Marine Biology

Cover
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication
Contents
About the Authors
Preface
Part One: Principles of Marine Science
	Chapter 1: The Science of Marine Biology
		1.1 The Science of Marine Biology
			The History of Marine Biology
			Marine Biology Today
		1.2 The Scientific Method
			Observation: The Currency of Science
			Two Ways of Thinking
			Testing Ideas
			Limitations of the Scientific Method
		Observing the Ocean
		Eye on Science: Carbonate Experiments on the Reef
		John Steinbeck and Ed Ricketts
		Interactive Exploration
	Chapter 2: The Sea Floor
		2.1 The Water Planet
			The Geography of the Ocean Basins
			The Structure of Planet Earth
		2.2 The Origin and Structure of the Ocean Basins
			Early Evidence of Continental Drift
			Plate Tectonics
			Earth’s Geological History
		2.3 The Geological Provinces of the Ocean
			Continental Margins
			Deep-Ocean Basins
			The Mid-Ocean Ridge and Hydrothermal Vents
		Eye on Science: Life Below the Sea Floor
		The Hawaiian Islands, Hot Spots, and Mantle Plumes
		Interactive Exploration
	Chapter 3: Chemical and Physical Features of the World Ocean
		3.1 The Waters of the Ocean
			The Unique Nature of Pure Water
			Seawater
		3.2 Ocean Circulation
			Surface Circulation
			Thermohaline Circulation and the Great Ocean Conveyor
		3.3 Waves and Tides
			Waves
			Tides
		Tall Ships and Surface Currents
		Eye on Science: Larval Transport Near Hydrothermal Vents
		Waves That Kill
		Interactive Exploration
	Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Biology
		4.1 The Ingredients of Life
			The Building Blocks
			The Fuel of Life
		4.2 Living Machinery
			Cells and Organelles
			Levels of Organization
		4.3 Challenges of Life in the Sea
			Salinity
			Temperature
			Surface-to-Volume Ratio
		4.4 Perpetuating Life
			Modes of Reproduction
			Reproductive Strategies
		4.5 The Diversity of Life in the Sea
			Natural Selection and Adaptation
			Classifying Living Things
		Evolutionary Perspective: From Snack to Servant: How Complex Cells Arose
		Eye on Science: When Fishes Stepped on Land
		Interactive Exploration
Part Two: The Organisms of the Sea
	Chapter 5: The Microbial World
		5.1 Viruses
		5.2 Prokaryotes
			Bacteria
			Archaea
			Prokaryote Metabolism
		5.3 Unicellular Algae
			Diatoms
			Dinoflagellates
			Other Unicellular Algae
		5.4 Protozoans: The Animal-Like Protists
			Foraminiferans
			Radiolarians
			Ciliates
		5.5 Fungi
		Evolutionary Perspective: Symbiotic Bacteria—The Essential
 Guests
		Tiny Cells, Big Surprises
		Eye on Science: A Fourth Domain of the Tree of Life?
