دسترسی نامحدود
برای کاربرانی که ثبت نام کرده اند
دانلود کتاب Manson's Tropical Diseases
دانلود کتاب بیماری های گرمسیری منسون
مشخصات کتاب
Manson's Tropical Diseases
ویرایش: 24 نویسندگان: Jeremy Farrar, Peter J. Hotez, Thomas Junghanss, Gagandeep Kang, David Lalloo, Nicholas J. White, Patricia J. Garcia سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9780702079597, 9780702079603 ناشر: Elsevier سال نشر: 2023 تعداد صفحات: 1634 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 71 مگابایت
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 66,000
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Manson's Tropical Diseases به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب بیماری های گرمسیری منسون نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
فهرست مطالب
Inside Front Cover Acknowledgement Manson’s Tropical Diseases Copyright Contents Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Twenty-fourth Edition CONTRIBUTORS 1 - History of Tropical Medicine, and Medicine in the Tropics Introduction The Medicine of Warm Climates From Warm Climates to Tropical Medicine The Laboratory and the Field From World War to Cold War An Unstable World BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY 2 - Global Health Evolving Concepts: From Global Health to Planetary Health Trends in the Global Burden of Disease Changing Perceptions of Risk: Health Security, Trust, and Global Communication Global Health Security Vaccine Hesitancy World on the Move – Migrant Health Trade and Health Global Health Institutions and Development Aid for Health Decolonizing Global Health Health Systems – The Trajectory Towards Universal Health Coverage Comprehensive Primary Healthcare – The Route to Uhc Health System Capacity: Workforce Marketplace and Professional Education Capacity and Technology Planetary Health Air Pollution Sustainable Development Goals Progress so Far on Sdgs Conclusion REFERENCES REFERENCES 3 - Poverty and Inequality Diseases of the Tropics or of Poverty? What Is Poverty? Poverty and Policy Poverty as a Cause of Tropical Diseases Tropical Diseases as a Cause of Poverty Poverty as a Reason for Neglect of Tropical Diseases Implications for Policy Conclusion REFERENCES REFERENCES 4 - Public Health in Settings of Conflict and Political Instability Background Epidemiology Prevention Prevention of Communicable Diseases Disease-Specific Prevention Measures Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases Screening and Health Promotion Management of Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases Communicable Diseases Non-communicable Diseases Nutritional Disorders Chronic Diseases Surgical Care Mental Health COVID-19 PANDEMIC Challenges Conclusions REFERENCES REFERENCES 5---Climate-Change-and-Health-in-the-Tropics--Current_2024_Manson-s-Tropical 5 - Climate Change and Health in the Tropics: Current Status and Future Trends Introduction Climate Change: An Introduction Heat Rising Sea Levels Severe Weather Events Infectious Diseases Food and Nutrition Climate Change Mitigation Conclusion REFERENCES 6 - Medical Products Quality and Public Health Epidemiology Detection Impact Response Prevention REFERENCES REFERENCES 7 - The Economic Case for Devoting Public Resources to Health1,2 Introduction Classic Arguments for Spending on Public Health Health in Traditional Macroeconomics Microeconomic Evidence on How Better Health Benefits the Economy Randomized Controlled Studies How Better Health Benefits the Economy Overall Economic Effects of Specific Diseases Policy Implications Conclusion Addendum on the COVID-19 pandemic REFERENCES REFERENCES 8 - Global Health Governance and Tropical Diseases Introduction What Is ‘Global Health Governance’? Colonial Roots of Tropical Medicine Post World War II: The WHO Legal Powers Membership and Administration Financing The Programme Pendulum: Vertical vs Horizontal Approaches The Alma-Ata Declaration Selective Primary Healthcare Rise of Public–Private Partnerships The Globalizing Context The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation The Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance International Health Emergencies and the International Community The International Health Regulations Public Health Emergencies of International Concern Leadership Crisis: The 2014 Ebola Outbreak Global Health Leadership and COVID-19 Conclusion REFERENCES REFERENCES 9 - Ethics and Tropical Diseases: Some Global Considerations Introduction Background Key Considerations How Ethics Informs Practice Discussion Ethics and Public Health Responses to Tropical Disease Ethics and Tropical Disease Research Conclusion REFERENCES REFERENCES 10 - Issues and Challenges of Public Health Research in Developing Countries Background Methods to Assess the Burden of Infectious Diseases Retrospective Reviews of Existing Data Special Prospective Surveillance Studies Detection of Cases (Numerator) Estimation of the Population (Denominator) Quantification of Sequelae and Deaths Cross-Sectional Studies and Cluster Samples Verbal Autopsies Vaccine Probe Assessments Socioeconomic Research Outbreak Investigations Evaluation of Interventions Against Infectious Disease Randomized Controlled Trials Efficacy Vs Effectiveness Other Designs Analyses of Economic Impact Good Clinical Practice and Ethical Issues Use of Health Research Findings to Guide Health Policy Decisions Summary REFERENCES REFERENCES 11 - Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine in Resource-Poor Settings Introduction Initial Emergency Care Access to ICU Care Basic ICU Equipment and Supportive Facilities Organizational Aspects Patient Monitoring in Critical Illness Infection Prevention in the ICU Enteral Feeding Blood Transfusion Mobilization, Stress Ulcer PROPHYLAXIS, and Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis Management of Sepsis in Resource-Limited Settings Early Recognition Source Control and Antimicrobial Therapy Fluid Management and Vasopressor Drugs Oxygen Therapy and Mechanical Ventilation Use of Corticosteroids in Septic Shock Glucose Control The Covid-19 Pandemic Conclusions REFERENCES REFERENCES 12 - Ultrasound Introduction Ultrasound in Tropical Medicine Cystic Echinococcosis Schistosomiasis Filariasis Ascariasis Fascioliasis Toxocariasis – Visceral and Ocular Larva Migrans Clonorchiasis and Opistorchiasis Amoebic and Bacterial Abscesses AIDS Tuberculosis Chronic Liver Disease Lung Ultrasound Obstetrics Trauma Training in Resource-Poor Settings Performance Standards and Quality Assessment Acknowledgements REFERENCES REFERENCES 13 - Surgery in the Tropics KEY POINTS Introduction Part I: Surgery in a Global Context Brief History of Global Surgery The Movement for Global Surgery: Contextualizing Tropical Surgical Diseases Part II: Surgical Diseases Non-Communicable Diseases Tropical Diseases of Surgical Relevance (Infectious) Conclusion REFERENCES REFERENCES 14 - HIV Epidemiology in the Tropics Global Overview Discovery and Origins of the Virus Diagnostic Tools Treatment Prevention of Hiv Transmission HIV in the Tropics Latin America Region The Caribbean Region Asia and the Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa Eastern and Southern Africa Western and Central Africa Conclusion REFERENCES REFERENCES 15 - Clinical Features and Management of HIV/AIDS in Adults Introduction Pathogenesis and Pathology Diagnosis and Monitoring Clinical Manifestations of HIV Neurological Complications of HIV HIV-Associated Nephropathy Cardiovascular Complications of HIV HIV and Ageing Antiretroviral Therapy Implementing ART Scale-up in LMIC Epidemiologic Impact of ART Response to ART ART Drug Classes ART Resistance and Resistance Testing Composition of ART Regimens Eligibility for ART Timing of ART Drug Interactions Adherence to ART Managing Patients Who Interrupt ART Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Choice of ART for HIV-2 Infection Opportunistic Diseases Relationship Between HIV and Co-Infection Disease Mycobacterial and Bacterial Infections Tuberculosis Mycobacterium africanum Salmonella Bacteraemia Neoplasms Kaposi’s Sarcoma Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma PARASITIC Infections Strongyloidiasis Malaria Leishmaniasis Coccidial Parasites Fungal Infections Superficial and Mucocutaneous Infections Cryptococcosis Pneumocystis Pneumonia Dimorphic Fungal Infections Prevention of HIV-Related Diseases Primary Chemoprophylaxis Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Chemoprophylaxis Prevention of Tuberculosis Prevention of Cryptococcal Meningitis Immunization Streptococcus Pneumonia Vaccine Hepatitis B Vaccination Influenza Vaccines Yellow Fever Vaccination Conclusion REFERENCES REFERENCES 16 - HIV in Children Epidemiology and Prevention Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Follow-Up and Monitoring Adolescents BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES 17 - HIV/AIDS Prevention Introduction HIV Counselling and Testing Currently Available Options HIV Treatment for People Living with HIV/Prevention with Positives Research in Positive Prevention Evidence for Reduced HIV Transmission Clinical Research in Discordant Couples Mathematical Models and Population-Level Impact How to Expand Treatment as Prevention: Whom to Prioritize? Oral PrEP Long-Acting Injectable Antiretrovirals for HIV Prevention TOPICAL MICROBICIDES Vaginal Microbicides Rectal Microbicides Multipurpose Prevention Technologies Male and Female Condoms Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Randomized Controlled Trials Male Circumcision to Prevent Male-to-Male HIV Transmission Male Circumcision to Prevent Male-to-Female HIV Transmission Other Benefits Current Implementation Programmes Prevention With Key/Priority Populations Syringe Exchange Programmes/Prevention Among Injection Drug Users Evidence for Efficacy Challenges and Opportunities for Implementation Preventive Vaccines Behavioural Strategies Behavioural Intervention Research Behavioural Change for Adherence to Other Biomedical Interventions Sexually Transmitted Infection Interventions Clinical Trials of STI Treatment Herpes Simplex Virus-2 and HIV Transmission Combination Preventions Conclusion REFERENCES REFERENCES 18 - Viral Hepatitis Introduction Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Epidemiology of Hbv Infection Hbv Structure and Genome Pathogenesis of Hbv Infection Clinical Manifestations of HBV Infection Laboratory Diagnosis of Hbv Infection Treatment of Hbv Infection Prognosis of Hbv Infection Prevention of Hbv Infection Hepatitis D (Delta) Virus Epidemiology of HDV Hdv Structure and Genome Pathogenesis of HDV Clinical Features of HDV Laboratory Diagnosis of HDV Treatment of Hdv Infection Prevention of Hdv Infection Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Epidemiology HCV Structure and Genome Pathogenesis of Hcv Infection Clinical Features Diagnosis of Hcv Infection Management and Treatment of Hcv Infection Prevention of Hcv Infection Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Epidemiology of Hev Infection HEV Structure and Genome Pathogenesis of Hev Infection Clinical Features of Hev Infection Laboratory Diagnosis of Hev Infection Treatment of Hev Infection Prevention of Hev Infection Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Epidemiology of Hav Infection HAV Genome Pathogenesis of Hav Infection Clinical Manifestations of Hav Infection Laboratory Diagnosis of Hav Infection Treatment of Hav Infection Prognosis of Hav Infection Prevention of Hav Infection REFERENCES REFERENCES 19 - Yellow Fever Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention and Control Mosquito Control REFERENCES 20 - Arbovirus Infections Introduction Aetiology Epidemiology Vertebrate Hosts Reservoir Hosts Disseminating Hosts Incidental and Dead-End Hosts Vectors/Invertebrate Hosts Transmission Important Factors in Transmission by Arthropods Environmental Conditions Climate Change Ecology of Arboviruses Arbovirus Evolution and Its Role in Disease and Spread Immune Response to Arbovirus Infection Clinical Features in General Systemic Febrile Disease Haemorrhagic Fever Encephalitis Polyarthralgic Illness Diagnosis Virus Detection Serological Diagnosis Management Immunization Control Vector Control Medically Important Arboviruses Alphaviruses (Family: Togaviridae, Genus: Alphavirus) Barmah Forest Virus (Bfv) Geographical Distribution Aetiology Transmission Clinical Features Natural history Diagnosis Management Epidemiology Chikungunya Virus (Chikv) Geographical Distribution Aetiology Transmission Pathology Clinical Features Natural history Diagnosis Epidemiology Equine Encephalitides Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (Weev) Geographical Distribution (Figure 20.3) Aetiology Transmission Immunity Pathology Clinical Features Natural history Signs and symptoms Diagnosis Epidemiology Control Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (Eeev) Geographical Distribution (Figure 20.3) Aetiology Transmission Immunity Pathology Clinical Features Natural history Signs and symptoms Diagnosis Management Epidemiology Control Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (Veev) Geographical Distribution (Figure 20.3) Aetiology Transmission Immunity Clinical Features Natural history Signs and symptoms Diagnosis Management Vaccination Epidemiology Control Mayaro Virus (Mayv) O’Nyong-Nyong Virus (Onnv) Geographical Distribution Aetiology Transmission Clinical Features Epidemiology Control Ross River Virus (Rrv) Disease Geographical Distribution Transmission Pathology Clinical Features Natural history Diagnosis Management Epidemiology Sindbis Virus (SINV) Geographical Distribution Aetiology Transmission Clinical Features Natural history Diagnosis Management Epidemiology Flaviviruses (Family: Flaviviridae, Genus: Flavivirus) Dengue Virus (Denv) Japanese Encephalitis Virus (Jev) Geographical Distribution Aetiology Transmission Pathology Immunity Clinical Features Natural history Diagnosis Management Epidemiology Control Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (Kfdv) Geographical Distribution (Figure 20.6) Aetiology Transmission Pathology Immunity Clinical Features Natural history Signs and symptoms Diagnosis Management Epidemiology Control Kunjin Virus (Kunv) Louping Ill Virus (Liv) Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus (Mvev) Geographical Distribution Aetiology Transmission Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Epidemiology Immunization Omsk Haemorrhagic Fever Virus (Ohfv) Geographical Distribution Aetiology Transmission Pathology Clinical Features Signs and symptoms Diagnosis Epidemiology and Control Powassan Virus (Powv) Geographical Distribution Rocio Virus (Rocv) St Louis Encephalitis Virus (Slev) Geographical Distribution (Figure 20.3) Aetiology Transmission Pathology Clinical Features Natural history Diagnosis Epidemiology Treatment Control Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (Tbev) Geographical Distribution (Figure 20.6) Aetiology Transmission Pathology Clinical Features Natural history Diagnosis Treatment Epidemiology Control Immunization West Nile Virus (Wnv) Geographical Distribution Virus Morphology Transmission Pathology Clinical Features Natural history Diagnosis Treatment Epidemiology Immunization Yellow Fever Virus (Yfv) Geographical Distribution Aetiology Transmission Pathology Immunity Clinical Features Natural history Signs and symptoms Diagnosis Management Epidemiology Control Vaccination Bunyaviruses (Family: Bunyaviridae, Genus: Bunyavirus) California Encephalitis Virus (Cev) Oropouche Virus (Orov) Rift Valley Fever Virus (Rvfv) Geographical Distribution Aetiology Pathology Transmission Immunity Clinical Features Natural history Signs and symptoms Diagnosis Management Epidemiology Control Immunization Sandfly Fever (NAPLES VIRUS, SFNV; SICILIAN VIRUS, SFSV) Geographical Distribution Aetiology Transmission Clinical Features Natural history Signs and symptoms Diagnosis Management Epidemiology Tahyna Virus (Tahv) Toscana Virus (Tosv) Coltiviruses (Family: Reoviridae, Genus: Coltivirus) Colorado Tick Fever Virus (CTFV) Miscellaneous Arboviruses Alphaviruses Babanki Virus (BBKV) Getah Virus (GETV) Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) Flaviviruses Banzi Virus (BANV) Bouboui Virus (BOUV) Bussuquara Virus (BSQV) Edge Hill Virus (EHV) Ilheus Virus (ILHV) Karshi Virus (KSIV) Kedougou Virus (KEDV) Kokobera Virus (KOKV) Koutango Virus (KOUV) Rio Bravo Virus (RBV) Sepik Virus (SEPV) Spondweni Virus (SPOV) Tyuleniy Virus (TYUV) Usutu Virus (USUV) Wesselsbron Virus (WESSV) Zika Virus (ZIKV) Bunyaviruses Nairoviruses Congo–Crimean Haemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) Orbiviruses Kemerovo Complex Orungo Virus (ORUV) REFERENCES REFERENCES 21 - Dengue Introduction Epidemiology The Virus Transmission Pathogenesis Humoral Immune Response Cell-Mediated Immunity Complement Histopathology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Febrile Phase Critical Phase Recovery Phase Virological Diagnosis Management Management of Patients With Warning Signs Management of Severe Dengue Antiviral and Adjunctive Therapies Special Situations Dengue in Pregnancy Dengue and COVID-19 Prevention and Control Vaccines Conclusion and Future Directions REFERENCES REFERENCES 22 - Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers Overview Introduction Epidemiology Natural Maintenance and Transmission to Humans Human-to-Human Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Clinical Diagnosis Laboratory Diagnosis Acute febrile stage Sub-acute and convalescent stages Management and Treatment General Supportive Measures Fluid management Clinical laboratory findings Blood products and management of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy Antibiotics Oxygenation and ventilation Pain control and ulcer prophylaxis Management of seizures Nutrition Management of pregnant patients Palliative care Psychological care Antiviral Drugs Ribavirin Other antiviral drugs Antibody Therapy Immune Modulators Coagulation Modulators Management of Convalescence Prevention Patient Isolation, Personal Protective Equipment, and Nursing Precautions Contact Tracing Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Environmental Shedding and Disinfection Vaccines and Reservoir and Vector Control Filovirus Diseases: Ebola and Marburg Haemorrhagic Fevers Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Vaccines Reservoir Control Old World Arenavirus Diseases: Lassa Fever and Lujo Haemorrhagic Fever Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Vaccines Reservoir Control New World Arenavirus Diseases: South American Haemorrhagic Fevers Epidemiology Clinical Features Pathogenesis and Pathology Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Post-exposure Prophylaxis Vaccine Reservoir Control Bunyavirus Diseases: Haemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Epidemiology Clinical Features Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Pathogenesis and Pathobiology Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Patient Isolation, Personal Protective Equipment, and Nursing Precautions Vaccines Reservoir Control Bunyavirus Diseases: Rift Valley Fever Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Vaccine Bunyavirus Diseases: Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Vaccine Reservoir and Vector Control Acknowledgements REFERENCES REFERENCES 23 - Rabies Epidemiology Lyssaviruses Geographical Distribution Incidence of Human Rabies Transmission of Infection Animal Contact Human-to-Human Other Routes Inactivation Pathogenesis and Pathology Virus and Pathogenesis34 Pathology Immunology Response to Infection Response to Vaccine Clinical Features Incubation Period Prodromal Symptoms Encephalitic Rabies Paralytic Rabies Rabies-Related Virus Infections Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis Ante-Mortem Confirmation of Human Rabies Encephalitis Isolation of rabies virus Antigen detection Antibody detection Post-Mortem Diagnosis in Humans Diagnosis in Animals Management and Treatment Prevention Control of Animal Rabies Canine Rabies Wildlife Rabies Rabies Prophylaxis in Humans Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Assessing the Risk of Rabies Infection Wound Treatment Active Immunization: Vaccines Post-exposure vaccine regimens (Table 23.4).74 Post-exposure prophylaxis for those who have had previous vaccination Nervous tissue vaccines (NTVs) Passive immunization Efficacy of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis REFERENCES REFERENCES 24 - Rotavirus and Other Viral Diarrhoea Introduction Rotavirus Epidemiology Virology Pathogenesis Immunity Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prevention and Control Norovirus Epidemiology Virology Clinical Features Diagnosis Immunity Treatment and Prevention Sapovirus Enteric Adenovirus Astrovirus Other Viruses Disclaimer REFERENCES REFERENCES 25 - Respiratory Viruses and Atypical Bacteria Introduction Aetiology DNA Viruses Adenoviruses Bocavirus RNA Viruses Orthomyxoviridae – Influenza Viruses Picornaviridae Pneumoviridae Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) Paramyxoviridae Parainfluenza viruses (PIV) Measles (rubeola) virus Henipaviruses – Nipah and Hendra viruses Coronaviridae Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) New World Hantaviruses Herpesviruses Rubella Virus Atypical Bacterial Pneumonia Co-Infection Viral Co-infection Bacterial Co-infection Clinical Syndromes Bronchiolitis Pneumonia Asthma/Episodic Viral Wheeze Epidemiology Diagnoses Methods of Viral Diagnosis Demonstration of Virus Demonstration of an Immune Response Treatment Prevention Summary REFERENCES REFERENCES 26 - Viral Exanthems KEY POINTS Introduction RNA Viruses Causing Cutaneous Disease Measles Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Complications Encephalitis Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) Diagnosis Management Prevention Passive immunization Active immunization Rubella (German Measles) Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Complications Congenital Rubella Syndrome Diagnosis Management Prevention Enteroviruses Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention DNA Viruses Causing Cutaneous Disease Diseases Due to Pox Viruses Orthopoxviruses Smallpox Monkey Pox Epidemiology Pathology and pathogenesis Clinical features Diagnosis Management Prevention Cowpox OTHER POX VIRUSES Tanapox Epidemiology Pathology Clinical features Diagnosis Management Molluscum Contagiosum Epidemiology Pathogenesis and pathology Clinical features Diagnosis Management Human Herpesviruses Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV) Primary HSV Infection Latency Primary HSV infections in HIV-infected individuals Diagnosis of HSV infections Treatment of HSV infections Varicella–Zoster Virus Infections Varicella (Chickenpox) Clinical features Diagnosis Management and treatment Shingles or Zoster Clinical features Epstein–Barr Virus Cutaneous Manifestations of EBV Infection Diagnosis Management Cytomegalovirus Cutaneous Manifestations Diagnosis Management Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7 Human Herpesvirus 8 Adenovirus Papovaviruses Human Papillomavirus Cutaneous manifestations Diagnosis Management Parvovirus Infections Human Parvovirus B19 REFERENCES REFERENCES 27 - Virus Infections of the Nervous System Summary Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 Varicella Zoster Virus Epstein–Barr Virus Cytomegalovirus Measles Virus Nipah Virus Mumps Virus Enterovirus 71 and Other Non-Polio Enteroviruses Poliomyelitis Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Prion Diseases Introduction Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Entry Into the CNS The Blood–Brain Barrier and Host Response Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 Epidemiology CNS Disease Caused by HSV Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Varicella Zoster Virus Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Neurological Complications of Chickenpox Neurological Complications of VZV Reactivation VZV Cranial Neuropathies and Brainstem Encephalitis VZV Vasculopathy and Vasculitis VZV Encephalitis and Myelitis Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Epstein–Barr Virus Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Cytomegalovirus Epidemiology Congenital CMV CMV in the Immunocompromised Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Congenital CMV CMV in the Immunocompromised Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Measles Virus Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Nipah Virus Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Mumps Virus Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Prevention Enterovirus 71 and Other Non-polio Enteroviruses Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Enterovirus 70 Enterovirus 71 Diagnosis Management Prevention Poliomyelitis Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Progressive Multifocal Leucoencephalopathy Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Prion Diseases Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention REFERENCES REFERENCES 28 - COVID-19 Introduction Epidemiology Geographic Distribution SARS-CoV-2 Variants Variants of Interest (VOI) Variants Under Monitoring (VUM) Variants of Concern (VOC) Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnostic Approach and Choice of Tests Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs) Antigen-Based Testing Antibody-Based Testing Management of COVID-19 Pharmacological Therapy for Acute Disease Small Molecule Anti-Viral Agents Nirmatrelvir–Ritonavir Remdesivir Molnupiravir Other Putative Small Molecule Antivirals Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Drugs Corticosteroids Il-6 Receptor Blockers Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitors Monoclonal Antibodies (and Antibody Cocktails) Targeting the Virus Antithrombotic Therapy Non-Pharmacological Management of Acute Disease Respiratory Support Oxygen Targets and Conservation Prone Positioning Primary Prevention and Control of COVID-19 Summary REFERENCES REFERENCEs 29 - Tropical Rickettsial Infections Introduction History Ancient Accounts The ‘Dissection’ of Typhus and Creation of Rickettsiology The Emergence of ‘Tropical Typhus’ ‘Typhus Fevers’ and World War II The Vietnam Conflict Pathogenesis and Immunity Rickettsia spp Orientia spp Coxiella burnetii: The Cause of Q Fever Scrub Typhus Epidemiology Clinical Description Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prevention Treatment Typhus Group Murine Typhus Epidemiology Clinical Description Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prevention Treatment Epidemic Typhus Epidemiology Clinical Description Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Rickettsial Spotted Fevers Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) Mediterranean Spotted Fever (MSF) African Tick-Bite Fever (ATBF) Rickettsialpox Q Fever History and Epidemiology Clinical Description Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and Control Neorickettsia Rickettsioses in Travel Medicine REFERENCES REFERENCES 30 - Sexually Transmitted Infections (Excluding HIV) Introduction Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Infections Global Epidemiology Transmission Dynamics STIs and Hiv Transmission Synergy Socioeconomic Impact Prevention and Control of STIs History-Taking and Examination at the STI Clinic Syndromic Management Urethral Discharge Scrotal Swelling Abnormal Vaginal Discharge Lower Abdominal Pain in Women Anorectal Syndrome Genital Ulcer Disease Inguinal Bubo Ophthalmia Neonatorum Main STI Pathogens Gonorrhoea Aetiology and Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Chlamydia Aetiology and Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Mycoplasma genitalium Aetiology and Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Trichomoniasis Aetiology and Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Aetiology and Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Bacterial Vaginosis Aetiology and Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Chancroid Aetiology and Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Syphilis Aetiology and Epidemiology Pathology and Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Lymphogranuloma Venereum Aetiology and Epidemiology Pathology and Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Donovanosis Aetiology and Epidemiology Pathology and Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Genital