Manual on the Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking, Foaming, and Other Solids Separation Problems, 3rd Edition

Manual On The Causes And Control Of Activated Sludge Bulking, Foaming, And Other Solids Separation Problems......Page 1
Dedication......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 7
Authors......Page 8
List Of Illustrations......Page 9
List Of Tables......Page 13
List Of Abbreviations......Page 15
Table Of Contents......Page 16
Bibliography and References......Page 22
III. ACTIVATED SLUDGE FLOC......Page 37
B. VISCOUS BULKING......Page 39
D. FILAMENTOUS BULKING......Page 40
E. FOAM /SCUM......Page 41
V. DIFFERENTIATION OF MICROBIAL AND PROCESS-RELATED SOLIDS SEPARATION PROBLEMS......Page 43
1. Introduction......Page 44
2. Sampling Points......Page 45
4. Sample Transport and Storage......Page 46
5. Microscope......Page 47
8. Sample Preparation......Page 48
9. Floc Characteristics and Overall Filament Abundance......Page 49
e. Bacterial Colonies......Page 50
f. Cells Dispersed in Bulk Solution......Page 51
a. Branching......Page 52
f. Sheath......Page 53
k. Cell Size......Page 54
n. Staining Reactions......Page 56
o. Additional Observations......Page 57
12. Filamentous Organism Descriptions......Page 58
b. Type 1701 Figure 2.21b......Page 59
e. Thiothrix I Figures 2.14b, 2.15a, 2.19c, and 2.23a......Page 62
f. Thiothrix II Figures 2.19d, 2.23c, and 2.23d......Page 63
g. Type 0914 Figures 2.15d, 2.24a, and 2.24b......Page 64
i. Nostocoida limicola I Figure 2.25a......Page 65
j. Nostocoida limicola II Figures 2.10e, 2.11c, 2.17b, 2.18e, and 2.25b......Page 67
k. Nostocoida limicola III Figure 2.25c......Page 68
m. Type 0961 Figure 2.26b......Page 69
p. Type 0041 Figures 2.10a, 2.12a, 2.13c, 2.14a, 2.17c, 2.18f, and 2.27a......Page 70
v. Type 1863 Figures 2.10c, 2.14c, and 2.28c......Page 72
w. Type 0211 Figure 2.28d......Page 76
aa. Fungi Figures 2.9a and 2.29d......Page 78
C. PROGRESS IN IDENTIFYING FILAMENTOUS ORGANISMS......Page 79
1. General......Page 80
2. Microscopic Evaluation......Page 81
c. Free-Swimming Ciliates......Page 82
4. Use of Protozoa and Metazoa as Indicator Organisms......Page 83
E. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS......Page 84
2. Foaming Tests......Page 85
b. Flocculated SS FSS......Page 86
c. Secondary Effluent SS ESS......Page 87
II. FILAMENT COUNTING......Page 91
A. R ESULTS OF F ILAMENTOUS O RGANISM S URVEYS......Page 92
1. General......Page 93
2. Nonmicrobial Particles......Page 94
b. Limited Diversity......Page 95
c. Dispersed Growth......Page 96
d. Neisser-Positive Cell Clumps......Page 99
g. Selector Flocs......Page 100
k. Exocellular Material......Page 101
l. Algae......Page 102
c. Readily Metabolizable Soluble Organics......Page 103
g. Case Study......Page 104
i. Aeration Basin Configuration and Redox Conditions......Page 105
k. Foam Trapping Features......Page 106
o. Temperature......Page 107
p. Summary......Page 108
II. GENERAL APPROACH......Page 110
3. Secondary Clarifier Process Operating Relationships......Page 111
4. Sludge Thickening Theory......Page 112
5. Secondary Clarifier Analysis and Operation......Page 116
6. System Analysis and Operation......Page 118
B. ADDITION OF CHEMICALS AND INERT SOLIDS TO ENHANCE ACTIVATED SLUDGE SETTLING RATES......Page 120
1. General......Page 122
a. Chlorination Criteria......Page 123
b. General Guidelines......Page 125
d. Monitoring Effects of Chlorine Addition......Page 126
b. City of Albany, GA......Page 127
c. City of San Jose/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant, CA......Page 129
d. Stroh Brewing Co., Longview, TX......Page 130
e. Plastics Manufacturing Wastewater Activated Sludge System, WV......Page 131
a. General......Page 134
IV. SPECIFIC METHODS OF BULKING CONTROL......Page 135
c. Availability of Macronutrients......Page 136
d. Satisfying Macronutrient Demands......Page 137
e. Required Residual Macronutrient Concentrations......Page 139
3. Micronutrients......Page 140
1. General......Page 141
c. City of Woonsocket, RI......Page 142
1. Effect of Aeration Basin Configuration......Page 143
2. Selectors......Page 144
b. Selector Mechanisms......Page 145
c. Effects of Selectors......Page 150
c. Aerobic Selectors......Page 151
d. Anoxic Selectors......Page 152
b. Hamilton, OH......Page 153
c. Davenport, IA......Page 155
d. Tri-City, Clackamas County, OR......Page 156
f. Hyperion Treatment Plant, Los Angeles, CA......Page 157
g. 23rd Avenue Plant, Phoenix, AZ......Page 158
6. Situations Where Selectors Are Not Effective......Page 159
A. GENERAL......Page 160
a. Inadequate Flocculation, Floc Break-Up High ESS, High DSSi, Low FSS......Page 161
c. Bioflocculation Problems High DSSi, High FSS, High ESS......Page 162
A. T YPES OF A CTIVATED S LUDGE F OAM......Page 164
a. Activated Sludge......Page 165
b. Anaerobic Digesters......Page 166
b. Solids-Containing Foams......Page 168
c. Roles of Surfactants......Page 169
e. Foam Trapping and Recycling......Page 170
f. Foaming Tests......Page 172
a. Factors Affecting Growth......Page 173
b. MCRT and Temperature......Page 174
c. pH......Page 176
2. Aerobic Selectors......Page 177
3. Anoxic Selectors......Page 179
4. Anaerobic Selectors......Page 180
5. Classifying Selectors and Selective Foam Wasting......Page 184
7. Cationic Polymer Addition......Page 187
3. Operating Conditions......Page 189
a. Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority UOSA, VA......Page 191
b. Northside Wastewater Treatment Plant, Tulsa, OK......Page 192
V. ANAEROBIC DIGESTER FOAMING......Page 193