		The Bay of Fire
		Interactive Exploration
	Chapter 6: Multicellular Primary Producers: Seaweeds and Plants
		6.1 Multicellular Algae: The Seaweeds
			General Structure
			Photosynthetic Pigments
			Types of Seaweeds
			Life History
			Economic Importance
		6.2 Flowering Plants
			Seagrasses
			Salt-Marsh Plants
			Mangroves
		Seaweeds for Gourmets
		Eye on Science: Marine Algae as Biofuels
		Interactive Exploration
	Chapter 7: Marine Animals Without a Backbone
		7.1 Sponges
		7.2 Cnidarians: Radial Symmetry
			Types of Cnidarians
			Biology of Cnidarians
		7.3 Comb Jellies: Radial Symmetry Revisited
		7.4 Bilaterally Symmetrical Worms
			Flatworms
			Ribbon Worms
			Nematodes
			Arrow Worms
			Segmented Worms
		7.5 Molluscs: The Successful Soft Body
			Types of Molluscs
			Biology of Molluscs
		7.6 Arthropods: The Armored Achievers
			Crustaceans
			Biology of Crustaceans
			Other Marine Arthropods
		7.7 Lophophorates
			Bryozoans
			Phoronids
			Lamp Shells
		7.8 Echinoderms: Five-Way Symmetry
			Types of Echinoderms
			Biology of Echinoderms
		7.9 Hemichordates: A “Missing Link"?
		7.10 Chordates Without a Backbone
			Tunicates
			Lancelets
		The Case of the Killer Cnidarians
		How to Discover a New Phylum
		Eye on Science: The Octopus Complex Brain
		Interactive Exploration
	Chapter 8: Marine Fishes
		8.1 Vertebrates: An Introduction
		8.2 Types of Fishes
			Jawless Fishes
			Cartilaginous Fishes
			Bony Fishes
		8.3 Biology of Fishes
			Body Shape
			Coloration
			Locomotion
			Feeding
			Digestion
			Circulatory System
			Respiratory System
			Regulation of the Internal Environment
			Nervous System and Sensory Organs
			Behavior
			Reproduction and Life History
		Shark
		Eye on Science: Great White Shark Migrations
		Evolutionary Perspective: A Fish Called Latimeria
		Interactive Exploration
	Chapter 9: Marine Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
		9.1 Marine Reptiles
			Sea Turtles
			Sea Snakes
			Other Marine Reptiles
			Biology of Marine Reptiles
		9.2 Seabirds
			Penguins
			Tubenoses
			Pelicans and Related Seabirds
			Gulls and Related Seabirds
			Shorebirds
			Biology of Seabirds
		9.3 Marine Mammals
			Seals, Sea Lions, and the Walrus
			Sea Otter, Marine Otter, and Polar Bear
			Manatees and Dugong
			Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises
			Biology of Marine Mammals
		The Endangered Sea Turtles
		Evolutionary Perspective: The Whales That Walked to Sea
		Eye on Science: Feeding in the Blue Whale
		How Intelligent Are Cetaceans?
		Interactive Exploration
Part Three: Structure and Function of Marine Ecosystems
	Chapter 10: An Introduction to Marine Ecology
		10.1 The Organization of Communities
			How Populations Grow
			Ways That Species Interact
		10.2 Major Marine Lifestyles and Environments
		10.3 The Flow of Energy and Materials
			Trophic Structure
			Cycles of Essential Nutrients
		Eye on Science: Symbiosis on the Seashore
		Biodiversity: All Creatures Great and Small
		Cleaning Associations
		Eye on Science: The Census of Marine Life
		Interactive Exploration
		SPECIAL REPORT: Our Changing Planet
			Rolling the Dice: Climate Change
				The Greenhouse: Too Much of a Good Thing?
				Betting on Black: CO2 Through the Roof
				What’s Happening Now?
				What Lies Ahead?
				So What?
			Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem
			Overwhelming the Nitrogen Cycle
			The No-Zone
			Stripping the Sea Bare
			Disappearing Habitats
			So What Do We Do
			Will There Be a Last Straw?