Herpes Aetiology and Epidemiology Pathology and Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Human Papillomavirus Aetiology and Epidemiology Pathology and Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Key Components of STI Control Programmes Information Gathering and Surveillance Standard Management Guidelines for STIs Training Provision of Services for Patients with Stis or at High Risk for Stis Provision of Prevention Services Education Programmes Supervision and Management of Sti Control Activities Future Directions REFERENCES REFERENCES 31 - Bacterial Enteropathogens Introduction Helicobacter pylori Escherichia coli Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC) Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Enteroinvasive E. Coli (EIEC) Enteropathogenic E. Coli (EPEC) Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features and Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention Enterohaemorrhagic E. Coli (EHEC) Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention Enteroaggregative E. Coli (EAEC) Campylobacter Jejuni Yersinia enterocolitica Clostridium spp. Clostridium perfringens Epidemiology Pathogenesis Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Clostridium Difficile Aeromonas and Plesiomonas Aeromonas Hydrophila Epidemiology Microbiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Plesiomonas Shigelloides Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery) Vibrio cholerae Non-Cholera Vibrios Bacteroides fragilis Laribacter hongkongensis REFERENCES REFERENCES 32 - Salmonella Infections Bacteriology Key Pathogenic Mechanisms of Invasive and Diarrhoeal Salmonella Disease Epithelial Invasion Intracellular Survival Mechanisms of Diarrhoeal Disease Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers or Enteric Fever Epidemiology Transmission Pathogenesis Mechanisms of Immunity Clinical Manifestations Relapse Complications Intestinal Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Cardiorespiratory Neurological Haematological and Renal Musculoskeletal and Other Systems Laboratory Findings Diagnosis Blood and Bone Marrow Culture Faecal and Urine Cultures Serology Other Diagnostic Methods Carrier State in Enteric Fever Faecal Carrier Urinary Carrier Management Choice of Antimicrobial Agents in Enteric Fever Emergence of Antimicrobial Resistant Typhoid Fever Ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolone drugs Third-generation cephalosporins Azithromycin Chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and cotrimoxazole Corticosteroid Therapy Management of Chronic Carriers Prognosis Prevention Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) Infections Epidemiology Pathogenesis Virulence of the Organism Clinical Manifestations Acute Enterocolitis Bloodstream Infection and Systemic Disease Reactive Arthritis Carrier State Diagnosis Management Enterocolitis iNTS Focal Infection Prevention REFERENCES REFERENCES 33 - Pneumococcal Disease Introduction Epidemiology Childhood Epidemiology Adult Epidemiology Serotype Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Microbiology Bacterial Anatomy and Physiology Host Susceptibility Anatomical defences Mucosal immune response Systemic immune response Clinical Features Pneumonia Clinical Presentation Differential Diagnosis Meningitis Clinical Presentation Differential Diagnosis Other Syndromes Special Situations Human Immunodeficiency Virus Sickle Cell Disease Diagnosis Pneumonia/Bacteraemia Meningitis Management and Treatment Pneumonia Management and Therapy Complications Meningitis Management and Therapy Complications Antimicrobial Therapy Prevention Protein Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccine Polysaccharide Vaccine Other Vaccine Candidates Chemoprophylaxis REFERENCES REFERENCES 34 - Bacterial Meningitis Neonatal Meningitis Geography Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Prevention Non-Neonatal Meningitis Geographical Aspects Epidemiology Pathogenesis Pathology Clinical Features Differential Diagnosis Complications Meningococcal Disease Diagnosis Management Antibiotic Treatment Adjunctive Therapies Chemoprophylaxis Vaccination H influenzae S pneumoniae N. meningitidis. REFERENCES REFERENCES 35 - Brucellosis Introduction Epidemiology Mode of Transmission Microbiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Localizations Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis and Prevention REFERENCES REFERENCES 36 - Noma, Actinomycosis, and Nocardia Noma Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Acute Noma Sequelae of Noma Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Actinomycosis Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Orocervicofacial Thoracic Abdominopelvic Rare Presentations of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Histopathology Microbiology Management and Treatment Prevention Nocardia Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Primary Cutaneous Nocardiosis Mycetoma (Madura Foot) Pulmonary Nocardiosis Ocular Nocardiosis Disseminated Nocardiosis Laboratory Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention REFERENCES REFERENCES 37 - Bartonellosis, Cat-scratch Disease, Trench Fever, Human Ehrlichiosis Introduction Bacteriology Epidemiology of Bartonella Species Pathogenicity of Bartonella Species Infections by Bartonella Bacilliformis Transmission of Bartonella bacilliformis Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Oroya Fever Verruga Peruana Trench Fever Transmission of Bartonella quintana Pathogenesis Trench Fever Endocarditis Cat-Scratch Disease Transmission of Bartonella henselae Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Typical Cat-Scratch Disease Atypical Cat-Scratch Disease Bacillary Angiomatosis and Peliosis Hepatis Diagnosis Specimen Collection Culture Molecular Assays Serological Assays Immunohistochemistry Treatment Cat-scratch Disease Trench Fever Endocarditis Oroya Fever Verruga Peruana Prevention Human Ehrlichiosis Bacteriology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention REFERENCES REFERENCEs 38 - Anthrax Introduction Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology Clinical Features Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY 39 - Tetanus Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention REFERENCES REFERENCES 40 - Plague Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Pathogenesis Pathology Clinical Features Bubonic Plague Septicaemic Plague Pneumonic Plague Diagnosis Case Classification Management and Treatment Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin and Gentamicin Fluoroquinolones Tetracycline Chloramphenicol Prevention Prophylaxis Vaccine Rodent and Vector Control REFERENCES 41 - Melioidosis Epidemiology Geographic Distribution Prevalence, Incidence, and Seasonality Important Associations Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Age/Sex/Racial Group Clinical Presentations Septicaemic Melioidosis Localized Melioidosis Geographical Variations Differential Diagnosis Complications Diagnosis Microbiology Haematology and Biochemistry Radiology Biopsy Management and Treatment General Antimicrobial Therapy Prevention REFERENCES REFERENCEs 42 - Diphtheria Bacteriology Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations of Acute Diphtheria Anterior Nasal Diphtheria Faucial Diphtheria Tracheolaryngeal Diphtheria Malignant Diphtheria Cutaneous Diphtheria Other Sites Toxic Complications Diphtheria Myocarditis Diphtheria Neuropathy Other Complications Diagnosis Management Infection Control Prevention REFERENCES REFERENCEs 43 - Spirochaetes Diseases of the Tropics Endemic Treponematoses Pinta (Mal De Pinto, Carate, Enfermedad Azul) Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Findings Diagnosis Management and Treatment Yaws (Framboesia, Pian, Buba, Bouba) Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Diagnosis Management and Treatment Endemic Syphilis (Bejel, Njovera, Siti, Dichuchwa) Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Diagnosis Management and Treatment General Points Diagnosis Management, Treatment, and Prevention Lyme Disease (Lyme borreliosis) Key Points Epidemiology Pathogenesis The Bacterium Enzootic Cycle The Immune Response Innate Immune Recognition Adaptive Immunity Clinical Manifestations Dermatologic Manifestations Nervous System Manifestations (Neuroborreliosis) Cardiac Manifestations Lyme Arthritis Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Leptospirosis Introduction Epidemiology Causative Agents Life Cycle and Transmission Pathogenesis, Pathology, and Immunology Clinical Features Hypotension Hepatic Dysfunction Renal Complications Pulmonary Complications Cardiac and Vascular Complications Ocular Complications Neurological Complications Bleeding Diatheses Other Complications Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis Isolation of Pathogenic Leptospira Serology Tests Molecular Methods Management and Treatment Prevention and Control REFERENCES REFERENCES 44 - Superficial and Subcutaneous Mycoses Introduction Superficial Mycoses Dermatophytosis (Dermatophyte Infection) Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Clinical Features Tinea corporis Tinea capitis Laboratory diagnosis Management and treatment Tinea cruris Tinea pedis Management and treatment Onychomycosis Management and treatment.30–32 Superficial Candidiasis Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Oropharyngeal candidiasis Vulvovaginal candidiasis Candida intertrigo Interdigital candidiasis Candida infection and nappy dermatitis Candidiasis of the nails Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis Laboratory Diagnosis Management and Treatment Neoscytalidium Infections Malassezia Yeast Infections Pityriasis versicolor Malassezia folliculitis Seborrhoeic dermatitis Management and Treatment Rarer Superficial Infections Otomycosis Subcutaneous Mycoses Mycetoma Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Laboratory Diagnosis Management and Treatment Chromoblastomycosis Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Laboratory Diagnosis Management and Treatment Phaeohyphomycosis Sporotrichosis Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Laboratory Diagnosis Management and Treatment Subcutaneous Infection due to Conidiobolus and Basidiobolus Lobomycosis Other Mycoses Oculomycosis REFERENCES REFERENCES 45 - Systemic Mycoses Key Points Introduction Endemic Mycoses Histoplasmosis Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features African Histoplasmosis Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Coccidioidomycosis Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestation Diagnosis Treatment and Management Prevention Paracoccidioidomycosis Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestation Diagnosis Treatment and Management Prevention Blastomycosis Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestation Diagnosis Treatment and Management Prevention Talaromycosis Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestation Diagnosis Treatment and Management Prevention Emergomycosis Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestation Diagnosis Treatment and Management Prevention Non-Endemic Mycoses Cryptococcosis Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestation Diagnosis Treatment and Management Prevention Pneumocystosis Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestation Diagnosis Treatment and Management Prevention Candidemia and Invasive Candidiasis Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestation Diagnosis Treatment and Management Prevention Aspergillosis Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestation Diagnosis Treatment and Management Prevention Mucormycosis Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestation Diagnosis Treatment and Management Prevention REFERENCES REFERENCES 46 - Tuberculosis Key Points EPIDEMIOLOGY Principles of Tuberculosis Transmission Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Disease Risk Factors for Tuberculosis Tuberculosis Global Epidemiology Impact of HIV on Global Epidemiology Impact of Drug Resistance on Global Epidemiology Other Important Influences on Global Epidemiology PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS Tuberculosis Pathology: The Granuloma Tuberculosis Pathogenesis: Initial Host and Bacterial Interactions Tuberculosis Pathogenesis: Primary Progressive Disease Tuberculosis Pathogenesis: Latent Infection and Post-Primary Disease Tuberculosis Pathogenesis: Extrapulmonary Disease HIV and the Pathology of Tuberculosis CLINICAL FEATURES OF TUBERCULOSIS Tuberculosis in Children Congenital Tuberculosis Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Adults Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Adults Miliary (Haematogenously Disseminated) Tuberculosis Central Nervous System Tuberculosis Pleural Tuberculosis Genitourinary Tuberculosis Musculoskeletal Tuberculosis Lymph Node Tuberculosis Abdominal Tuberculosis Pericardial Tuberculosis Cutaneous Tuberculosis Ocular Tuberculosis HIV-Associated Tuberculosis DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS General Principles Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Diagnosis of Active Tuberculosis Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) Stain and M. tuberculosis Culture Molecular Diagnostic Methods: Nucleic Acid Amplification Immunological Assays Urinary Lipoarabinomannan Detection of Drug-Resistant M. tuberculosis Special Diagnostic Challenges: Paediatric, Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis and Meningitis MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS Background and Principles Recommended Anti-Tuberculosis Treatment Regimens Monitoring Therapy Adverse Reactions to Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs Adjunctive Corticosteroids Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis New Drugs Against Tuberculosis Surgery for Tuberculosis HIV-Associated Tuberculosis PREVENTION BCG Vaccine New Vaccines Against Tuberculosis Preventing Tuberculosis by Treating Latent Infection Prevention of Tuberculosis in Healthcare Workers Global Tuberculosis Control Measures REFERENCES REFERENCES 46---Tuberculosis_2024_Manson-s-Tropical-Diseases 47 - Leprosy Introduction Epidemiology