone Index
				Centrality of Nodes Sets
		3 Macroscopic Ecosystem Properties and Keystone Species Complex
		4 Conclusions and Future Directions
		References
	Exploring Harvest Strategies in a Benthic Habitat in the Humboldt Current System (Chile): A Study Case
		1 Introduction
		2 Geographical Area and Modelling
			2.1 Baseline Information for Models
			2.2 Simulation of Harvest by Changes in Fishing Mortality
			2.3 Analysis of Optimization of Economic and Ecological Scenarios
			2.4 Ecosystem Maturity Indicator
		3 Modelling Outcomes
		4 Conclusions
		References
	How Much Biomass Must Remain in the Sea After Fishing to Preserve Ecosystem Functioning? The Case of the Sardine Fishery in the Gulf of California, Mexico
		1 Introduction
			1.1 The Trophic Network of the Central Gulf of California
				Entropy
				Noxycline Estimation
		Annex
		References
	Macroscopic Network Properties and Spatially-Explicit Dynamic Model of the Banco Chinchorro Biosphere Reserve Coral Reef (Caribbean Sea) for the Assessment of Harvest Scenarios
		1 Introduction
		2 Modeling Strategy and Assumptions
			2.1 Data Sources, Model Compartments, and Dynamic Simulations
		3 Macroscopic Network Properties and Dynamic-Spatial Model Responses
		References
	The Use of Ecological Networks as Tools for Understanding and Conserving Marine Biodiversity
		1 Introduction
		2 Background
			2.1 Advances in Network Ecology and Their Relevance for Conservation
			2.2 Macroscopic and Microscopic Patterns in Marine Food Webs: From Network Structure to Species Topological Roles
			2.3 Processes Shaping the Structure of Marine Food Webs
			2.4 The Roles That Fisheries Play Within Food Webs
		3 Analytical Approaches
			3.1 Structural Analysis: Local and Mesoscale Indices
			3.2 Keystone Species and Keystone Species Complexes
			3.3 Modularity
			3.4 Linking Network Theory and Modeling: An Adaptive Network Models Approach
		4 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Modelling and Conservation of Coastal Marine Ecosystems in Latin America
		1 Overview and Synthesis
		References