Manual of Crime Scene Investigation

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1. Crime Scene Management
	Introduction
	The Crime Scene
		What Is a Crime Scene?
		What Is Crime Scene Management?
			Information Management
			Manpower Management
			Technology Management
		Equipment Can Be in Different Categories
			Management of Logistics
		Order Processing for a Crime Scene
		Crime Scene Equipment Handling
		Storage of Equipment and Exhibits
		Inventory Control
		Transportation
		Packaging
		Who Is a Crime Scene Manager?
		Planning and Preparation
		Crime scene processing Protocol
		Scene Assessment
	Crime Scene Initial Walk-Through
	Assessment After Walk-Through
	Action Plan
	Contamination Issues
	Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
	Risk Assessment
		Examine the Crime Scene
		Documenting the Crime Scene
	Notes
	Scene Photography and Video
	Videography
	Sketching the Crime Scene
	Crime Scene Searching Techniques
	Physical Evidence
	Collecting and Packaging Evidence
	References
Chapter 2. Crime Scene Reconstruction
	Introduction
	Epistemological Ubication: Scientific Nature of Criminal Reconstruction
	Criminalistic Principles for Reconstruction
	Systematic Methodology
	Reconstructive Aspects of Some Evidences
	Dynamic Indicia
		Ballistic Trajectories
		Autopsy Reports
		Biomechanical Studies
		BPA or Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
		Forensic Clothing Analysis
		Fire Marks
		Fixing Evidence of Space-Time
	Relationship with Criminological Techniques
	Criminal Profiling
	Psychological Autopsy
	Forensic Linguistics
	Biases in Criminalistic Reconstruction
	Conclusions
	Notes
	References
Chapter 3. The Role of the Medical Examiner in the Crime Scene Investigation
	Post-Mortem Changes
	Hypostasis
	Rigor Mortis
	Putrefaction
	Adipocere and Mummification
	Temperature-Based Determination of Time Passed After Death
	CSI in Asphyxia Deaths
	Firearms
	Entomology and CSI
	CSI in Fall from Height
	CSI in Sudden Infant Deaths
	CSI in Suspected Cases of Child Abuse and Neglect
		Burn Cases
		Fall Injuries
	Sexual Assault
	Transportation Injuries
	References
Chapter 4. Archaeological Evidence Collection
	Introduction
	Forensic Archaeology Definition and its use in the Medico-Legal Context
	Location Assessment Prior the Excavation
	Excavation Steps
	Historical Background of the Archaeological Context. Archaeology of the Country/Region
	Archaeological Evidence Collection and chain of Custody Procedure
	Textile and Clothing Evidence
	Metal Detecting, Cartridge Cases and Bullet Evidence Collection
	Personal Items as Evidence Material
	Surface Remains Evidence Collection
	Evidence Collection Using Sieves
	Tool marks as Forensic Evidence
	Soil, Botanical and Geological Evidence
	Other Evidence Collection
	Case Studies
		Yugoslav Army in the Homeland case
		WWII German soldiers\' case
		A case of human remains from a cave
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 5. Biological Evidence Collection
	Introduction
	Crime Scene Inspection and Evidence Searching
		Line/Strip Method
		Grid Method
		Spiral Method
		Zone/Quadrant Method
		Wheel/Ray Method
	Evidence Classification
	Evidence Searching
		Forensic Lights
		Chemical Methods
	Biological Evidence Collection Procedure
		Evidence at Crime Scene
			Trasportable Objects
			Non-Transportable Objects
			Non-Porous Surfaces
			Porous Surfaces
			Biological Liquids
		Evidence from the Body of the Victim
			Stains of Blood, Semen, or Other Biological Fluids
			Saliva in Bite Marks
			Nails
			Hairs
			Oral Cavity
			Body Surface
			Pubic Area
			Cervix, Vaginal Cavity, and Vulvar Region
			Anal Samples
		Cadaveric Remains
			Bodies in Good Conditions
			Putriefied Bodies
			Carbonized Bodies
	Reference Samples Collection
		Blood
			Venous Puncture
			Finger Puncture
		Saliva
		Hairs
		Transfused Subjects
	Evidence Packing
	Scene Releasing
	Evidence Transportation
	Evidence Storage
	Chain of Custody
	Common Errors
	Contamination
	References
Chapter 6. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
	Introduction
	Historical Development
	Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Significance
	Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Principle
		Categories of Blood Stains
	Presumptive Testing and Chemical Enhancement
	Evaluating a Bloodstain Case
