Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling Land and Water Resources: Advanced Techniques Using Open Source Software

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction to Part I: Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling of Land Resources
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Individual Chapters
	References
Chapter 2 Spatio-Temporal Investigation of Mining Activity and Its Effect on Landscape Dynamics: A Geo-Spatial Study of Beejoliya Tehsil, Rajasthan (India)
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Materials and Methods
		2.2.1 Study Area
		2.2.2 Data Used
		2.2.3 Methodology
	2.3 Results and Discussion
		2.3.1 LULC Change Assessment
		2.3.2 LULC Gain and Losses and Prediction Modeling
		2.3.3 NDVI Change Assessment
		2.3.4 Elevation Profile Change Assessment
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 Mapping Areas for Growing Pulses in Rice Fallows Using Multi-Criteria Spatial Decisions
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Materials and Methods
		3.2.1 Study Area
		3.2.2 Data and Methodology
		3.2.3 Potential Areas for Identification of Pulses
		3.2.4 Identification of Assessment Factors
		3.2.5 Fuzzy Set Modeling
		3.2.6 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach
		3.2.7 Calculation of Suitability Index Using Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM)
		3.2.8 Generating Land Suitability Maps
	3.3 Results and Discussion
	3.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4 Assessing Desertification Using Long-Term MODIS and Rainfall Data in Himachal Pradesh (India)
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Study Area
	4.3 Materials and Methods
		4.3.1 Methodology
		4.3.2 MODIS NDVI Analysis
		4.3.3 RUE
		4.3.4 Residual Image
		4.3.5 Statistical Significance Test
		4.3.6 Significance Level
	4.4 Results and Discussion
		4.4.1 Relationship between NDVI and Rainfall
		4.4.2 RUE
		4.4.3 RUE Trend
		4.4.4 Residual Trend and Human-Induced Desertification
		4.4.5 Regression Slope between Residual NDVI and Time (Year)
		4.4.6 Comparison between RUE and RESTREND
	4.5 Conclusions
	4.6 Scope for Further Research
	Bibliography
Chapter 5 Land Use/Land Cover Characteristics of Odisha Coastal Zone: A Retrospective Analysis during the Period between 1990 and 2017
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Study Area
	5.3 Data Used
	5.4 Methodology
		5.4.1 Pre-processing of Satellite Image
		5.4.2 Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Map Preparation
		5.4.3 Land Use/Land Cover Change Analysis
		5.4.4 Accuracy Assessment
		5.4.5 Estimation of Resource Degradation
	5.5 Results
		5.5.1 Spatio-temporal Distribution of LULC Categories
			5.5.1.1 Agricultural Fallow Land
			5.5.1.2 Cultivated Land
			5.5.1.3 Aquaculture
			5.5.1.4 Fallow/Open Land
			5.5.1.5 Beach/Sand Dune (with Vegetation)
			5.5.1.6 Industrial Built-up Area
			5.5.1.7 Mudflat
			5.5.1.8 Mangrove
			5.5.1.9 Marshy Land
			5.5.1.10 Open Vegetation
			5.5.1.11 Rural and Urban Settlement
			5.5.1.12 Scrub Land
			5.5.1.13 Water Bodies (Streams/Canals/Ponds/Lakes)
			5.5.1.14 Ocean
		5.5.2 Estimation of Land Degradation Characteristics
	5.6 Discussion
	5.7 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 6 Evaluating Landscape Dynamics in Jamunia Watershed, Jharkhand (India) Using Earth Observation Datasets
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Materials and Methods
		6.2.1 Study Area
		6.2.2 Data Processing
		6.2.3 LULC Classification
		6.2.4 Landscape Metrics Analysis
	6.3 Results and Discussion
		6.3.1 Classification and Accuracy Assessment of LULC Images
		6.3.2 Fragmentation Analyses
	6.4 Summary and Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7 Drought Frequency and Soil Erosion Problems in Puruliya District of West Bengal, India: A Geo-Environmental Study
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Role of Open Source Software Packages
		7.2.1 SAGA
		7.2.2 QGIS
		7.2.3 GRASS GIS
		7.2.4 Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS)
		7.2.5 Others
	7.3 Materials and Methods
		7.3.1 Study Area
		7.3.2 Methodology
			7.3.2.1 Assessment and Monitoring of Vegetative Drought
			7.3.2.2 Modeling Soil Erosion:
	7.4 Results and Discussion
		7.4.1 Spatio-Temporal Severity of Drought
		7.4.2 Threat of Soil Erosion
	7.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 8 Effects of Cyclone Fani on the Urban Landscape Characteristics of Puri Town, India: A Geospatial Study Using Free and Open Source Software
