Managing Transnational UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa

Transnational UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa – Cooperation is the Key to Success
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Contents
Contributors
Managing the migration – Maasai Mara National Reserve and Serengeti World Heritage Site connectivity
	Introduction
	The ecosystem
	The Maasai Mara National Reserve
	The Serengeti World Heritage Site
	Management of the transnational sites
	The case for a considered review of the transnational site management
	Conclusion and recommendations
	References
Challenges in preparing a serial transnational nomination for geometric rock art sites in the Lake Victoria region of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda
	Introduction
	Location of the project area
	The process for the serial transnational nomination dossier for the Lake Victoria region rock art of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda
	Workshop Recommendations
	Activities undertaken to date
	Other observations from Mwanza
		Kigongo rock art site
		Chole rock art site
	Challenges of serial nomination
	Future plans
	Proposed criteria for serial transnational nomination in the Lake Victoria region
	Conclusion
	References
Transnational cooperation for effective management of the Okavango Delta World Heritage Site: The case of the Cubango-Okavango River Basin
	Introduction
	Location and description of the Cubango-Okavango River Basin and the Okavango Delta World Heritage Site
	Current management of the Cubango-Okavango River Basin
	State Party initiatives – World Heritage status
	Future transnational management considerations for the Cubango-Okavango River Basin
	Conclusion
	References
Management and conservation of the Mosi-oa-Tunya/Victoria Falls World Heritage property
	Introduction
	The management system: Working across borders
		Property location
	The legislative framework: Zambia and Zimbabwe
		National legislative framework – Zambia
		National legislative framework – Zimbabwe
	Mosi-Oa-Tunya/Victoria Falls management plans
		Joint Integrated Management Plan (JIMP) 2018–2022
		Joint Sustainable Tourism Plan (JSTP) 2017
		Joint Sustainable Financing and Business Plan (JSFBP) 2019
	The joint management structure of the property
		The Joint Ministerial Committee
		The Joint Technical Committee
		The Joint Site Management Committee
	Breaking the ‘imaginary’ boundaries – Borders
	Collective monitoring, research and publication of findings
	Tourism
	Cultural value mapping
	Conclusion
	References
Engaging local communities in conservation and governance of the World Heritage in a transnational context: An example from the Maloti-Drakensberg Park World Heritage Site (Lesotho/South Africa)
	Introduction
	Contextualization
		Study area
	Local communities and their role in World Heritage site management
		Social context
		Challenges
		Institutional arrangements
	Engaging local communities in conservation and governance
		From stakeholder consultations to priority actions
		Implementing priority actions on the ground
	Conclusion
	References
		Web Links
The challenges of transnational management of cultural and natural sites in Africa: The case of Cameroon
	Introduction
	Actions carried out in Cameroon for cross-border cooperation
	Effective transnational cooperation: The cultural landscape of Lake Chad
	Ongoing cross-border cooperation
	The transnational inscription project for the Diy-Gid-Biy Cultural Landscape, extending to the Sukur Cultural Landscape
	The proposed inscription of Takamanda and Korup National Parks in Cameroon and Oban and Okwangwo National Parks in Cross River State, Nigeria
	Possibilities of cooperation to be considered
	Good practices in the Sangha Trinational
	Some examples of concrete actions
		In terms of operation
		In terms of funding
	Actions for the effective protection and  management of the Sangha Trinational
	An example of an endogenous cross-border conflict prevention and resolution system
	Benefits and limitations of cross-border cooperation
		Benefits of cross-border cooperation
		Limitations of cross-border cooperation
	Conclusion
	References
		Further reading
The Sangha Trinational: An example of cross-border biodiversity management in Central Africa
	Historical and geographical context of the Sangha Trinational
	Management structures and operations
	Management of the three national parks
	Cross-Border governance structure
	Dedicated and Stable Funding Structure
	Major achievements of the Sangha Trinational in the field of cooperation
	Regular cross-border patrols
	Agreed monitoring and evaluation frameworks and tools
	Maintaining outstanding values since its designation in 2012
	Major challenges and prospects
	Harmonization of wildlife legislation and stability of the socio-political framework
	Heritage development
	Integrated land use planning
	References
		Further reading
The transnational management regime of the Virunga Conservation Area across the Congolese, Rwandan and Ugandan borders: Challenges and opportunities
	Introduction
		The Virunga Transboundary Conservation Area (VTCA)
		A historical perspective of the VTCA’s conservation management regime
		Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
		Volcanoes National Park, Republic of Rwanda
		Mgahinga National Park
		Origins of the collaborative Virunga transboundary wildlife conservation management regime
		Formalization of the transnational management regime for the Virunga Conservation Area
	GVTC’s performance since its inception
		Background
		Achievements
		Challenges
		A complex history of incidents and mistakes
		Technical conservation management planning gaps among the MEAs
		Cocooning, cold wars, counter-accusations, mistrust and inter-state suspicion
		Oil extraction versus natural/environmental/wildlife conservation
		Effects of high population growth, poverty and illicit socio-economic trade
		Opportunities
		Immense tourism potential