Distribution Incidence Among Contacts Transmission Portal of Exit Viability Outside the Host Portal of Entry Incubation Period Host Susceptibility Microbiology Growth Characteristics Genome Pathogenesis Immunology Pathology Histopathological Classification of the Skin Early Changes Indeterminate Leprosy Tuberculoid Leprosy Lepromatous Leprosy Borderline Leprosy Pure Neural Leprosy Pathology of Nerve Damage Clinical Manifestations Symptoms and Signs: The Cardinal Signs Skin Nerves Eyes Mucous Membranes Bones Reticuloendothelial System Testes Kidneys Diagnosis Clinical Classification for Treatment Body Charting Peripheral Nerve Function Assessment Laboratory Slit-Skin Smears and the Bacteriological Index Biopsy Research Diagnostics Serology Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Differential Diagnosis Skin Nerves Treatment Chemotherapy of Leprosy with Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT) Rifampicin Dapsone Clofazimine Ofloxacin Minocycline Other Antibiotics Pregnancy and Lactation Co-Infection with HIV or Tuberculosis Relapse Leprosy Reactions Type 1 Reactions Immunology Clinical Features Treatment Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL, Type 2 Reactions) Immunology Pathology of ENL Clinical Features Treatment Lucio’s Phenomenon Neuritis and Silent Neuropathy Leprosy and HIV Prevention of Disability and Management of Complications Eye Complications Paralysis Trophic Ulcers Neuropathic Feet Neuropathic Pain Rehabilitation and Advocacy Prognosis Prevention Elimination REFERENCES REFERENCES 48 - Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease (Buruli Ulcer) Epidemiology Molecular Epidemiology and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features BU Manifestations at the Level of the Skin Papule Nodule (Figure 48.3A) Plaque (Figure 48.3B) Oedema (Figure 48.3C) Ulcer (Figure 48.3D) BU Manifestations Beyond the Level of the Skin Osteitis/Osteomyelitis Disseminated Disease Differential Diagnosis Papule Nodule Mycobacterial Infections Bacterial Infections Parasitic Infections Other Disorders Plaque Mycobacterial Infections Bacterial Infections Mycotic Infections Other Disorders Oedema Ulcer Mycobacterial Infections Bacterial Infections Parasitic Infections Mycotic Infections Genetic Disorders Other Disorders Classification and Staging of Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease Paradoxical Reaction Diagnosis Specific Diagnosis Histopathological Analysis of Tissue Biopsies. Management and Treatment Antimycobacterial Drug Combination Therapy Thermotherapy The Dynamics of Healing of BU Lesions Under Treatment and the Importance of Good Wound Care Phase 1 The Intervening Phase (‘Paradoxical Reaction’) Phase 2 Phase 3 Prevention REFERENCES REFERENCES 49 - Malaria Introduction Life Cycle Pre-Erythrocytic Development Asexual Blood Stage Development Sexual Stages and Parasite Development Within the Mosquito Molecular Genetics Epidemiology Distribution The Mosquito Vector The Human Host Clinical Epidemiology Genetic Factors Protecting Against Malaria Pathology Expansion of the Infection Parasite Biomass Immunity Pathophysiology Toxicity and Cytokines Sequestration Cytoadherence Rosetting and Aggregation Red Cell Deformability Immunopathology Vascular Permeability and Raised Intracranial Pressure Pathogenesis of Coma Acute Kidney Injury Pulmonary Oedema Fluid Space and Electrolyte Changes Anaemia and Splenic Function Coagulopathy and Thrombocytopenia Blackwater Fever Liver and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Acidosis Hypoglycaemia and Endocrine Dysfunction Placental Dysfunction Bacterial Infection Histopathology Laboratory Diagnosis Malaria Blood Films Post-Mortem Diagnosis Rapid Diagnostic Tests Other Techniques Clinical Course and Management Incubation Period Mixed Species Infections Pyrogenic Density Uncomplicated Malaria Recurrent Malaria Malaria in Pregnancy Malaria in Children (Figure 49.11) Malaria and HIV Severe Malaria Cerebral Malaria Convulsions Post-Malaria Neurological Deficits and Syndromes Acute Kidney Injury Blackwater Fever Acute Pulmonary Oedema Hypotension Metabolic Acidosis Hypoglycaemia Anaemia Persistent Fever Laboratory Findings Cerebrospinal Fluid Prognostic Factors Antimalarial Drug Treatment Antimalarial Treatment Antimalarial Pharmacodynamics Antimalarial Drug Resistance Mode of Antimalarial Action and Mechanisms of Resistance Antifols and Sulphas Quinolines and Related Drugs Atovaquone Artemisinin and Derivatives The Emergence and Spread of Antimalarial Drug Resistance Quinine Pharmacokinetics (Table 49.9) Toxicity Use Chloroquine Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Use Amodiaquine Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Mefloquine Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Use Pyronaridine Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Use Piperaquine Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Use Primaquine Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Use Tafenoquine Pyrimethamine Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Use Proguanil Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Atovaquone-Proguanil Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Use Methylene Blue Qinghaosu (Artemisinin) Severe Malaria Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Use Artemisinin Combination Treatments Artemether-Lumefantrine Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Use Antibacterials with Antimalarial Activity Antimalarial Drug Interactions Treating Malaria Practical Aspects of Management Other Malarias P. falciparum Malaria Management of Severe P. falciparum Malaria Cerebral Malaria Concomitant Bacteraemia and Secondary Infections Fluid Balance Acute Renal Failure Acute Pulmonary Oedema Hypoglycaemia Acidosis Bleeding Treatment of Recrudescent Infections Malaria in Pregnancy Severe Malaria Uncomplicated Malaria in Pregnancy Prophylaxis Intermittent Presumptive Treatment (IPTp) Breastfeeding Malaria in Children Malaria with Limited Resources Prevention Insecticide-Treated Bed-Nets Repellents Chemoprophylaxis Intermittent Presumptive Treatment in Infancy (IPTI) Adverse Effects of Chemoprophylaxis Malaria Vaccine Chronic Complications of Malaria Quartan Nephropathy (See Also Chapter 70) Pathology Clinical Features Hyper-Reactive Malarial Splenomegaly (See Also Chapter 69) Pathology Clinical Features Treatment Lymphoma (See also Chapter 68) Malaria Control and Elimination Water-Level Management Human Behaviour Imagocides Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (DDT, Gamma HCH, Dieldrin) Anticholinesterases General Principles of Insecticide Use Larviciding Overall Approach Current Global Situation BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES 50 - Babesiosis Introduction Life Cycle Bovine Babesias Babesia microti Epidemiology European Cases North American Cases Other Geographical Regions Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Babesia bovis/divergens Babesia microti Diagnosis Blood Film Examination Babesia bovis/divergens (Figure 50.1) Babesia microti Other Laboratory Findings Babesia bovis/divergens Babesia microti Electron Microscopy ANTIBODY DETECTION Antigen Detection Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Animal Inoculation Management and Treatment Babesia bovis/divergens Babesia microti Prevention REFERENCES REFERENCES 51 - Human African Trypanosomiasis Biology of the Parasite and the Vector Epidemiology Gambiense (West African) HAT Rhodesiense (East African) HAT Human Genetics Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Gambiense HAT Systemic Symptoms and Signs Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Signs Specific Groups Children Travellers HIV co-infected patients Rhodesiense HAT Systemic Symptoms and Signs Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Signs Specific Groups Children Travellers HIV co-infected patients Diagnosis Immunological Methods Parasitological Methods Molecular Methods Determination of the Stage of the Disease Differential Diagnosis Management and Treatment Overview First-Line Treatment of Gambiense (West African) HAT Fexinidazole Nifurtimox-Eflornithine Combination Therapy (NECT) Pentamidine Second-Line Treatment of Gambiense (West African) HAT – Treatment of Relapses First-Line Treatment of Rhodesiense (East African) HAT Melarsoprol Suramin Second-Line Treatment of Rhodesiense (East-African) HAT Treatment in Pregnancy Treatment of Gambiense (West African) HAT During Pregnancy Treatment of Rhodesiense (East African) HAT During Pregnancy New Developments Treatment Outcome Assessment – Follow-Up Gambiense HAT Follow-Up Rhodesiense HAT Follow-Up Disease Prevention and Control Vector Control Case Detection and Treatment Towards The Elimination of HAT REFERENCES REFERENCES 52 - American Trypanosomiasis: Chagas Disease Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Acute Chagas Disease Indeterminate Form and Chagas Disease Latency Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy Chronic Chagas Gastrointestinal Disease Other Clinical Manifestations Congenital Chagas Disease Diagnosis Management and Treatment Antitrypanosomal Therapy Medical Treatment Prevention REFERENCES REFERENCE 53 - Leishmaniasis KEY POINTS Epidemiology Incidence Transmission Vector Reservoir Disease Burden by Region and Risk Factors Old World Visceral Leishmaniasis New World Visceral Leishmaniasis Co-infection HIV-Visceral Leishmaniasis Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis New World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Co-infection HIV-Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis Pathogenesis and Pathology Causative Agent Parasite Life Cycle Pathogenesis Visceral Leishmaniasis Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis Clinical Features Visceral Leishmaniasis Signs and Symptoms Laboratory Findings Evolution Special Clinical Forms Asymptomatic and subclinical infections Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) Cutaneous Leishmaniases Signs and Symptoms Evolution Special Clinical Forms Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis recidivans Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis and HIV Diagnosis Visceral Leishmaniasis Demonstration of Parasites Immunological Diagnosis Detection of Parasite Products Quantitative and Qualitative Detection of Parasite DNA Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Demonstration of Parasites Immunological Diagnosis Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis HIV/Leishmania Co-Infection Management and Treatment Products and Devices Pentavalent Antimonials Amphotericin B Deoxycholate Lipid Formulations of Amphotericin B Miltefosine Paromomycin Pentamidine Other Drugs Combination Therapy for VL Devices for Local CL Treatment Thermotherapy Cryotherapy Treatment Visceral Leishmaniasis Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Old World CL New World CL Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) HIV/Leishmania Co-infection Prevention and Control Historical Examples of Leishmaniasis Control Sandfly Control Destruction of Breeding Sites Insecticide Spraying Insecticide-Treated Materials Reservoir Control Zoonotic VL Zoonotic CL Case Detection and Management in Anthroponotic VL Vaccines Conclusion Acknowledgements KEY REFERENCES REFERENCES 54 - Toxoplasmosis KEY POINTS Introduction PARASITOLOGY AND Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Acute Infection Reactivated Infection in Immunocompromised Individuals Ocular Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompetent Individuals Congenital Toxoplasmosis Diagnosis Direct Detection Management and Therapy Infection in the Immunocompetent Host Toxoplasmic Lymphadenitis Maternal and Fetal Infection Retinochoroiditis Infection in the Immunocompromised Host Toxoplasma Encephalitis Generalized infection Prevention KEY REFERENCES REFERENCES 47---Leprosy_2024_Manson-s-Tropical-Diseases 48---Mycobacterium-ulcerans-Disease--Buruli-Ulc_2024_Manson-s-Tropical-Disea 49---Malaria_2024_Manson-s-Tropical-Diseases 50---Babesiosis_2024_Manson-s-Tropical-Diseases 51---Human-African-Trypanosomiasis_2024_Manson-s-Tropical-Diseases 52---American-Trypanosomiasis--Chagas-Disease_2024_Manson-s-Tropical-Disease 53---Leishmaniasis_2024_Manson-s-Tropical-Diseases 54---Toxoplasmosis_2024_Manson-s-Tropical-Diseases 55 - Intestinal Protozoa Introduction The Sarcodina (Amoebae) Entamoeba histolytica Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Intestinal amoebiasis (Table 55.1) Amoebic liver abscess (Table 55.2) Peritoneal amoebiasis Pericardial amoebiasis Pleuropulmonary amoebiasis Cerebral amoebiasis Genitourinary amoebiasis Cutaneous amoebiasis Diagnosis Microbiology Radiology and endoscopy Management Liver abscess Prevention Entamoeba dispar (Formerly Known as Non-Pathogenic E. histolytica) Entamoeba moshkovskii (‘E. Histolytica-Like’ Amoebae) Entamoeba Coli, Polecki, and Hartmanni Endolimax nana Iodamoeba bütschlii The Mastigophora (Flagellates) Giardia intestinalis Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Complications of giardiasis Diagnosis Microbiology Faecal antigen ELISA Serology DNA-based techniques Management Prevention Dientamoeba fragilis Non-Pathogenic Flagellates The Ciliophora Balantidium coli Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prevention The Coccidia Cryptosporidium spp Epidemiology Immunocompetent individuals Immunodeficient individuals Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prevention Cystoisospora belli Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Sarcocystis Species Cyclospora cayetanensis Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prevention The Microspora Enterocytozoon bieneusi Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Encephalitozoon spp REFERENCES REFERENCES 55---Intestinal-Protozoa_2024_Manson-s-Tropical-Diseases 56 - Pathogenic and Opportunistic Free-Living Amoebae: Agents of Human and Animal Disease Introduction Acanthamoeba spp. Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis Acanthamoeba keratitis Balamuthia mandrillaris Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Naegleria fowleri Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Sappinia and Other Genera of Free-Living Amoebae Diagnosis of Free-Living Amoebae CSF Examination Histopathology of CNS Tissue Eye Examination Corneal Smears Culture PCR New Diagnostic Methods Management and Treatment of Free-Living Amoebae GAE PAM Acanthamoeba Keratitis Prevention of Infection with Free-Living Amoebae REFERENCES REFERENCES 57 - Schistosomiasis KEY POINTS Epidemiology Animal Reservoirs History S. haematobium S. mansoni S. japonicum S. intercalatum and S. guineensis S. mekongi and S. malayensis Geographic Distribution of Schistosomiasis Infection by Other Schistosoma Species and Hybrids Pathogenesis and Pathology Life Cycle Intermediate Hosts Intermediate Hosts of S. haematobium Intermediate Hosts of S. Intercalatum and S. Guineensis Intermediate Hosts of S. mansoni Intermediate Hosts of S. japonicum and S. mekongi Aestivation and Anhydrobiosis Parasite–Intermediate-Host Relationships Pathogenesis and Pathology The Role of Host Immunity Primary Infection Chronic Infection and Re-infection Impact of Infection on Vaccine Response Pathology Cercarial Invasion and Schistosomular Migration Schistosome Maturation and Egg Deposition Established Infection with Continuous Egg-Laying Pathology of Chronic Infection S. haematobium Urinary bladder Ureters S. haematobium, S. mansoni Kidneys S. haematobium, to a Lesser Extent Other Schistosoma Species Genital organs S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. mekongi, S. intercalatum, S. guineensis, Occasionally S. haematobium Intestinal schistosomiasis S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. mekongi Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis S. mansoni Biliary system Spleen Lungs and heart Ectopic Schistosomiasis S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. haematobium Central nervous system All Schistosoma spp Other ectopic lesions Clinical Features (Table 57.2) Cercarial Dermatitis Acute Schistosomiasis Established Chronic Infections Syndromes Common to All Schistosome Infections (See Table 57.2) Systemic Effects Anaemia and decreased physical performance Growth Retardation and Delayed Sexual Development Cognitive Delays Disability Localized and Organ-Specific Effects Urogenital Schistosomiasis (S. haematobium) – Common Features Genital Schistosomiasis Intestinal Schistosomiasis (S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. intercalatum, S. guineensis and S. mekongi) – Common Feature ... S. japonicum and S. mekongi S. intercalatum and S. guineensis Hybrid infections and introgression of genes of different human and zoonotic Schistosoma species Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis Direct Diagnostic Techniques Parasitologic Diagnosis Egg Counting Diagnosis of S. haematobium Infection Diagnosis of Intestinal Schistosomes Egg Viability Testing Miracidial Hatching Dye-Test Staining Rectal Biopsy Other Biopsy Sites Indirect Diagnostic Techniques Chemical Reagent Strips Immunodiagnosis Imaging Ultrasonography Management and Treatment Drug Resistance Future Chemotherapy Artemisinin Derivatives (Artemether, Artesunate) Assessment of Chemotherapy Outcomes Special Clinical Syndromes and Management Acute Toxaemic Schistosomiasis (Katayama Syndrome) Associated Salmonellosis Associated Hepatitis and Liver Cirrhosis Portal Hypertension Gastrointestinal Bleeding Cardiopulmonary Schistosomiasis Neuroschistosomiasis ‘Schistosomiasis Without Eggs’ Prevention Risk of Re-Infection Control Strategies Control of the Intermediate Snail Host Mollusciciding Biological Control Vaccines and Vaccination Schistosomiasis Control KEY REFERENCES REFERENCES 58 - Food-borne Trematodes KEY POINTS Liver Flukes Opisthorchiasis and Clonorchiasis Epidemiology Life Cycle Pathology and Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Fascioliasis Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis and Investigations Management Prevention Intestinal Flukes Heterophyiasis Life Cycle Epidemiology Pathogenesis, Pathology, and Clinical Symptoms Diagnosis Management, Prevention, and Control Echinostomiasis Life Cycle Epidemiology Pathogenesis, Pathology, and Clinical Symptoms Diagnosis Management, Prevention, and Control Other Intestinal Fluke Infections Fasciolopsiasis Gymnophalloidiasis Gastrodiscoidiasis Lecithodendriid-like Fluke Infections Microphalloidiasis Nanophyetiasis Neodiplostomiasis Lung Flukes Paragonimiasis Epidemiology Life Cycle Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis and Investigations Management Prevention and Control KEY REFERENCES REFERENCES 59 - The Filariases Introduction Lymphatic Filariasis Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Life Cycle Microfilarial Periodicity Transmission Infection and Disease in Endemic Communities Pathogenesis and Pathology Overview Clinical Features Bancroftian Filariasis Acute filariasis Hydrocele Lymphoedema and elephantiasis Chyluria Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) Other conditions Brugian Filariasis Lymphatic Filariasis in Children Geographical Variation in Clinical Manifestations Differential Diagnosis Laboratory Diagnosis Detection of Microfilariae Detection of Adult Worms by Ultrasonography Detection of Filarial Parasites in Mosquitoes Detection of Filarial DNA Detection of Circulating Filarial Antigenaemia (CFA) Detection of Anti-filarial Antibodies Approach to Diagnosis of Filariasis in Expatriates Management and Treatment Drug Treatment Overview Drugs Used to Treat Lymphatic Filariasis Lymphoedema Management Surgical Management Prevention and Control Chemotherapeutic Control Mosquito Control The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis Onchocerciasis Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Life Cycle Onchocerciasis in Africa West Africa East and Central Africa Central and South America Infection and Disease in Endemic Communities Pathogenesis and Pathology Dermatitis Ocular Disease Clinical Features Skin Lesions Sowda Nodules Eye Lesions Anterior segment lesions Posterior segment lesions Other Conditions Geographical Variation in Clinical Disease Diagnosis Clinical Diagnosis Parasitological diagnosis Immunological and PCR-Based Diagnosis Management and Treatment Drug Treatment Ivermectin Moxidectin Doxycycline Nodulectomy Prevention and Control Overview Vector Control Chemotherapeutic Control Other Filarial Infections Loa Loa Epidemiology and Parasitology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention and Control Mansonella Perstans Treatment Mansonella Streptocerca Treatment Mansonella Ozzardi Zoonotic Filarial Infections Dirofilariasis Pulmonary Dirofilariasis Subcutaneous Dirofilariasis Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm) Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prevention and Control REFERENCES REFERENCES 60 - Soil-Transmitted Helminths (Geohelminths) KEY POINTS Introduction Type 1: Direct (Enterobius vermicularis) Enterobiasis (Pinworm, Threadworm, Oxyuriasis) Geographical Distribution Aetiology Life Cycle Transmission Pathology Clinical Features Natural history Symptoms and signs Diagnosis Management Epidemiology Type 2: Modified Direct (Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Toxocara spp.) Trichuriasis (Whipworm) Geographical Distribution Aetiology Life Cycle Transmission Pathology Immunity Clinical Features Natural history Incubation period Symptoms and signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Management Epidemiology and Control Ascariasis (Roundworm) Geographical Distribution Aetiology Ascaris suum Life Cycle Transmission Pathology Migrating Larvae (Larval Ascariasis) Adult worms Wandering ascarids Immunopathological effects Nutritional impairments Immunity Clinical Features Natural history Incubation period Symptoms and signs Diagnosis Eosinophilia Adult worms Radiography and sonography Differential Diagnosis Management Epidemiology and Control Toxocariasis Geographical Distribution Aetiology Life Cycle Transmission Pathology Visceral larva migrans Ocular toxocariasis Immunity Clinical Features Natural history Incubation period Symptoms and signs Diagnosis Demonstration of larvae Serology Ocular toxocariasis Differential Diagnosis Management Epidemiology and Control Lagochilascariasis Geographical Distribution Aetiology and Life Cycle Transmission Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Type 3: Penetration of the Skin (Ancylostoma, Necator, Strongyloides, Trichostrongylus) Hookworm (Ancylostomiasis and Necatoriasis) Geographical Distribution Aetiology Ancylostoma duodenale Necator americanus Life Cycle Transmission Pathology Hookworm anaemia Hypoproteinaemia Immunity Clinical Features Natural history Incubation period Symptoms and signs Infantile hookworm disease Diagnosis Adult worms Molecular Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Management Epidemiology and Control Strongyloidiasis Geographical Distribution Aetiology Life Cycle Autoinfection Pathology Transmission Immunity Clinical Features Natural history Incubation period Symptoms and signs Primary infection Chronic uncomplicated strongyloidiasis Skin rashes Severe complicated strongyloidiasis Laboratory Findings Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Management Epidemiology Control Strongyloides fülleborni Strongyloides fülleborni kellyi Cutaneous Larva Migrans and Larva Currens (Creeping Eruption, Sandworm, Plumber’s Itch, Duckhunter’s Itch) Geographical Distribution Aetiology Ancylostoma Strongyloides Transmission Pathology Immunity Clinical Features Natural history Incubation period Symptoms and signs Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Management Epidemiology and Control Trichostrongylus (Wireworm) Geographical Distribution Aetiology and Life Cycle Transmission Pathology Symptoms and Signs Diagnosis Management Epidemiology and Control Clinical Pharmacology of Anthelmintic Drugs Albendazole Mebendazole Pyrantel Levamisole Ivermectin Potential New Drugs Population-Based Approaches to STH Control Mass Drug Administration Geographical Targeting Monitoring Resistance to Anthelmintic Drugs Monitoring and Evaluation Wash and Environmental Options Beyond MDA Emerging Trends in STH Control Programmes Other Nematodes Orally Acquired Trichinosis (Trichinella Spiralis) Geographical Distribution Aetiology Species and strains of Trichinella Life Cycle Cystic stage Transmission Pathology Striated muscle Brain Heart Immunity Clinical Features Natural history Incubation period Symptoms and signs Enteric phase Migratory (Invasion) phase Encystment phase Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Management Epidemiology and Control REFERENCES REFERENCES 61 - Cystic, Alveolar and Neotropical Echinococcosis Introduction Cystic Echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus) Epidemiology Terminology Pathogenesis and Pathology The Natural Evolution of CE Cysts Clinical Features Differential Diagnoses of CE Cysts Diagnosis Imaging Diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of CE patients based on the WHO CE cyst classification Serology Diagnostic Puncture and Aspiration of Cyst Content Histological Diagnosis Assessment of Parasite Viability Treatment Patients with Complicated CE Cysts Cysts with fistulas and biliary/bronchial complications due to spillage of cyst content CE liver CE lung Bacterial infection Compression syndromes Cyst rupture: allergic reactions and secondary CE (Figure 61.6C) Venous and arterial complications Cysts in rare locations Patients with Uncomplicated CE Cysts Assignment of Patients with Uncomplicated Cysts to the Four Treatment Options (see Figure 61.9) CE liver and other organs where applicable Individual Treatment Options for Uncomplicated Cysts Anti-parasitic drug treatment with benzimidazoles (Box 61.2) Praziquantel Percutaneous sterilization of CE cysts: puncture – aspiration – injection – re-aspiration (PAIR) (Box 61.3). Percutaneous evacuation of CE cysts: large-bore catheters, MoCaT, and percutaneous evacuation (PEVAC). Surgery Radical surgery: liver/lung resection (closed method) and total cystectomy (closed method) Liver/lung resection Total cystectomy Non-radical or conservative surgery. Partial cystectomy (by definition open method; Boxes 61.4 and 61.5). Total cystectomy and liver/lung resection converted into an open method due to accidental opening of a cyst or intentionall ... Watch and wait Prevention Alveolar Echinococcosis (Echinococcus multilocularis) Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis Imaging Classification systems for AE Serology Diagnostic Puncture and Aspiration/Biopsy Parasite Viability Testing Histological Diagnosis Treatment Surgical Treatment Aimed at Curing the Patient Treatment of Patients Not Curable with Surgery Prevention REFERENCES REFERENCES 62 - Other Cestode Infections: Intestinal Cestodes, Cysticercosis, Other Larval Cestode Infections Introduction Cysticercosis Taenia solium Transmission Pathology Clinical Features Single enhancing lesion Ocular cysticercosis Diagnosis Serological diagnosis Other tests Management Other Larval Cestode Infections Coenurosis Prevalence and Distribution Clinical Features Diagnosis and Treatment Taenia Crassiceps Cysticercosis Sparganosis Prevalence and Distribution Clinical Features Diagnosis and Treatment Proliferative Sparganosis Intestinal Cestodes: the Tapeworms of Humans Taenia saginata Prevalence and Distribution Clinical Features Diagnosis and Treatment Taenia saginata asiatica Taenia solium Clinical Features Diagnosis and Treatment Hymenolepis nana Prevalence and Distribution Clinical Features Diagnosis and Treatment Control Diphyllobothrium latum Prevalence and Distribution Clinical Features Tapeworm anaemia Diagnosis and Treatment Control Zoonotic Tapeworms Hymenolepis diminuta Dipylidium caninum REFERENCES REFERENCE 63 - Scabies Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Crusted Scabies Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention KEY REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY 61---Cystic--Alveolar-and-Neotropical-Echinococ_2024_Manson-s-Tropical-Disea 62---Other-Cestode-Infections--Intestinal-Cestodes--Cyst_2024_Manson-s-Tropi 63---Scabies_2024_Manson-s-Tropical-Diseases 64 - Human Lice, Bed Bugs, Sand Fleas, Myiasis, and Leeches Human Lice Head Louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) Morphology and