Mangroves in a Changing World: Adaptation and Resilience

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Mangroves: A Review of Its Functions, Adaptations, and Resilience
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Adaptations
	1.3 Pollination Biology
	1.4 Global Distributions
	1.5 Ecosystem Services
	1.6 Threats to the Mangrove Ecosystem
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Mangroves: An Organic Carbon Stabilizer
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Soil Organic Carbon Decomposition and Stabilization in Terrestrial and Maritime Contexts
	2.3 Mangrove Soils
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Mangroves: A Mitigator of Natural Catastrophes
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Mangrove Forest Distribution Across the World
	3.3 Mangrove Forests in India
	3.4 History of Mangrove Management in India
	3.5 Tsunamis and Cyclones
	3.6 Mechanism of Protection
	3.7 Observational Studies on the Coastal Protection by Mangroves
	3.8 Defense Against Tsunamis
	3.9 Defense Against Cyclones
	3.10 Mangrove Coastal Protection Models
	3.11 Economic Value of Mangrove Ecosystems
	3.12 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Climate Change Impacts on Mangroves: Need for Resilience Mechanisms
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Background
	4.3 Objectives of the Study
	4.4 Climate Change and Mangrove Vulnerability
	4.5 Rising Temperatures and Mangrove Stress
	4.6 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Erosion
	4.7 Extreme Weather Events: Hurricanes and Cyclones
	4.8 The Need for Resilience Mechanisms
	4.9 Importance of Mangroves in Coastal Ecosystems
	4.10 Understanding Resilience in Ecological Context
	4.11 Significance of Resilience in Mangrove Conservation
	4.12 Current Adaptation Strategies
	4.13 Natural Adaptive Processes in Mangroves
	4.14 Human Intervention and Mangrove Rehabilitation
	4.15 Challenges in Current Adaptation Approaches
	4.16 Indicators of Mangrove Resilience
	4.17 Physiological Indicators
	4.18 Genetic Diversity as a Resilience Indicator
	4.19 Ecosystem Functionality Metrics
	4.20 Case Studies: Successful Resilience Measures
	4.21 Global Examples of Mangrove Resilience Initiatives
	4.22 Lessons Learned from Successful Cases
	4.23 Barriers and Challenges
	4.24 Socioeconomic and Policy Challenges
	4.25 Technological Limitations
	4.26 Future Directions and Recommendations
	4.27 Innovations in Mangrove Resilience Research
	4.28 Policy Recommendations for Climate-Resilient Mangroves
	4.29 Conclusion
	4.30 Summary of Findings
	4.31 The Urgency of Action for Mangrove Resilience in a Changing Climate
	References
Chapter 5: Stand Structure and Species Composition in Three Mangrove Forests of Kerala, India
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Materials and Methods
		5.2.1 Study Area
		5.2.2 Plant Identification
		5.2.3 Quantitative Vegetation Characters
	5.3 Results
		5.3.1 Mangrove Species
		5.3.2 Quantitative Vegetation Characters
			5.3.2.1 Kunhimangalam
			5.3.2.2 Mangalavanam
			5.3.2.3 Puthuvypu
	5.4 Discussion
	References
Chapter 6: Mangrove Microbiome Dynamics: Exploring Diversity and Ecological Interactions
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The Vital Roles of Mangrove Microbiome
	6.3 Mangrove Microbiome: Diversity and Taxonomy
	6.4 Factors Impacting Microbiome Diversity
	6.5 Exploring Horizons: Challenges, Gaps, and Scopes in Mangrove Microbiome Studies
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Kingfisher in Mangroves: Unveiling Ecological Insights, Values, and Conservation Concerns
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Mangrove Fringes or Patches at Kadalundi Reserve and Kallampara Wetlands
	7.3 Abundance of Kingfishers at KVCR and Kallampara Mangroves: Present Challenges and Concerns
	7.4 Future Implications and Conservation Measures
	References
Chapter 8: Mangrove Ecosystem: Navigating the Crossroads of Traditional Fishing, Misguided Conservation, and Large Wading Bird...
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Mangrove Productivity and Habitat Connectivity
	8.3 Mangrove Biodiversity Supports Ecosystem Services
	8.4 Fish
	8.5 Large Wading Birds
	8.6 Ecosystem Services
	8.7 Habitat Degradation and Unintended Consequences of Conservation
	8.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Mangroves of Kadamakudy and Vypeen Islands: Guardians of Soil, Shrimp, Birds, and Livelihoods
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Mangroves as Natural Protectors
	9.3 Breeding Ground for Shrimps
	9.4 Feeding and Foraging Ground for Birds
	9.5 Integrated Farming and Sustainable Agriculture
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Understanding About Mangrove Forest Management in Vietnam
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Characteristics of Mangrove Forests in Vietnam
		10.2.1 Formation of Mangrove Forests
		10.2.2 Types of Mangrove Forests and Distribution Situation
	10.3 The Role of Mangrove Forests
	10.4 Institutions and Management
		10.4.1 State Policy Mechanism
	10.5 Implement Mangrove Management and Planting Policies
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Studying on Forest Biomass in Tra Su Melaleuca Forest Landscape Protection Area, An Giang Province
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Methodology
		11.2.1 Practical Research Method
			11.2.1.1 Set a Standard Plot
			11.2.1.2 Analysis of a Standard Tree
			11.2.1.3 Individual Trees Sampling for Dry Biomass Analysis
		11.2.2 Internal Works
			11.2.2.1 Determine the Sample Size of the Plots
			11.2.2.2 Data Analysis
	11.3 Results and Discussions
		11.3.1 Statistical Characteristics of the Survey Area
		11.3.2 Forest Biomass
			11.3.2.1 Regression Equation of Hvn and D1,3
			11.3.2.2 Regression Equation of Tree Volume to Hvn and D1,3
			11.3.2.3 Average Volume by Age Group of the Population
		11.3.3 Identify Forest Production
			11.3.3.1 Individual Tree Biomass Structure
			11.3.3.2 Population Production
			11.3.3.3 Total Biomass of Population by Age Group
	11.4 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
Chapter 12: Unveiling the Strategies to Restore Mangroves
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Area and Distribution
	12.3 Ecology
	12.4 Mangroves´ Purposes and Applications
	12.5 Restoration of Mangrove In and Around the World: Why Mangrove, Why Now?
	12.6 Mangrove Restoration
	12.7 Restoration Process
	12.8 Approach: Using Nature as a Guide
	12.9 Techniques to Encourage Resilience
	12.10 Approaches to the Restoration of Mangroves
	12.11 Strategies for a Successful Restoration of Mangroves
	12.12 Successful Mangrove Restoration Techniques
		12.12.1 CBEMR
	12.13 Abbreviations
	References