		Potential for financial support from the international community
		Potential for resource-sharing collaborations in public-private partnerships (PPPs)
		Exploiting the VTCA’s potential as a peace-building and conflict resolution tool
	Conclusion
		A prospective framework model for a sustainable transnational conservation management regime for the Virunga Conservation Area and beyond
		Recommendations
	References
Lake Chad Cultural Landscape: An uncommon transnational potential in the midst of multiple challenges
	Introduction: A unique cultural landscape
	The Lake Chad Cultural Landscape: The first quadripartite transnational cultural landscape to be inscribed on the World Heritage List
	An innovative protection and management system that straddles the line between modern and traditional
	Cross-Border cooperation as a solution to the challenges of the Lake Chad Cultural Landscape
	References
		Further reading
Preventing violent extremism in cross-border villages in the Lake Chad Basin countries: A lesson in cross-border cooperation
	Introduction
	Economic activities in the Lake Chad basin
	Examples of regional projects managed by the Lake Chad Basin Commission
		The influence of the Boko Haram jihadist group in the Lake Chad Basin
	Advocacy and education of the transnational village populations of the Lake Chad Basin
		Advocacy with governments and NGOs
		Literacy and vocational training
	Promotion of peaceful cohabitation in cross-border villages
	References
		Further reading
Developing sustainable transnational collaboration in the post-armed conflict areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Uganda
	Background to the study
	Statement of the problem
	Specific objectives of the study
	Research questions
	Scope of the study
	Significance of the study
	Conceptual framework
	Literature review
	Inclusive local community development projects
	Creating sustainable small regional economic communities (RECs)
	Forming a transboundary protected area (TBPA) network
	Creating a regional and international security section
	Methodology
	Data collection
	Sample size
	Data processing and analysis
	Peace conflict impact assessment (PCIA) approach
	Participatory rural appraisal (PRA)
	Training in local income-generating activities
	Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
	Interpretations, the way forward and conclusions
	Ethical considerations
	References
		Further Reading
Regional cooperation for the conservation of biodiversity in the Congo Basin forests: Feedback on actions carried out in the TRIDOM-TNS landscapes
	Regional cooperation for the conservation of biodiversity in the Congo Basin Forests
	The rise of the landscape approach for conservation in the Congo Basin
	The Greater TRIDOM-TNS: A cross-border landscape under increasing pressure
	Towards a transboundary network of protected areas and new World Heritage sites in the Greater TRIDOM-TNS
	Perspectives for strengthening cross-border cooperation in the Greater TRIDOM-TNS
	References
From the inscription to the extension of Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba, World Heritage Site: An example of successful transnational cooperation between Benin and Togo for the preservation of the site
	Introduction
	Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba: A World Heritage site already inscribed in Togo
	A modern management system at States level
	A traditional management system ensured by local communities
	Transnational cooperation for integral and sustainable conservation of Koutammakou
	Conclusion and recommendations
	Further reading
Extension of Sukur Cultural Landscape in Nigeria to incorporate the 16 DGB sites on the Wandala Cultural Landscape in Cameroon as a serial transboundary World Heritage site
	Introduction
	The civilization of the Wandala Cultural Landscape
	The Mandara International Peace Park
	Immediate actions to facilitate inscription and management
	Justification for the extension of the World Heritage property
	Attributes conveying Outstanding Universal Value
	Prospects
	Conclusion and recommendations
	References
		Further reading
Transboundary conservation of large carnivores in West Africa: The case of the WAP complex
	Introduction
	Conservation status of large carnivores in West Africa
	Wildlife management in the WAP complex
	Lion conservation in the WAP complex: Research status and threats
	General discussion and outlook
	References
Transnational cooperation for effective management of World Heritage Sites in Africa: Case of the biodiversity of the Gourma, Mali
	Introduction
	Elements of the national strategy
	Constraints or threats to biodiversity management in the Gourma
	Results of management activities
	Vision
	Challenges
	Cross-border cooperation practices and needs of the region
	Conclusion
	Further Reading
Transnational cooperation for effective management of World Heritage sites in Africa
	Introduction
	Cooperation: A platform for effective management of World Heritage sites in Africa
	Factors affecting cooperation
	Transnational water management in Africa with reference to selected rivers and lakes
		Orange-Senqu
		Zambezi
		Limpopo
		Lake Victoria
		Lake Chad
	An overview: Institutions managing the selected African waters
		The Lesotho Highlands Water Project and the Lesotho Highland Water Commission
		Zambezi Water Commission (ZAMCOM)
		Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation
		The Limpopo Basin Permanent Technical Committee (LBPTTC) and the Limpopo Water Commission (LIMCOM)
		Lake Chad Basin Commission
		Senegal River Development Organisation
	Methodology
	Discussion of the findings
	Information-Sharing: A platform for effective transnational cooperation management
	Benefit-Sharing: An obstacle to effective transnational cooperation management
	Upstream-Downstream dichotomy
	International donors as a catalyst for transnational cooperation management
	Negotiating a win-win process to curb conflict
	Conclusion
	Recommendations
	References
		Further reading
Conclusion