Biology Transmission and Epidemiology Clinical Symptoms and Psychological Aspects Diagnosis Treatment Pediculicides Louse Comb as a Tool for Treatment Hot Air Prevention Nits and Nit Removal Remedies Body Louse (Pediculus humanus humanus) Morphology Biology Epidemiology Clinical Aspects Vectorial Capacity Pubic Louse (Pthirus pubis) Morphology Biology Epidemiology Diagnosis Clinical Aspects Treatment Bed Bugs Biology and Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects Prophylaxis and Control Sand Fleas Biology and Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects Treatment, Prevention, and Control Myiasis Biology and Epidemiology Wohlfahrtia magnifica (the Spotted Flesh Fly) Cochliomyia hominivorax (the New World Screwworm Fly) Chrysomya bezziana (the Old World Screwworm Fly) Cordylobia anthropophaga (Tumbu Fly) Dermatobia hominis (Botfly) Oestrus ovis (the Sheep Nasal Fly) Auchmeromyia luteola (Congo Floor Maggot) Pathogenesis and Clinical Picture Cutaneous Myiasis (Including Dermal, Sub-dermal, Furuncular, Facial, Creeping, Wound, and Traumatic Myiasis) Body Cavity Myiasis Oral myiasis (including orofacial, oro-maxillofacial, and orotracheal myiasis) Ocular myiasis (including ophthalmomyiasis, orbital, and palpebral myiasis) Nasal myiasis (including nasopharyngeal myiasis) Aural myiasis (including otomyiasis, myiasis of the external and middle ear) Urogenital myiasis (including vaginal myiasis, genital myiasis, myiasis of the uterine cavity, pelvic organ myiasis, vulvo- ... Gastrointestinal myiasis Prevention and Treatment Leeches Biology and Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects Prevention and Treatment Hirudotherapy REFERENCES REFERENCES 65 - Non-Communicable Diseases: Equity, Action, and Targets Introduction How Can We Quantify Morbidity and Mortality to Inform Decision-Making? Systemic Issues: The Causes of the Causes Universal Health Coverage, Primary Healthcare, and NCDs: Merging the Agendas Where Is All the Money Going? What Comes Next: Priority Setting for the Present and Future Conclusion REFERENCES REFERENCES 66 - Cardiovascular and Vascular Disease in the Tropics Including Ischaemic Heart Disease, Stroke, and Hypertension Introduction Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology Epidemiological Transition Challenges for Tropical Countries in CVD Epidemiology Global Response to an Increasing CVD Burden Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease Modifiable Risk Factors Tobacco Use Dietary Factors Physical Inactivity and Sedentary Lifestyle Alcohol Consumption Physiological Risk Factors Hypertension Diabetes Mellitus Abnormal Lipids Obesity Non-Modifiable Risk Factors Heredity Age Sex Ethnicity Environmental Risk Factors Household and Ambient Air Pollution Toxic Metal Exposure Built Environment Social Risk Factors Neglected Tropical Diseases Interactive Nature of Risk Factors Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Main CVD in the Tropics (3955) Hypertension Burden Aetiology/Pathogenesis Clinical Features and Diagnosis Treatment and Management Lifestyle approaches Pharmacologic approaches Resource-poor settings Stroke Aetiology/Pathogenesis Clinical Features and Diagnosis Treatment and Management Managing Stroke in Low-Resource Settings Ischaemic Heart Disease Burden Aetiology/Pathogenesis Clinical Features and Diagnosis Treatment and Management Prevention Population-Wide and Targeting Individuals Cost-Effective, Locally Appropriate Interventions Interventions to Promote Behavioural Change Reducing Biological Risk Factors: Hypertension, Dyslipidaemia, and Diabetes Mellitus Interventions Tailored to Social Circumstances Gender-Responsive Interventions Interventions to Reduce Environmental Exposures Digital Health Interventions Additional Issues: ‘Joined-Up’ Strategies to Address CVDs REFERENCES REFERENCES 67 - Diabetes in the Tropics Introduction Type 1 Diabetes – Epidemiology and Pathophysiology Definition Epidemiology of T1DM Aetiology and Pathogenesis Genetic Risk Factors Environmental Risk Factors Autoantibodies Clinical Presentation Type 2 Diabetes – Epidemiology and Pathophysiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Atypical Forms of Diabetes Peculiar to the Tropics Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Complications of Diabetes in the Tropics Paediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Adult-Onset Diabetes COST AND SOCIOECONOMIC BURDEN OF DIABETES IN THE TROPICS Management Challenges Unique to the Tropics Healthcare System-Related Challenges Physician-Related Challenges Patient-Related Challenges Practical Issues in Diabetes Management in Tropical Countries Conclusions REFERENCES REFERENCES 68 - Cancer in the Tropics KEY POINTS Introduction Routine Sources and Measures of the Global Cancer Burden Measuring the Cancer Burden Worldwide – Methods of Estimation The Global Cancer Burden in 2020 by Level of Human Development Cancer in Transition: Recent Incidence Trends by Level of Human Development The Global Cancer Incidence Burden in 2040: Demographic and Trends-Based Predictions Cancer Causes and Control Tobacco Infections Obesity and Lifestyle Factors Other Factors Management of Cancer Universal Health Coverage COVID-19 Pandemic REFERENCES REFERENCES 69 - Haematological Diseases in the Tropics Introduction Abnormal Blood Counts Anaemia Neutrophilia Neutropenia Monocytosis and Monocytopenia Lymphocytosis and Lymphocytopenia Eosinophilia Thrombocytopenia Anaemia in Developing Countries Clinical Evaluation of Anaemia Haemoglobin Measurement for Detecting Anaemia Haemoglobin Colour Scale16 Principle HemoCue and Entia Aptus Principles of Management of Anaemia (Box 69.4) Anaemia in Infants and Children Anaemia in Pregnant Women Anaemia Due to Iron Deficiency Anaemia Due to Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anaemia Due to Folic Acid Deficiency Anaemia Due to Vitamin A Deficiency Anaemia Due to Copper Deficiency Anaemia and Zinc Anaemia Associated with Neglected Tropical Diseases Sickle Cell Disease Introduction History Pathophysiology (Figure 69.7) Clinical Features Painful Crises Anaemia Infections Acute Chest Syndrome Stroke Diagnosis Management (Box 69.10) Hydroxycarbamide Blood Transfusions (Box 69.13) Management of Acute Chest Syndrome Management of Stroke New Treatments for Scd Sickle Cell Haemoglobin C Disease Sickle Cell Trait Thalassaemia History Epidemiology Molecular Abnormalities β-Thalassaemia α-Thalassaemia Pathophysiology β-Thalassaemia (Fig. 69.8) α-Thalassaemia Clinical Features β-Thalassaemia Thalassaemia Major Thalassaemia Intermedia α-Thalassaemias.137,141 Diagnosis (Box 69.15) Management Transfusion Therapy Iron Chelation Therapy (Table 69.9) Splenectomy Management of Complications Stem Cell Transplant Prevention of Thalassaemia Haemoglobin E Disease Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency Pathophysiology Epidemiology and Classification Clinical Features Acute Haemolytic Anaemia Favism Neonatal Jaundice Congenital Non-spherocytic Haemolytic Anaemia Diagnosis Management Haematological Complications of Malaria (see Chapter 49) Malarial Anaemia Pathophysiology Epidemiology Clinical Features Management and Prevention Thrombocytopenia in Malaria Coagulopathy in Malaria Haematological Complications of HIV Infection (see Chapter 15) Anaemia Thrombocytopenia Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura HIV-Related Lymphoma Abnormalities of Coagulation Pathophysiology Acquired Bleeding Disorders Vitamin K Deficiency Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Acquired Platelet Disorders Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Inherited Bleeding Disorders Thromboembolism Thrombophilia Haematological Malignancies in the Tropics Leukaemias Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (AML subtype M3) Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) Lymphomas Epidemiology and Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Adult T-Cell Leukaemia-Lymphoma (ATLL) Multiple Myeloma Pathophysiology and Clinical Features Management Blood Transfusion Blood Transfusion at the National Level Separation of Whole Blood into Components Ensuring Safety of Blood for Transfusion Selecting Low-risk Blood Donors Screening for Transfusion-transmitted Infections Clinical Use of Blood Reasons for Transfusion in Developing Countries Avoiding Unnecessary Transfusions Clinical guidelines Minimizing surgical blood loss Preoperative autologous blood deposit Intraoperative blood salvage Other measures Haemoglobin Thresholds for Transfusion Complications of Blood Transfusion Acute and Delayed Haemolysis Due to Red Cell Incompatibility Bacterial Contamination Non-haemolytic Febrile Reactions Allergic Reactions Circulatory Overload Haemosiderosis Hypothermia Graft-Versus-Host Disease REFERENCES REFERENCES 70 - Renal Disease in the Tropics Introduction Filarial Nephropathy Chyluria Malarial Nephropathy Leishmanial Nephropathy Schistosomal Nephropathy Leptospiral Nephropathy Scrub Typhus and Kidney Disease Melioidosis and Kidney Disease Mycobacterial Diseases and the Kidney Viral Nephropathies Hanta Virus Nephropathy Dengue Virus Nephropathy Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Nephropathy Hepatitis C Virus Nephropathy Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection-Related Kidney Diseases Diarrhoeal Diseases and the Kidney Animal Envenomation and Kidney Disease Snake Bite and Kidney Disease Scorpion Sting Nephropathy Fish Gallbladder Ingestion and Icthyotoxic AKI Tropical Fruits and Oxalate Nephropathy Semecarpus anacardium (Marking-Nut Tree) and Kidney Disease Cleistanthus Collinus (Oduvanthalai) Poisoning and Kidney Disease Hair Dye Poisoning and Kidney Disease Copper Sulphate Poisoning and Kidney Disease Environment and Occupation-Related Kidney Disease Particulate Matter (PM) and Kidney Disease Heat Stress and Kidney Disease Mesoamerican Nephropathy Heavy Metals and other Occupational Causes of Kidney Disease Calculous Disease Traditional Medicine and Kidney Disease Pregnancy-Related AKI (Pr-AKI) Sepsis and AKI Tropical Profile and Pattern of Global Renal Diseases REFERENCES REFERENCES 71 - Ophthalmology in the Tropics and Sub-tropics KEY POINTS World Blindness Who Categories of Visual Impairment Common Causes of Blindness Worldwide Patterns of Blindness Age Gender Ethnic Origin Environmental Factors Socioeconomic Factors Eye Care Services Eye Camps Examination of the Eyes Basic Equipment and Diagnostic Materials Clinical Examination of the Eyes Measurement of Visual Acuity Examine the Periorbital Region of Each Eye Examine Eye Movements Examine the Anterior Segment Examine the Posterior Segment Examine the Intraocular Pressure Acute Ophthalmology Warning Signs Disorders of the Orbits and Eyelids Orbital Cellulitis Dacryocystitis Stye (Hordeolum) Chalazion (Meibomian Cyst) Ectropion and Entropion Other Eyelid Inflammations Diseases of the Conjunctiva Infectious Conjunctivitis Allergic Conjunctivitis Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis Pinguecula Pterygium Phlyctenulosis Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (Dry Eye) Diseases of the Cornea Suppurative Corneal Ulceration Clinical Appearance Laboratory Diagnosis Management Herpes Simplex Keratitis Clinical Appearance Complications Management Inflammation of The Eyeball Endophthalmitis Scleritis Inflammation of the Anterior Uvea (Anterior Uveitis, Iritis) Clinical Appearance Causes and Associations Management Eye Injuries Corneal Abrasion Management Superficial Retained Foreign Body Management Penetrating Injuries Management Blunt Injury Management Chemical Burns of the Eye Management Snake Venom Conjunctivitis and Keratitis Tarantula and Caterpillar Hair Conjunctivitis (Ophthalmia Nodosum) Non-infectious Ophthalmic Disease Cataract Aetiology Cataract Surgery Improving Outcomes Cataract Surgical Rate and Coverage Refractive Errors The Glaucomas Epidemiology of the Primary Glaucomas Anatomy and Physiology of Aqueous Fluid Circulation Open Angle Glaucoma Management Angle Closure Glaucoma Clinical presentation Management Secondary Glaucomas Congenital Glaucoma (Buphthalmos) Diabetes Mellitus Diabetic Retinopathy Non-proliferative Retinopathy Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetic Maculopathy Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Laser treatment Intravitreal treatments Pars plana vitrectomy Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy Sickle Cell Disease Age-Related Macular Degeneration Aetiology Clinical Appearance Management Toxins and The Optic Nerve Traditional Eye Medicines Couching Infectious Ophthalmic Disease Viral Ophthalmic Disease HIV/AIDS and the Eye Preventing Transmission in the Eye Clinic HIV and Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus HIV Retinal Microangiopathy AIDS and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Retinitis HIV and Other Herpes Viruses HIV and Syphilis HIV and Tuberculosis HIV and Pneumocystosis HIV and Cryptococcal Meningitis HIV and Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Conjunctiva HIV and Kaposi’s Sarcoma Ebola Virus Disease Eye complications Management Herpes Simplex Keratitis Measles Rubella Mumps Molluscum Contagiosum Bacterial Ophthalmic Disease Chlamydia and Trachoma Risk factors Clinical examination Trachoma control and the SAFE strategy Management Surgery for trachomatous entropion Prevention Lymphogranuloma Venereum Eye complications Management Rickettsia Typhus Eye complications Management Boutonneuse Fever (Mediterranean Spotted Fever) Eye complications Management Cat-scratch Disease Eye complications Mycobacteria Tuberculosis Eye complications Management Eales’ Disease Leprosy Epidemiology Clinical presentation Approach to the eyes in leprosy Bacilli and Cocci Brucellosis (Undulant Fever; Mediterranean Fever) Eye complications Management Tularaemia Eye complications Treatment Bacterial Meningitis Ocular manifestations Management Diphtheria Eye complications Management Anthrax Eye complications Management Spirochaetes Syphilis Ocular manifestations of syphilis Congenital syphilis Management Leptospirosis Eye complications Relapsing Fever Eye complications Fungal Ophthalmic Disease Fungal Keratitis Fungal Vitritis or Endophthalmitis Fungal Orbital Cellulitis