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Materials and Methods
		8.2.1 Study Area
		8.2.2 Data Source
		8.2.3 Image Processing
		8.2.4 LULC Classification
		8.2.5 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) based assessment
		8.2.6 Community Perception–Based Vegetation Appraisal
		8.2.7 Change Detection Analysis
	8.3 Results and Discussion
		8.3.1 Land Use and Land Cover Pattern of Puri Town
		8.3.2 Pre-Fani Vegetation Scenario
		8.3.3 Post-Fani Vegetation Scenario
		8.3.4 Cyclone-Induced Changes in Vegetation Cover
		8.3.5 Community-Formulated Plantation Guidelines
	8.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 9 Land Resource Mapping and Monitoring: Advances of Open Source Geospatial Data and Techniques
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Combinatorial Innovation in Sustainable Land Management
	9.3 Big (Geo) Data
		9.3.1 Coarse Resolution Satellite Data (>100 m Pixel Size)
		9.3.2 Medium Resolution Satellite Data (10–99 m Pixel Size)
		9.3.3 High Resolution Satellite Data (<10 m Pixel Size)
	9.4 Web Search Engine for Free Access Remote Sensing Data
		9.4.1 Open Source Vector Data
	9.5 Open Source Software for Land Resource Mapping and Monitoring
	9.6 Crowdsource Platform
	9.7 High-Quality Ground Truth and Land Use Management
	9.8 Cloud Computing
	9.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10 Introduction to Part II: Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling of Water Resources
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Individual Chapters
	References
Chapter 11 Improving Wetland Mapping Techniques Using the Integration of Image Fusion Techniques and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Study Area
	11.3 Materials and Methodology
		11.3.1 Materials
		11.3.2 Methods for Image Fusion
		11.3.3 Methods for Evaluating the Performances of Image Fusion Techniques
		11.3.4 Artificial Neural Network for Wetlands Mapping
		11.3.5 Validation of Wetland Maps
		11.3.6 Comparisons of Wetland Mapping Models
			11.3.6.1 Kendall Correlation
			11.3.6.2 Spearman’s Correlation
	11.4 Results and Discussion
		11.4.1 Analysis of Image Fusion Techniques
		11.4.2 Evaluation of the Image Fusion Techniques
		11.4.3 Wetland Mapping Using Artificial Neural Network
		11.4.4 Validation of the Wetland Modeling Models
		11.4.5 Comparison of the Association among Wetland Modeling Models
	11.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Conflict of Interest
	References
Chapter 12 Open Source Geospatial Technologies for Generation of Water Resource Development Plan
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Study Area
	12.3 Data Used
	12.4 Methodology
		12.4.1 WRDP Generation Using Open Source Desktop GIS
		12.4.2 WRDP Generation Using Web-Enabled Open Source GIS
			12.4.2.1 Creation of Database and Web Services
			12.4.2.2 Development of Customized Web GIS Application for WRDP Generation
	12.5 Results and Discussion
		12.5.1 Desktop Interface
		12.5.2 Web Interface
	12.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 13 Geo-Spatial Enabled Water Resource Development Plan for Decentralized Planning in India: Myths and Facts
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Water Resource Development Program in India
	13.2 Materials and Methods
		13.2.1 Extent and Size of Water Resource Development Plans
		13.2.2 Effect of Scale on Water Resource Development Plan
			13.2.2.1 Study Area
			13.2.2.2 Remote Sensing/GIS Data Used
			13.2.2.3 Remote Sensing / GIS Software Used
			13.2.2.4 Process Flow for Image Analysis
	13.3 Results and Discussion
		13.3.1 Generation of Thematic Map
		13.3.2 Slope
		13.3.3 Land Capability
		13.3.4 Erosion
		13.3.5 Soil Depth
		13.3.6 Drainage
		13.3.7 Land Use/Land Cover
			13.3.7.1 Land Evaluation and Land Use Plan
		13.3.8 Water Resource Action Plan Generation
		13.3.9 Weighted Overlay Techniques
		13.3.10 Resource Conservation Practices in India
			13.3.10.1 Water and Soil Conservation Activities in Maharashtra State
	13.4 Conclusion
		13.4.1 Effect of Water Resources on the Community
	References
Chapter 14 Automatic Extraction of Surface Waterbodies of Bilaspur District, Chhattisgarh (India)
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Study Area
	14.3 Methods
		14.3.1 Spectral Water Indexes
		14.3.2 Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)
		14.3.3 Modified Difference Water Index (MNDWI)
		14.3.4 Water Ratio Index (WRI)
		14.3.5 Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI)