		Different Classes of Blood Stains
		Flow Patterns
		Blood Pool
		Impact Spatter Stains
		Cast-off Projected Stains
		Expirated Bloodstains
		Clotted Bloodstains
		Diluted Bloodstains
		Dried Bloodstains
		Diffused/Capillary Action
		Sequenced Bloodstains
		Voids Patterns
		Cast-off Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
		Projected Bloodstain Patterns
		Huge Volumes of Falling Blood Patterns
	Documentation
	Preserving Evidence
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7. Collection of Botanical Evidence
	Introduction
	Forensic Botany
		Significance of Botanical Evidence
	Botanical Crime Scene Analysis
		Searching for Evidence
		Photography and Documentation
	Collection of Botanical Evidences
		Essential Equipment for Collection and Packaging
		Collection and Packaging Methods for Botanical Evidence
			Palynological Samples
			Diatoms from Water Bodies
		Sample Collection for DNA Analysis
		Evidence Collection from the Gut
			Stomach and Intestinal Content
			Vomitus and Fecal Material
		Botany Field Datasheet
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8. Toxicological Evidence Collection
	Introduction
	Role of Forensic Investigator and Forensic Toxicologist
	Crime Scene Investigation
	Different Types of Evidence at the Crime Scene
		Agricultural Chemicals
		Organic Compounds
		Inorganic Compounds
		Drugs and Healthcare Products
		Origin Based
	Collection and Preservation of Evidence
		Analysis/Tests for Toxicological Evidences to Be Performed at the Scene of Crime
	Preventive Measures Taken Up by Forensic Toxicologist
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9. Digital Evidence Collection
	Introduction
		Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
	Computer Forensics Investigation Process
	Phases in Computer/Digital Forensic Investigation Process
	Tool Selection
	Data Collection from Mobile Phones
	Documentation
	Review
	Data Collection from Solid State Drive (SSD) in Digital Forensics
	Methods
	The Copying Process (Imaging of SSD)
	Analysis after Imaging of SSD
	Steps of Implementation
	Completion of Data Extraction from SSD
	References
Chapter 10. Forensic Entomology: Overview and Application Considerations
	History and Current Status of Forensic Entomology
		Historical Association of Flies and Medicolegal Death Investigations
		The Relationship Between Taxonomy, Ecology, and Insect Succession
		Casework Applications
	Factors Affecting Insect Colonization
		General Effects of Differing Environments
			Mechanical Barriers
			Seasonal and Environmental Differences
			Lighting Patterns
	Entomological Evidence Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing
		Collection
		Analysis
			Insect Succession Methods
			Temperature-Dependent Development Methods
		Report Writing
	The Future of Forensic Entomology
		Professionalism in Forensic Entomology
		New Advances and Applications in Forensic Entomology
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11. Fiber Evidence Collection
	Introduction
	Types of Fibers
		Natural Fibers
			Plant Fibers
			Animal Fibers
		Semi-synthetic Fibers
		Synthetic Fibers
		Mineral Fibers
	Fibers Obtained from the Hairs of Animals
		Silk
		Wool
	Sampling and Testing
	Collection and Preservation of Fiber Evidence
	Examination of Fiber Evidence
		Physical Examination
			Physical Characteristics
			Thread Counting
		Microscopic Examination
		Chemical Examination
			Burn Test
			Solubility Test
			Chemical Test
			Instrumental Analysis of Fiber
			Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography
			Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
			Scanning Electron Microscopy
			Atomic Force Microscopy
			Chemical or Dye Analysis
	Significance of Fibers as Trace Evidence
	Crime Files
		Murder of George Marsh (1912)
		Ted Bundy Case
		Leanne Tiernan Case
			How She Was Found
			Length of Time Since Her Death
			The Dog Collar, the Twine, and the Cable Ties
			DNA Examination
			Hairs Found at Intervals on the Headband
			First British Murder Investigation Exploitation Dog Polymer Identification
			The Carpet and Bloodstains Beneath Floorboards
			The Arrest
	References
Chapter 12. Fingerprints
	What Is a Fingerprint?
		Conditions Impacting Fingerprints and Fingerprinting
	History
		Amazing Find
	How Are Fingerprints Left?