Blastomycosis and Coccidioidomycosis Histoplasmosis Diagnosis and Treatment of Fungal Infections Protozoal Ophthalmic Disease Toxoplasmosis Ocular toxoplasmosis Treatment Leishmaniasis Eye complications (visceral leishmaniasis) Eye complications (cutaneous leishmaniasis) Treatment African Trypanosomiasis Eye complications Management American Trypanosomiasis Eye complications Management Malaria Eye complications Management Nematodal Ophthalmic Disease Onchocerciasis Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical presentation Diagnosis Treatment and control Vector control Obsolete treatments Toxocariasis Eye complications Management Loiasis Eye complications Management Thelaziasis Eye complications Management Bancroftian and Brugian Filariasis Eye complications Management Trichinosis Eye complications Management Gnathostomiasis Eye complications Management Dirofilariasis Eye complications Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis Cestoidal Ophthalmic Disease Cysticercosis Eye complications Management Echinococcosis Eye complications Management Sparganosis Eye complications Management Trematodal Ophthalmic Disease Paragonimiasis Eye complications Management Schistosomiasis Eye complications Ocular Disease Caused By Arthropods Myiasis Eye complications Management Paederus Dermatitis and Conjunctivitis Paediatric Ophthalmic Disease Vitamin A Deficiency Disorders (Vadd) and The Eye Vitamin A (Retinol) Eye Changes in Vitamin A Deficiency (Xerophthalmia) Treatment of Xerophthalmia Prevention of Vitamin A Deficiency Measles and The Eye Clinical Presentation Treatment of Measles and Its Eye Complications Prevention Newborn Conjunctivitis (Ophthalmia Neonatorum) Congenital Cataract Causes of Congenital Cataract Management Congenital Glaucoma (Buphthalmos) Retinopathy of Prematurity Retinoblastoma Management Essential Eye Drugs Acknowledgements FURTHER READING REFERENCES REFERENCES 72 - Dermatological Problems in the Tropics KEY POINTS Introduction Skin Diseases Caused by Bacteria Pyogenic Infections Aetiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Findings and Diagnosis Management Treatment Prevention Treponemal Infections Syphilis (see Chapter 30) Treatment Yaws Treatment Pinta Treatment Mycobacterial Infections Clinical Findings and Diagnosis M . marinum M . ulcerans (see Chapter 48) M . chelonae and M. abscessus Tuberculosis of the Skin Aetiology Primary tuberculosis Secondary tuberculosis Types of Skin Tuberculosis Lupus Vulgaris Scrofuloderma Acute Haematogenous Miliary Tuberculosis Orificial Tuberculosis Papulonecrotic Tuberculid Bazin’s Erythema Induratum Lichen Scrofulosorum Diagnosis Treatment summary Leprosy Aetiology Transmission and evolution Classification Clinical Manifestations Nerve Damage Skin damage Indeterminate Leprosy Tuberculoid Leprosy Borderline Leprosy Lepromatous Leprosy Reactions in leprosy Diagnosis Treatment summary Management and Prevention of Mycobacterial Infections Bacterial Mycetoma Aetiology and Pathogenesis (see Chapter 36) Clinical Findings and Diagnosis Treatment Other Bacterial Infections Skin Diseases Caused by Parasites Cutaneous Larva Migrans Aetiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Findings and Diagnosis Treatment Summary Prevention Leishmaniasis Introduction Aetiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Findings and Diagnosis Management Treatment Summary Prevention Onchocerciasis Aetiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Findings and Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Gnathostomiasis Aetiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Findings and Diagnosis Treatment Loa Loa Aetiology, Clinical Findings, and Diagnosis Treatment Trypanosomiasis African Trypanosomiasis South American Trypanosomiasis Treatment Prevention Tungiasis Aetiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Findings and Diagnosis Treatment Myiasis Aetiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Findings and Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Scabies (see Chapter 63) Aetiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Findings and Diagnosis Treatment Skin Diseases Caused by Ectoparasites and Bites Ticks Treatment Mites Fleas Management Bedbugs Beetle Dermatitis Swimmer’s Itch, Seabather’s Eruption, Jellyfish and Coral Injuries Skin Diseases Caused by Fungi (ChapterS 44 and 45) Dermatophytes and Malasseziosis Aetiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Findings and Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Sporotrichosis Aetiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Findings and Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Eumycetoma Aetiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Findings and Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Chromoblastomycosis Aetiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Findings and Diagnosis Treatment Systemic Mycosis Manifesting on the Skin Coccidioidomycosis Treatment Histoplasmosis Treatment Paracoccidioidomycosis Treatment Diseases Caused by Viruses Non-infectious Skin Problems in the Tropics Acne Vulgaris Management of Acne Vulgaris in the Tropics Comedonal acne Inflammatory acne Eczema/Dermatitis Atopic Dermatitis Presentation Complications Management Topical Therapy Systemic Therapies Contact Dermatitis Pompholyx Discoid Eczema Treatment Summary Keloid Treatment Psoriasis Epidemiology and Aetiology Clinical Features Psoriatic Arthropathy Management Treatment Summary Photosensitivity Disorders Clinical Evaluation in Photosensitivity Polymorphic Light Eruption Treatment Porphyria Cutanea Tarda Treatment Drugs that Cause Photosensitivity Skin Allergy Due to Ingestion of Food Skin Malignancies Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Actinic Keratoses Treatment Squamous Cell Carcinoma Aetiology Metastases and natural history Treatment Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) Aetiology Metastasis, progress, and clinical features Diagnosis Treatment Follow-up Melanoma Metastasis and Natural History of Melanoma Clinical Presentation Treatment Urticaria Acute Urticaria Treatment Chronic Urticaria Physical Urticaria Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria Angio-oedema Urticarial Vasculitis Management of Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria Delusional Infestation Treatment Other Non-infective Dermatoses Mainly Limited to the Tropics Arsenism Treatment Brazilian Pemphigus Foliaceus Treatment Lichen Planus and Lichenoid Eruptions Hypertrophic Lichen Planus Actinic Lichen Planus Treatment Treatment summary Disorders of Pigmentation Vitiligo Treatment Melasma Treatment Treatment summary Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation Phrynoderma REFERENCES REFERENCES 73 - Musculoskeletal Disorders Infectious Diseases Bacterial Infections Tuberculosis Epidemiology Clinical features Pathogenesis and pathology Diagnosis Treatment Leprosy Epidemiology Pathogenesis and pathology Clinical features Diagnosis Treatment Rickettsiosis Brucellosis Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis Pyomyositis Viral Infections Arboviruses Epidemiology Clinical features Pathogenesis and pathology. See Chapter 20 Treatment Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection Rheumatoid arthritis Connective tissue disorders Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS) Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome Treatment of coexistent rheumatic/autoimmune diseases Other diseases Parasitic Infections Fungal Infections Other Musculoskeletal Disorders Rheumatic Fever Myositis Metabolic Bone Diseases Fluorotoxic Metabolic Bone Disease Rickets and Osteomalacia Haemoglobinopathy-Associated Bone Disease Sickle Cell Disease Soft Tissue Rheumatism and Osteoarthritis in the Tropics Challenges in Managing Inflammatory Musculoskeletal Diseases in the Tropics Conclusions REFERENCES REFERENCES 74 - Respiratory Problems in the Tropics KEY POINTS Clinical Assessment in Children History Examination Clinical Assessment in Adults History Examination Pulmonary Investigations in Children and Adults Acute Respiratory Infection in Children Acute Respiratory Infection in Adults Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children and Adults HIV Infection and Pulmonary Presentations in Children and Adults Asthma and Allergy in Children and Adults Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (Chronic Lung Disease of Infancy) Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma Biomass Fuel Use and Respiratory Health Tobacco and Health Occupational Lung Diseases Pulmonary Problems in Parasitic Diseases and Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia Pleural Diseases – Pneumothorax, Effusion, and Empyema Pneumothorax Effusion Empyema Vascular Diseases – Pulmonary Embolism and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Thromboembolic Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Interstitial Lung Disease in Adults and Children REFERENCES REFERENCES 75 - Tropical Neurology Introduction Meningitis Encephalitis Focal Brain Lesions Myelitis Myeloradiculopathy Radiculopathy and Neuropathy Neuromuscular Junction Myopathies Specific Bacterial Diseases Tuberculosis Leprosy Brucellosis Protozoal Diseases Cerebral Malaria Toxoplasmosis Trypanosomiasis Spirochaetal Diseases Syphilis Other Spirochaetes Viruses Geographically Restricted Viral Encephalitis Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-1 (HTLV-1) Lassa Fever Measles Poliomyelitis Rabies Rickettsia Zika Virus Fungal Infections Cryptococcus Helminthic Infections Neurocysticercosis Gnathostomiasis Schistosomiasis Nutritional and Toxic Factors Acknowledgement REFERENCES REFERENCES 76 - Psychiatry Epidemiology Prevalence Disability and Mortality Public Health and Wider Impact Pathogenesis and Pathology Diagnosis International Diagnostic Criteria Culture, Mental Health, and Disorder Management and Treatment General Principles of Assessment Acute Behavioural Disturbance Screening and Detection Communication and Privacy Risk Assessment Identifying Organic Causes of Mental Disturbance General Principles of Management Biological Interventions Physical Health and Nutritional Status Psychotropic Medications Psychosocial Psychoeducation Addressing Social Stressors and Strengthening Social Support Promoting Day-to-Day Functioning Risk Management Family/Carer Support Regular Follow-Up Prevention Individual Mental Disorders Depression, Anxiety, and Somatic Symptoms Pathogenesis Clinical Features and Diagnosis Management and Treatment Somatic Symptoms Depression and Anxiety Psychotic Disorders Pathogenesis Clinical Features Treatment and Management Bipolar Disorder Pathogenesis Clinical Features Treatment and Management Child and Adolescent Developmental, Mental, and Behavioural Disorders Pathogenesis Clinical Features and Diagnosis Treatment and Management Dementia Pathogenesis Clinical Features and Diagnosis Treatment and Management Alcohol and Substance (‘Drug’) use Disorders Pathogenesis Clinical Features Treatment and Management Self-harm and Suicidal Behaviour Pathogenesis Clinical Features Treatment and Management Trauma-Related Disorders Pathogenesis Clinical Features Treatment and Management Conclusions REFERENCES REFERENCES 77 - Oral Disease in the Tropics Introduction Dental Caries Periodontal Disease Oral Cancer Erythroplakia (Erythroplasia) Leukoplakia Oral Submucous Fibrosis Smokeless Tobacco Areca Nut Naswar Hookah Coca Chewing Dental Mutilation Facial Injury (Maxillofacial Trauma) Endemic Fluorosis Infections Odontogenic Infections Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis Gangrenous Stomatitis (Cancrum Oris; Noma) Syphilis (Venereal Treponematosis) Gonorrhoea Actinomycosis Tuberculosis Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Infections Viral Infections Fungal Infections Superficial Mycoses SYSTEMIC (DEEP) MYCOSES MYIASIS KEY REFERENCES REFERENCE 78 - Environmental Stress KEY POINTS Heat Illness Accidental Hypothermia and Local Cold Injuries Drowning and Tsunamis Altitude Illness in Pilgrims Heat Illness Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Heat Regulation Principles of Cooling Evaporation Convection Conduction Radiation Hyperthermia Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Climate Change and the Future of Heat-Related Illness ACCIDENTAL HYPOTHERMIA AND LOCAL COLD INJURIES Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Haematology Blood Chemistries Management and Treatment Prevention DROWNING AND TSUNAMIS Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention Altitude Illness in Pilgrims Epidemiology Pathogenesis Acute Mountain Sickness and High-Altitude Cerebral Oedema High-Altitude Pulmonary Oedema Prevention and Treatment AMS and HACE HAPE Genetics REFERENCES REFERENCES 79 - Venomous and Poisonous Animals KEY POINTS Introduction Venomous Mammals Venomous Snakes Taxonomy, Identification, and Distribution Snake-like animals Medically important snakes Snake identification Distribution of venomous snakes Epidemiology of Snakebite (Table 79.2) Snakebite as an occupational disease Bites by exotic pet snakes Venom Apparatus29 Non-front-fanged snakes: Colubridae, Dapsididae, Natricidae, Psammophiinae-Lamprophiidae Atractaspididae Elapidae (including sea snakes) and Viperidae Venomous snakebite without envenoming (’dry bites’) Venom Composition38,39 Phospholipases A2 Metalloproteinases Serine proteases.42 Three-finger toxins Cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs).44 L-amino acid oxidases Kunitz peptides C-type lectins ‘snake venom C-typelectins (snaclecs)’.45 Disintegrins Natriuretic peptides Hyaluronidases Nerve growth factor (NGF) Cobra venom factor (CVF).46 Intra-individual and intra-specific geographical variation in venom composition Clinical Features of Envenoming Local swelling, blistering, bruising, and necrosis Hypotension and shock Bleeding and clotting disturbances.42,51 Platelet activators/inhibitors Intravascular haemolysis Complement activation and inhibition.46 Acute kidney injury Neurotoxicity Rhabdomyolysis Venom ophthalmia Envenoming by Different Families of Venomous Snakes Colubridae and other non-front-fanged snakes.9,23,47 Atractaspididae (burrowing asps or stiletto snakes and Natal