			For More Information
	Chapter 11: Between the Tides
		11.1 Rocky Shore Intertidal Communities
			Exposure at Low Tide
			The Power of the Sea
			The Battle for Space
			Vertical Zonation of Rocky Shores
		11.2 Soft-Bottom Intertidal Communities
			The Shifting Sediments
			Living in the Sediment
		Transplantation, Removal, and Caging Experiments
		Eye on Science: Sea Star Wasting Disease
		Interactive Exploration
	Chapter 12: Estuaries: Where Rivers Meet the Sea
		12.1 Origins and Types of Estuaries
		12.2 Physical Characteristics of Estuaries
			Salinity
			Substrate
			Other Physical Factors
		12.3 Estuaries as Ecosystems
			Living in an Estuary
			Types of Estuarine Communities
			Feeding Interactions Among Estuarine Organisms
		12.4 Human Impact on Estuarine Communities
		Fiddler on the Mud
		Eye on Science: Restoration of Salt Marshes
		Interactive Exploration
	Chapter 13: Life on the Continental Shelf
		13.1 Physical Characteristics of the Subtidal Environment
		13.2 Soft-Bottom Subtidal Communities
			Unvegetated Soft-Bottom Communities
			Seagrass Meadows
			Human Impact on Seagrasses
		13.3 Hard-Bottom Subtidal Communities
			Rocky Bottoms
			Kelp Communities
		Under the Polar Ice
		Life in Mud and Sand
		Eye on Science: Toxoplasma: From Cats to Sea Otters
		Interactive Exploration
	Chapter 14: Coral Reefs
		14.1 The Organisms That Build Reefs
			Reef Corals
			Other Reef Builders
			Conditions for Reef Growth
		14.2 Kinds of Coral Reefs
			Fringing Reefs
			Barrier Reefs
			Atolls
		14.3 The Ecology of Coral Reefs
			The Trophic Structure of Coral Reefs
			Coral Reef Communities
		Coral Reproduction
		Eye on Science: Racing to Protect Reef Resilience
		Deep-Water Coral Communities
		“Must Have Been Something I Ate"
		Interactive Exploration
	Chapter 15: Life Near the Surface
		15.1 The Organisms of the Epipelagic
			The Plankton: A New Understanding
			The Phytoplankton
			The Zooplankton
			The Nekton
		15.2 Living in the Epipelagic
			Staying Afloat
			Predators and Their Prey
		15.3 Epipelagic Food Webs
			Trophic Levels and Energy Flow
			The Microbial Loop
			Patterns of Production
			The El Niño–Southern Oscillation
		Red Tides and Harmful Algal Blooms
		Swimming Machines
		Eye on Science: Biological Nutrient Pumps
		Interactive Exploration
	Chapter 16: The Ocean Depths
		16.1 The Twilight World
			The Animals of the Mesopelagic
			Adaptations of Midwater Animals
		16.2 The World of Perpetual Darkness
			The Lack of Food
			Sex in the Deep Sea
			Living Under Pressure
		16.3 The Deep-Ocean Floor
			Feeding in the Deep-Sea Benthos
			The Nature of Life in the Deep-Sea Benthos
			Microbes in the Deep Sea
		16.4 Hot Springs, Cold Seeps, and Dead Bodies
		The Chambered Nautilus
		Biodiversity in the Deep Sea
		Eye on Science: Alvin Reborn
		Interactive Exploration
Part Four: Humans and the Sea
	Chapter 17: Resources from the Sea
		17.1 The Living Resources of the Sea
			Food from the Sea
			Marine Life as Items of Commerce and Recreation
		17.2 Non-Living Resources from the Sea Floor
			Oil and Gas
			Ocean Mining
		17.3 Non-Living Resources from Seawater
			Energy
			Fresh Water
			Minerals
		Of Fish and Seabirds, Fishers and Chickens
		Eye on Science: Aquaculture of Bluefin Tunas
		Take Two Sponges and Call Me in the Morning
		Interactive Exploration
	Chapter 18: The Impact of Humans on the Marine Environment
		18.1 Modification and Destruction of Habitats
			Human Impact on Coral Reefs
			Trawling
		18.2 Pollution
			Eutrophication
			Sewage
			Oil
			Persistent Toxic Substances
			Plastic Waste
			Thermal Pollution
		18.3 Threatened and Endangered Species
		18.4 Conserving and Enhancing the Marine Environment
			Conservation
			Restoration of Habitats
			Artificial Reefs
		18.5 Prospects for the Future
		Eye on Science: Microplastics in the Marine Environment
		Biological Invasions: The Uninvited Guests
		Sand on the Run, or What to Do with Our Shrinking Beaches
		Ten Simple Things You Can Do to Save the Oceans
		Interactive Exploration
Appendix A: Units of Measurement
Appendix B: Selected Field Guides and Other References for the Identification of Marine Organisms in North America
Appendix C: The World Ocean
Appendix D: Major coastal communities and marine protected areas in North America and the Caribbean
Glossary
Index