		Components of a Fingerprint
		Patterns
		Minutiae
		Types of Prints
			Inked Prints
			Latent Prints
		Processing
			Plastic or 3-D Prints
			Patent Prints
		Surfaces
		Other Surface Issues
		Absence of Prints
	Classification of Fingerprints
	Palm Prints
	Comparison-ACEV
	Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
	Cases in Fingerprint History
	References
Chapter 13. Firearms Evidence Collection
	Introduction to Forensic Firearms Evidence
		Firearm Evidence Considerations
		Search and Recovery Equipment
	Firearm Evidence Packaging and Handling
		Firearm Safety and Handling
		3-D Printed Firearms Handling and Collection
		Homemade Firearms and Other Miscellaneous Firearms
		Fired Ammunition
		Unfired Ammunition
		Underwater Firearm Evidence Collection
	Gunshot Residue
		Muzzle to Target Distance Determination
		Infrared and Ultraviolet Camera in Gunshot Residue
	Shooting Scene Investigation and Reconstruction
		Importance of Crime Scene Reconstruction
		Preliminary Steps for Shooting Incident Investigations
		Role of Markings on Projectiles
			Firearm Specific Markings
			Post-Muzzle Markings and Trace Evidence
		Geometric Projection Methods for Trajectory Determination
			Physical Projection Methods
			Entry Hole Geometry
			Probes and Rods
			Strings
			Optical Projection Methods
			Optical Sighting
			Low Power Lasers
			Laser Path Alignment with the Projectile Holes in Walls
			Laser Beam Documentation
			Positioning Stages
			Using the Aligned Laser Beam to Determine the Angle Information
			Intermediate Target Placement in the Laser Beam
			Dual-Opposed Co-axial Laser
			Lighting Auxiliary Alignment Targets
			Crime Scene 3-D Scanning and Software Reconstruction
			Crime Scene 3-D Scanning
		Sources of Error and Precautions
		Shell Casing Ejection/Cartridge Case Pattern Analysis
	Other Shooting Reconstruction Considerations
		Application of Chemical Reagents in Shooting Reconstruction
			Dithiooxamide (DTO)
			2-nitroso-1-naphthol
			Sodium Rhodizonate (Soro)
			Dimethylglyoxime (DMG)
		Vehicle Dynamics in Shooting Reconstruction
		Firearm-Associated Blood Spatter Patterns
	References
Chapter 14. Trace Evidence
	Soil
		Forensic Significance
		Methods of Recovery and Collection
		Forensic Analysis
	Paint
		Forensic Significance
		Methods of Recovery and Collection
		Forensic Analysis
	Glass
		Forensic Significance
		Methods of Recovery and Collection
			Hand Picking with Tweezers or Forceps
			Tape Lifts
			Vacuuming
			Scrapings
			Shaking Clothing Over a Large Metal Cone
		Forensic Analysis
	References
Chapter 15. Rapid DNA Analysis at Crime Scenes
	History of DNA Typing
	Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) and CODIS
	Introduction of Rapid DNA Analysis
	Implementation of Rapid DNA
	Rapid DNA Technology Manufacturers
	Rapid DNA Instruments and Their Developmental Validation
	Case Studies on Rapid DNA Analysis
	Benefits and Drawbacks of Rapid DNA Analysis
	Past Efforts and Future of Rapid DNA Analysis
	References
Chapter 16. Crime Scene Investigation for Veterinarians: Practical Vision
	Veterinary Medicine and Forensic Sciences
	Traces, Signs, Evidence, and Means of Proof
	Veterinarians and Crime Scene
	Types of Evidences
		Testimonial Evidence
		Physical Evidence
		Circumstantial Evidence
			Let Us Look at an Example Concerning Context
	Effects on Crime Scene
	Basic Principles of Criminalistics
		Let\'s See an Example
			Let\'s see an example
	Managing the Evidence
		An Example Where It Shows That Physical Evidence Is Not Always Enough
	Crime Scene
	First Responder
		Security/Biosecurity Considerations
		Zoonosis
		Preliminary Report or Initial Documentation
		The Life of Animals and People Prevails Over the Protection of Evidence
		Triage
	The Arrival of the Investigative Team
	Crime Scene Processing by CSI Team
		Technical/Visual Inspection (Assessment - Observation)
			Planning and Coordination
		Perimeter (Evaluation/Reassessment)
		Check-In
		Crime Scene Processing
			Searching for Traces and Evidence
			Search Patterns
			Zonal Search
			Point-to-Point Search
		Crime Scene Processing
			Identification of Traces/Vestiges and Evidence
		Crime Scene Processing
			Documentation
			Written Documents (Notes)
			Let\'s look at an example
	Photographs
		Evidence/Relationship Establishment Photograph
		Exam or Forensic Quality Photograph
		Videography
	Sketching and Manual Mapping
		Mapping the Crime Scene
		Rectangular Coordinates
	Sampling
		Poisons
		Firearms
		Bloodstains
		Transportable Items: Dry Spots in Small Samples
		Non-Transportable Item
		Wet Signs (Clothes or Other Objects)
		Burns
		Other Samples
		Packaging
	Approach the Corpse
	Completion of Fieldwork
	Expert Report (Adapted from Gardner & Krouskup, 2019)
	General Considerations
	Final Words
	References
	Appendix
Chapter 17. Forensic Odontology
	Introduction
	Forensic Odontology
	Dental Evidence in Crime Scene Investigation
	Bite Marks
	Effects of the Fire in the Oral Cavity
	Radiology Evidence
	Cheiloscopy
	Rugoscopy
	Conclusion
	References
Appendix A. Contextualizing Education of Crime Scene Investigation
	Education Structure and Methods
	Designing a Contextualized Crime Scene Investigator Training Program
	References
Appendix B. Vicarious Traumatization and the Crime Scene Investigator
	Social Change Implications
	References
	Additional Resources
Index