black snake).30 Elapidae (Cobras, Kraits, Mambas, Coral Snakes, Sea Kraits, and True Sea Snakes). Local envenoming Neurotoxic effects Bites by Oceanian Elapids.3,70,71 Snake venom ophthalmia.33,64 Bites by sea snakes.3,26,27,73 Local envenoming Bleeding and clotting (haemostatic) abnormalities Intravascular haemolysis Acute kidney injury.77 Neurotoxicity Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) Clinical Course and Prognosis Risk of Death from Bites and Envenoming Interval Between Bite and Death Laboratory Investigations The 20-minute Whole Blood Clotting Test (20WBCT).34,87 Other Investigations Immunodiagnosis Management of Snakebite23,47–50 First aid Anker\'s pressure-pad method (Figure 79.28).93 Sutherland’s (crepe) bandage method.96 Inhibition of the lymphatic pump Rejected first-aid methods Treatment of early symptoms Treatment at health clinic, dispensary, or hospital by medically trained staff Indications for antivenom Supportive treatment (in addition to antivenom) Venomous Lizards Venom Composition Clinical Features Treatment Bites by Other Lizards Venomous Fish Taxonomy Epidemiology of Fish Stings Venom Apparatus Venom Composition.146,150,151 Symptoms of Envenoming Stingrays Weevers Scorpion fish and stonefish Venomous Marine Invertebrates Cnidarians (Coelenterates): Hydroids, Stinging Corals, Medusae, Portuguese Men-O’-War or Bluebottles, Jellyfish, Thimble je ... Venom apparatus Venom composition.157 Epidemiology Clinical features Echinoderms (Starfish and Sea Urchins) Molluscs (Cone Shells and Octopuses) Arthropod Bites and Stings (Phylum Arthropoda)171 Insect Stings (Class Insecta) – Hymenoptera Stings (Bees, Wasps, Yellow Jackets, Hornets, Ants) (Order Hymenoptera) Venom apparatus and composition.171,174 Clinical Features Direct toxic effects in non-allergic subjects Allergic effects.176,177 Diagnosis Treatment Toxic effects of mass attacks Allergic Effects Prevention Treatment of anaphylaxis.181 Scorpion Stings (Order Scorpiones).171 Venom composition Epidemiology Clinical features.184,185 Hemiscorpius lepturus Treatment Spider Bites (Order Araneae).171,195 Venom apparatus Epidemiology Clinical features Necrotic loxoscelism Neurotoxic araneism Treatment Tick Bite Paralysis (Order Acari or Acarina, Superfamily Ixodoidea)201,202 Centipede Stings and Millipede Envenoming (Subphylum Myriapoda)171 Centipedes (Class Chilopoda) Millipede Envenoming (Class Diplopoda).204 Poisoning by Ingestion of Marine Animals Gastrointestinal and Neurotoxic Syndromes Ciguatera Fish Poisoning.209–211 Toxins Clinical features.206,207,211 Tetrodotoxic (Puffer Fish) Poisoning Clinical features Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning.213 Histamine Syndrome (Scombrotoxic Poisoning).214 Poisoning by Ingestion of Carp’s Gallbladder.216 Treatment of Marine Poisoning Prevention of Marine Poisoning REFERENCES REFERENCES 80 - Plant Poisons, Hallucinogens, and Traditional Medicines Frequency of Exposure Classification Names of Plants or Their Chief Constituents Syndromic Effects Alcohol Argemone Mexicana and Epidemic Dropsy Colchicine in Plants Cyanogenic Glycosides in Plants Ergot Grayanotoxins in Plants Allergic Reactions to Plants Cardiotoxic Glycosides in Plants Gastroenteritis Due to Compounds in Plants Haemotoxicity due to Compounds in Plants Haemolysis in Glucose-6-Phosphate Deficiency Impaired Platelet Aggregation Hepatotoxicity due to Compounds in Plants Hepatitis Hepatic Carcinoma Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome (Veno-Occlusive Disease) and Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Nephrotoxicity Due to Compounds in Plants Neurotoxicity Due to Compounds in Plants Parasympathetic Nervous System Effects Due to Compounds in Plants Anticholinergic Compounds Cholinergic Compounds Psychotropic Drugs in Plants Ayahuasca Betel and Betel Nuts Cannabis Coca Ibogaine Kava374 Khat Nicotine Opium Alkaloids and Their Derivatives Psilocybin402 Treatment of Poisoning Drug Interactions With Compounds in Plants Pharmacodynamic Interactions Pharmacokinetic Interactions Anticoagulants Citrus Fruits Ginseng St John’s Wort Adulteration of Herbal Products BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES 81 - Nutrition-Associated Disease KEY POINTS Introduction Global Burden and Prevalence Severe Acute Malnutrition Measurement and Classification Weight for Age Mid-Upper Arm Circumference Weight for Height WHO Classification Aetiologies of Malnutrition Prenatal Factors Breastfeeding Diet Infections HIV Infection Epidemiology of Malnutrition Geographical Distribution Season Aetiology of Kwashiorkor Free-Radicals and Amino Acid Deficiency Aflatoxins Growth Difference Between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus Patients Clinical Features Management of Acute Severe Malnutrition Community-Based Therapeutic Care Inpatient Care Resuscitation (First 7 Days) Rehabilitation Feeding regimen (Phase I and II) Additional treatment Hospital discharge Prognosis Malnutrition in Adults Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders Iodine Deficiency Disorders Epidemiology Aetiology Pathology Clinical Features Goitre Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome (formerly ‘Cretinism’) Reproductive failure Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Scurvy Epidemiology Pathology Clinical Features Infantile scurvy Adult scurvy Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Rickets and Osteomalacia Aetiology Epidemiology Pathology Clinical Features Rickets Osteomalacia Complications Diagnosis Treatment Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Deficiency Epidemiology Aetiology Pathology Clinical Features Subacute cardiac beriberi Acute fulminant beriberi Neurological beriberi Infantile beriberi Wernicke encephalopathy Laboratory Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Vitamin B3 (Niacin) and Tryptophan Deficiency Epidemiology Aetiology Pathology Clinical Features Pre-pellagrin state Dermatitis Diarrhoea Dementia Clinical course Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Deficiency Epidemiology Aetiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Vitamin A Deficiency Aetiology and Epidemiology Clinical Features Prevention Special Groups Pregnant Women Vegetarians Refugees ACKNOWLEDGEMENT KEY REFERENCES REFERENCES 82 - Obesity in the Tropics Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Resolution of Obesity-Related Comorbidity Diagnosis Management and Treatment Prevention KEY REFERENCES REFERENCES 83 - Obstetrics in the Tropics Geography of Obstetrics in the Tropics Organization of Maternity Care in Developing Countries Adolescence Pre-Pregnancy Care Antenatal Care Medical Emergencies in Pregnant Women Unbooked Emergencies Pregnant Mother House or Maternity Villages Delivery Care Neonatal Care Postnatal Care Access to Life Saving Skills, Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care (Emonc) Obstetric Problems, Which Are More Common in the Tropics Than in Developed Countries, and Are Often Associated With Worse O ... Anaemia in Pregnancy Iron Supplementation Haemoglobinopathies Sickle Cell Disease Thalassaemia Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia Obstetric Haemorrhage Difficult and Obstructed Labour Avoiding the Developed Country Trend of Rising Caesarean Section Rates Non-Puerperal and Puerperal Sepsis Pyelonephritis Trophoblastic Disease Methotrexate for Hydatidiform Mole Ectopic Pregnancy Unwanted Pregnancy Fetal Growth Restriction Premature Labour Prelabour Rupture of Membranes (Premature or at Term) Obstetrics and Tropical Diseases Malaria in Pregnancy Viral Hepatitis (See Chapter 18) Diarrhoeal Diseases Complicated Acute Watery Diarrhoea Bloody Dysentery Cholera Schistosomiasis Soil Transmitted Helminths, Small Liver Flukes and Tapeworm Scrub and Murine Typhus Leptospirosis Dengue Brucellosis Influenza Covid-19 Tuberculosis HIV Sexually Transmitted Infections Improving the Use of and Access to Useful Tools in Obstetrics in the Tropics Training Skilled Birth Attendants and Health Facility Based Supervised Birth Conclusion KEY REFERENCES REFERENCES 84 - Paediatrics in the Tropics Introduction Global Burden and Trends Neonatal Mortality Under-Five Mortality School-Age Children and Adolescents Causes of Child Death Neonatal Deaths Prematurity Birth Asphyxia Neonatal Infections The ‘Under-Five’ Child Pneumonia Diarrhoea Malaria HIV/AIDS Viral Outbreaks and Zika Malnutrition School Age Children and Adolescents Social Determinants of Health Education Inequity Poverty Lack of Empowerment Deficient Autonomy Conflict and Anarchy Climate Change and Environmental Health Evidence-Based Solutions Interventions in the Newborn Interventions in the ‘Under-Five’ Child Pneumonia Diarrhoea Nurturing Care Framework Health Interventions in the ‘Under-Five’ Interventions in School Age Children and Adolescent Including Non-Communicable Disease Actions Delivery Strategies Reducing Poverty-Associated Barriers Community Approaches and Task Shifting Monitoring, Accountability and Funding Policy and Education IMCI, IMNCI (Integrated Strategies) Emerging Challenges in Child Health Conclusion KEY REFERENCES REFERENCES Appendix 1 - Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis Health and Safety Laboratory Quality Management Systems Laboratory Training Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Quality Control and External Quality Assurance Using the Laboratory Clinical Parasitology Diagnosis Essential Equipment Laboratory Investigation of Diarrhoea Direct Microscopic Examination of Faeces Preparation of Direct Faecal Smear Materials Method Faecal Concentration Methods Standard Protocols Formal-ether/Ethyl Acetate Concentration for Ova and Cysts Materials Method for Parasep Midi Concentrator Staining Methods for Intestinal Protozoa Trichomonas spp. Diagnosis Procedure Culture Methods Molecular Diagnostic Methods Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) ‘Whiff Test’ Temporary Stains Lugol’s Iodine Solution (Double Strength) Reagent 1 Reagent 2 Burrows’ Stain for Chromatoid Inclusion of Entamoeba Cysts Permanent Stains Trichrome Stain Formula: Trichrome Stain (Modified) Acid/Alcohol Decolourizer Fixation Staining Modified Trichrome Formulation for Spores of Microsporidia Method Modified Field’s Stain Method Bacterial Culture of Intestinal Pathogens Isolation of Suspected Shigella Salmonella Salmonella sp. Laboratory Investigation for Blood and Tissue Parasites Staining of Blood Films Giemsa Stain Materials Concentration of Parasites from Blood Thick Blood Films Preparation Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT) for Parasite Antigen Detection Molecular Diagnosis of Malaria Laboratory Diagnosis of the Filaria Parasites Examination of Blood for Microfilariae Membrane Filtration Method Modification of Knott’s Method for Examining Blood for Microfilariae Identification of Microfilariae Staining of Microfilariae Reagents Method Laboratory Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis Methods of Identification Cutaneous leishmaniasis Visceral leishmaniasis Identifying the Species of Leishmania Method Staining Procedures Gram stain Materials Method Ziehl–Neelsen Stain for Mycobacteria Materials Method Examination of Sputum Examination for Parasites Examination for Bacteria Microbiological Examination of Other Specimens for Presence of Bacteria Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Sputum Urine Stool Throat Swab Pneumococcus Leprosy Listeria Neisseria Anthrax Procedure for Isolation and Identification of B. anthracis and Confirmation of Diagnosis (Figure A1.34) Bartonellosis Leptospira Diphtheria Spirochaetes Fungal Infections (Candida and Pneumocystis) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Detection of Antimalarial Drug Resistance Anti-Fungal Drug-Resistance Testing HIV Drug-Resistance Testing Genotypic Assays Phenotypic Assays Genomic Testing in the Laboratory Bibliography Appendix 2 - Parasitic Protozoa Introduction and Classification Apicomplexan Parasites Malarial Parasites Diagnosis Babesia Diagnosis Toxoplasma gondii Diagnosis Sarcocystis spp Kinetoplastid Parasites Trypanosomes Trypanosoma brucei Diagnosis Trypanosoma cruzi Diagnosis Leishmania spp Diagnosis Free-Living Amoebae Intestinal Protozoa Entamoeba histolytica Diagnosis Giardia duodenalis Diagnosis Cryptosporidium spp Diagnosis Cystoisospora belli Diagnosis Cyclospora cayetanensis Diagnosis Balantioides coli Diagnosis Microsporidia Diagnosis Trichomonas vaginalis Diagnosis REFERENCES REFERENCES Appendix 3 - Medical Helminthology Introduction Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Trematoda Subclass Digenea Schistosomatids Responsible for Cercarial Dermatitis in Humans Class Cestoda Phylum Nematoda REFERENCES Appendix 4 - Medical Acarology and Entomology Introduction Class: Arachnida Subclass Acarina Order Sarcoptiformes Order Trombidiformes Order Acariformes Order Mesostigmata Order Ixodida Class Maxillopoda (Subphylum Crustacea) Subclass Pentastomida Class Insecta References References Appendix 5 - Sources of Information in Tropical Medicine Introduction: Why Information Is Important What Information Is Needed and What Are the Challenges in Access? Individuals as the Primary Consumers of Health Information The Shifting Landscape of Access to Health Information Information Needs and Gaps Across Governments, Non-Government, and Inter-Government Organizations How to Determine if Information Is Reliable Where to Find Information Online Search Engines and Databases Peer-Reviewed Medical Journals Finding Information from Books Sources of Data for Tropical Medicine Online Access to Treatment and Practice Guidelines Online Learning, E-Seminars, and Interactive Mechanisms for Gaining Knowledge and Information Disease Outbreak and Epidemiology Information Online Research and Public Health Communities Keeping Up to Date: Using Information Feeds Conclusion Index
نظرات کاربران
کتاب های تصادفی
دانلود کتاب Form and Function in Developmental Evolution
دانلود کتاب Developmentalism in Early Childhood and Middle Grades Education: Critical Conversations on Readiness and Responsiveness
دانلود کتاب Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism
دانلود کتاب Cyberwarfare: Information Operations in a Connected World