		14.3.6 Accuracy Assessment
		14.3.7 Correlation Analysis And Evaluation
	14.4 Results and Discussion
	14.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15 Valuing Ecosystem Services for the Protection of Coastal Wetlands Using Benefit Transfer Approach: Evidence from Bangladesh
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Materials and Methods
		15.2.1 Study Area
		15.2.2 Methodology
		15.2.3 Land Use Land Cover Classification
		15.2.4 Ecosystem Services Value (ESV) Estimation
		15.2.5 Spatial Analysis of ESV Flow
		15.2.6 Sensitivity Factor
	15.3 Results
		15.3.1 Land Cover Classes in the Study Area
		15.3.2 Estimation of Total ESV
		15.3.3 Estimation of Ecosystem Function Value (ESVf)
		15.3.4 Significance of Land Use Types for ESV
	15.4 Discussion
	15.5 Conclusion and Policy Implications for Sustainable Conservation
	References
Chapter 16 Identification of Groundwater Prospect of Bilaspur District: A Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Study Area
	16.3 Methods
		16.3.1 Pre-Field and Field Work Activities
		16.3.2 Post-Field Activities
		16.3.3 Rainfall Estimation
		16.3.4 Drainage Density
		16.3.5 Average Groundwater Level Depth
		16.3.6 Integration of Thematic Layers
		16.3.7 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
		16.3.8 Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Analysis to Find Groundwater Potential Zone
	16.4 Results and Discussion
		16.4.1 Lithology
		16.4.2 Soil
		16.4.3 Drainage Density
		16.4.4 Rainfall
		16.4.5 Average Pre-Monsoon and Post-Monsoon Groundwater Depth
		16.4.6 Elevation
		16.4.7 Slope
		16.4.8 Land Use/Land Cover
		16.4.9 Vegetation Vigor
	16.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17 Long-Term Drought Assessment and Prediction Driven by CORDEX-RCM: A Study on a Hydro-Meteorologically Significant Watershed of West Bengal
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Methodology
		17.2.1 Study Area
		17.2.2 Data Sources and Software
			17.2.2.1 Use of Open Source Software
		17.2.3 Methods
			17.2.3.1 Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)
			17.2.3.2 Definition
			17.2.3.3 Drought Frequency
			17.2.3.4 Drought Duration
			17.2.3.5 Drought Magnitude and Drought Intensity
			17.2.3.6 Trend Analysis
	17.3 Results and Discussion
		17.3.1 Nature of Drought
			17.3.1.1 Meteorological Drought
			17.3.1.2 Agricultural Drought
			17.3.1.3 Hydrological Drought
			17.3.1.4 Socio-Economic Drought
		17.3.2 Drought Frequency
		17.3.3 Total Drought Duration
		17.3.4 Drought Progression
			17.3.4.1 Temporal Progression of Drought
			17.3.4.2 Spatial Progression of Drought
		17.3.5 Drought Magnitude and Intensity
		17.3.6 Trend Analysis
	17.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 18 Use of Open Source Software to Assess Spatio-Temporal Variation of Agricultural Drought at Regional Scale
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Study Area
	18.3 Materials and Methods
		18.3.1 Data Used
		18.3.2 Vegetation Condition Index (VCI)
		18.3.3 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
		18.3.4 Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI)
		18.3.5 Yield Anomaly Index (YAI)
	18.4 Results and Discussion
		18.4.1 Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Vegetational Drought Using VCI
		18.4.2 Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Meteorological Drought using SPI
		18.4.3 Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI)
		18.4.4 Crop Production and Yield Anomaly Index (YAI)
		18.4.5 Yield Anomaly Index and Standardized Precipitation Index
		18.4.6 Standard Precipitation Index and Vegetation Condition Index
		18.4.7 Yield Anomaly Index and Vegetation Condition Index
	18.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19 Snow Cover Monitoring Using Topographical Parameters for Beas River Catchment Area
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Materials and Methods
		19.2.1 Study Area
		19.2.2 Data Used
		19.2.3 Methodology
	19.3 Results and Discussion
	19.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 20 Land Surface Water Resource Monitoring and Climate Change
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Surface Water Monitoring
		20.2.1 Multispectral Optical Data
		20.2.2 Microwave Remote Sensing
	20.3 Water Quality Monitoring Using Remote Sensing
	20.4 Open Source Image Processing and Geographic Information System (GIS) Software and Platforms
	20.5 Climate Alteration Impacts
	20.6 Conclusion
	20.7 Supplementary
	References
Index